Message Exchange Research Articles

On Adaptation of Resources in New Radio Vehicle-to-Everything Mode 1 Dynamic Resource Allocation

Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) communication is one of the essential technologies in 5G systems and will certainly play an important role in incoming 6G communications. Two modes of 5G New Radio V2X communication (NR-V2X) have been defined to standardize the direct exchange of messages between vehicles. This paper concentrates on Mode 1, in which message exchange takes place with the support of the cellular infrastructure. In this mode, each vehicle uses a fixed number of subchannels with pre-configured subchannel sizes to transmit packet messages. However, if the packet sizes vary in each transmission, some resource blocks (RBs) assigned to V2X links are wasted. This paper presents the results of investigations on more efficient use of resource blocks, intending to minimize their waste and limit the delay in resource selection. In this paper, two new algorithms for radio resource block assignment are proposed and analyzed. The algorithms are characterized by a lower waste of RBs and a shorter delay in resource assignment compared to current solutions. The first algorithm uses adjacent RBs, whereas the second one can assign non-adjacent RBs, resulting in an even lower waste of radio resources and a shorter delay in their assignment. The simulation results presented confirm the quality of the proposed algorithms.

Advance in Applied Cryptography Theory: Survey and Some New Results. Part 2. Keyless Cryptography

Actuality. The current paper is the second part of the paper “Advance in Applied Cryptography Theory: Survey and Some New Results. Part 1. Key Cryptography” published in the journal PTU, n.4, 2024. It is devoted to such specific area of applied cryptography as keyless one (KC\ Actuality of the current paper consists in the fact that considered in it methods allow to provide a confidentiality of information transmission over public communication channels, either without any its encryption in advance, executing a natural properties of communication channels or executing conventional key cryptography but with the keys which are elaborated before by means of KC. The natural properties of communication channels can be the following: additive noise, multiray wave propagation, MIMO technology and existence of feedback channel.Our paper starts with a consideration of Wyner’s concept of wire-tap channels and corresponding to it encoding and decoding methods providing very reliable information transmission over the main channels and negligible amount of information leaking over the wire-tap channels to eavesdroppers. Next it is investigated scenario with a commutative encryption (CE) and corresponding protocol of message exchange over ordinary noiseless public channel that provides security of encrypted information but without any key exchange between users in advance. It is proved which of well known symmetric and asymmetric ciphers are commutative or non-commutative ones. Next model concerns a fading channels under the application of Dean-Goldsmith protocol in frames of MIMO technology. We are proving that this protocol is secure if, and only if, the number of eavesdropper antennas is less than the number of antennas at legitimate users. Next scenario executes variable directional antennas (VDA) and it is proved for which conditions on a locations of legitimate users and eavesdroppers such approach occurs secure given the number of propagation rays is at least two.. We show in the next chapter that there is an attack compromising of recently proposed EVESkey cryptosystem and hence such one is not secure in spite of the statement of its authors.Finally, we investigate several protocols intended for key sharing over noiseless constant public channels (like Internet) and established that they are mostly insecure because have all zero secret capacity. Only one protocol based on matrix channel exchange is able to provide security of key sharing but in terms of the required breaking complexity. Thus such approach can be used only for the case when legitimate users belong to low level of security requirements.At the end of the paper we formulate several fundamental problems of applied cryptography which after of their solutions could be very useful for practice.

“Let us conclude then the articles of peace...”: the naval strategy of the Russian empire and the formation of Russian-Moroccan relations in the second half of the eighteenth century

The author’s objective is to trace the principal stages of the genesis and evolution of the Russian maritime strategy in the context of the active expansion of its naval forces under Peter I and the deployment of the Archipelago expedition by Catherine II (1769–1775). The aim of this study is to evaluate the impact of these developments on the geoeconomic landscape. In addition, this study examines the geopolitical situation of the Russian Empire following the Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774). It also investigates how ruling circles in Alawi Morocco responded to the emergence of the Russian Navy in the Mediterranean, which had the effect of limiting the naval power of the Ottoman state. The article elucidates the multifaceted political, economic, and military circumstances that precipitated the Sultan of Morocco, Sidi Muhammad ibn Abdallah (1757–1790), to pursue the opening of his country to extensive foreign trade. However, given the weak commodity flows and the economic inexpediency of maintaining large formations of the Russian Navy in the Mediterranean, the initial stage of Russian-Moroccan relations was limited to the exchange of letters and messages. Consequently, the demise of Sidi Muhammad (1790) and Catherine II (1796) brought an end to the development of this project. The author addresses the issue of the veracity of the Russian-Moroccan peace and trade treaty of the eighteenth century, examining the arguments that suggest it was in fact never signed. However, even if it were to be proven that the treaty was drafted, the fulfilment of its hypothetical provisions would present a significant challenge for both parties.

Adoption of a Revised Text Classification Method Using the Laravel Framework

The prevalence of the Internet of Things has increased the frequency of malicious attacks on the many vulnerable devices, such as cellphones. Conventional framework design techniques for web design have a lot of limits, are time-consuming, and have other problems. The industry norm for message exchange and fusion between dissimilar systems has long been web services. We provide a machine learning-based strategy for extracting SPAM messages based on the MVC concept and Laravel. In order to solve these problems, this article offers a web design and implementation technique based on the Laravel framework. By automatically handling connections that lack business logic, Laravel standardises the development process.

The Quantum Zeno Capacity and Dynamic Evolution Mode of a Quantum System.

The quantum Zeno effect (QZE) is widely employed in quantum engineering due to the issue of frequent measurements freezing a quantum system. In this study, the quantum Zeno factor is introduced to characterize the quantum Zeno capacity of a quantum system. The quantum Zeno factor reveals that the quantum Zeno effect is dependent on the evolution mode of quantum states, which is semi-irrelevant to conventional energy uncertainty and extends the QZE domain. The Zeno factor provides a new consideration to qualify the (anti-)Zeno capacity of a quantum system for its applications: a large quantum Zeno factor value indicates that a quantum system is of a QZE quality. The numerical results of the quantum Zeno capacity are shown using two typical examples: tailing the dynamic evolution modes using the quantum Zeno factor in a three-level system, and quantifying the message exchange between qubits in a coupled qubit system using a quantum Zeno factor.

Efficient User Pairing and Resource Optimization for NOMA-OMA Switching Enabled Dynamic Urban Vehicular Networks

Vehicular communication is revolutionizing transportation by enhancing passenger experience and improving safety through seamless message exchanges with nearby vehicles and roadside units (RSUs). To accommodate the growing number of vehicles in dense urban traffic with limited channel availability, non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) is a promising solution due to its ability to improve spectral efficiency by sharing channels among multiple users. However, to completely leverage NOMA on mobile vehicular networks, a chain of operations and resources must be optimized, including vehicle user (VU) and RSU association, channel assignment, and optimal power control. In contrast, traditional orthogonal multiple access (OMA) allocates separate channels to users, simplifying management but falling short in high-density environments. Additionally, enabling NOMA-OMA switching can further enhance the system performance while significantly increasing the complexity of the optimization task. In this study, we propose an optimized framework to jointly utilize the power domain NOMA in a vehicular network, where dynamic NOMA-OMA switching is enabled, by integrating the optimization of vehicle-to-RSU association, channel assignment, NOMA-OMA switching, and transmit power allocation into a single solution. To handle the complexity of these operations, we also propose simplified formulations that make the solution practical for real-time applications. The proposed framework reduces total power consumption by up to 27% compared to Util&LB/opt, improves fairness in user association by 18%, and operates efficiently with minimal computational overhead. These findings highlight the potential of the proposed framework to enhance communication performance in dynamic, densely populated urban environments.

Analytical method for analyzing message transmission processes in FDDI networks for digital substations

Objectives. To develop analytical approaches for the evaluation of probability-time characteristics and fiber distributed data interface (FDDI) network performance with the marker access method, thus enabling communication processes for digital electrical substations to be automated.Methods. The authors used theory reliability methods, random process theory, mass maintenance theory, the Laplace–Stieltjes transformation for inferring functional equations and the probability-time characteristics calculation for the information transfer processes with the occurring failures.Results. We conducted a numerical study of packet transfer processes between central processing stations in the FDDI network. We considered the processes of discrete information exchange between electronic devices in the system of electrical digital substations. These included the main technological operations and electrical digital substations operator performed when preparing reports. We described the different modes of operation, both for the individual electrical digital substation and for the system. The authors calculated node loading dependencies, FDDI network performance and temporal characteristics of the packet transfer processes on the incoming message flow intensity and the transmission medium reliability. We conducted a functional analysis of the FDDI networks on two fiber-optic rings which form the main and redundant path of data transfer between the network nodes, significantly increasing network resiliency. The objective of the study was to analyze the information transfer processes in FDDI networks with an accent on ensuring the transmission medium reliability.Conclusions. We were able to establish the existence of the critical operating network region, which leads to a sharp increase in node load and temporal characteristics, while performance reaches its maximum value and then sharply decreases. We propose the exchange of discrete messages to reflect the electronic devices state and information messages of operator between various remotely spaced electrical digital substation with the FDDI fiber-optic network.

Location-Based Hybrid Video Streaming Protocol for VANETs

The services and applications provided by video streaming over Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs) have recently become very attractive to technology users. In VANETs, the moving vehicles on the roads take great advantage of this radio link by exchanging information with each other related to the safety, traffic jams, accidents, and condition of the roads via video streaming. On the other hand, this transmission domain poses many challenging issues like frequent disconnections due to fast-speed vehicles, longer transmission delays, and inefficient link consumption etc. numbers of routing strategies have been proposed in the literature that aimed to address these challenges of an Intelligent Transportation System (ITS). This article is based on a Location-Based Hybrid Video Streaming Protocol (LBHVSP) that has been proposed with the intent to minimize the challenges related to video transmission as well as the attainment of high network performance. The idea presented is a motivation from the dynamic nature of transceiver and receiver transmission power, accompanied by the range-based localization techniques for inter-space computation of vehicular nodes. LBHVSP is a 2-way protocol that works as a combination of infrastructure-based and infrastructure-less wireless networks that tends to minimize the average packet delay for efficient utilization of bandwidth. It is a two-phase solution, firstly frames are transmitted to the second hop node available in the direct range that minimizes the traveling path in terms of hop count and ultimately yields minimal delay. Secondly, this technique utilizes the Road Side Units (RSUs) having wired connectivity for a faraway destination. Experimental results using different transmission scenarios reveal its efficacy by attaining maximum average packet throughput, minimum average packet drop rate, and minimum average per-packet delay in Signal Transmission Power and Packet Reception Power Threshold values. The proposed scheme has outperformed the state-of-the-art transmission scenarios in terms of static parameters. Varying transmission and reception powers subject to the inter-distance have shown remarkable outcomes. In comparison to pre-existing VANET protocols like DyTE and DSR, proposed scheme has shown an average improvement of 30% in packet drop rate, and 80% rise in throughput, approximately. Besides, our scheme has shown a remarkable decline in transmission delay as well. On comparing the LBHVSP performance against recent VANET communication protocol, it comes out that it attains the maximum throughput and delay improvement. Furthermore, to cater the packet drop, a smart re-transmission strategy should be designed particularly for multimedia streaming and video message exchange.

IZKP-AKA: A secure and improved ZKP-AKA protocol for sustainable healthcare

The use of IoT in healthcare has undoubtedly brought many significant adaptations and benefits that changed medical facilities. However, the possibility of unauthorized access to private medical data is a serious issue that requires appropriate attention to protect the user’s privacy. Recently, a proposed scheme by Gurjot et al. suggested an authentication mechanism to provide anonymity and other security characteristics. We did the security analysis and informally proved that their scheme is prone to various attacks, such as failure to offer perfect forward secrecy, ephemeral secret leakage, traceability, replay, stolen device attacks, and also face desynchronization issues. These issues make the proposed scheme unsuitable for the healthcare system. Therefore, there is an impelling need to design an authentication mechanism that can restrict the attacker from getting any sensitive information. Considering the above requirements, we present a novel Zero Knowledge Proof based Authenticated Key Agreement (ZKP-AKA) protocol. The security of our proposed authentication mechanism is examined using the informal (non-mathematical) and formal (Scyther tool) security verification to confirm that the proposed protocol offers the prominent security features mentioned above. We also measure the performance to show that our proposed mechanism is suitable for IoT devices in the healthcare intelligent system by doing a comparative analysis with its competitors in terms of communication, computational, message exchange and energy consumption costs.

DIMScern: A Framework for Discerning DIMSE Services on Remote Medical Devices.

In the medical domain, computer systems in digital healthcare have increased connectivity continuously and the DICOM Message Service Element (DIMSE) protocol has a critical role in exchanging biomedical imaging data among different digital healthcare systems. As the data communication technology is used to handle sensitive information such as patient information (e.g., patient's name, date of birth, and address) and medical images (e.g., ultrasound, X-ray, and MRI), it has emerged as a major target for security attacks. In this work, we study security concerns on the message exchange method used in the DIMSE protocol. It is important to know which DIMSE services are available on a given healthcare IT system to an adversary and we observe that the DIMSE protocol can be implemented in various ways across products, with each supporting different DIMSE services as well. We present DIMScern, a framework for discerning DIMSE services on remote medical devices. To show the effectiveness of DIMScern, we evaluate our framework on multiple DIMSE implementations, including commercial products and libraries, and identify the supported DIMSE services of them. We demonstrate that DIMScern successfully identifies medical services that are supported differently across 22 healthcare IT systems in a remote environment.

Disjuncture Between Language Practices and Identities in Higher Education: Two Cases of 1.5 Generation Korean American College Students

ABSTRACT Despite the increasing attention to the issue of language and identity among immigrant students, few studies have discussed heritage language (HL) use, social belonging, and identity construction of 1.5-generation students in relation to their complex migration experiences and social status. This 2-year sociolinguistic ethnographic research investigates how two 1.5-generation Korean-American college students make sense of self and HL practices in diverse social contexts. Qualitative data, including interviews and text message exchanges with family and friends, were collected to examine how the participants employed different cultural resources and linguistic capitals to construct their identities. The study reveals the students’ distinctive ways of understanding Koreanness, gaining access to the Korean community and peer groups, and developing ethnic identities and social belonging. It calls for more systematic and holistic approaches to supporting 1.5-generation students’ linguistic and cultural investment and understanding their cultural and social diversities.

A deep learning ensemble approach for malware detection in Internet of Things utilizing Explainable Artificial Intelligence

The Internet of Things (IoT) has been popularized these days due to digitization and automation. It is deployed in various applications, i.e., smart homes, smart agriculture, smart transportation, smart healthcare, and industrial monitoring. In an IoT network, many IoT devices communicate with servers, or users access IoT devices through an open channel via a certain exchange of messages. Besides providing many benefits like efficiency, automation, and convenience, IoT presents significant security challenges due to a lack of proper standard security measures. Thus, malicious actors may be able to infect the network with malware. They may launch destructive attacks with the goal of stealing data or causing damage to the systems’ resources. This can be mitigated by introducing intrusion detection and prevention mechanisms in the network. An intelligent intrusion detection system is required to put preventative measures in place for secure communication and a malware-free network. In this article, we propose a deep learning based ensemble approach for IoT malware attack detection (in short, we call it as DLEX-IMD) trained and tested against benchmark datasets. The important measures, including accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score, are used to evaluate the performance of the proposed DLEX-IMD. The performance of the proposed scheme is explained utilizing benchmark Explainable Artificial Intelligence (AI) method–LIME (Local Interpretable Model-Agnostic Explanations), which justifies the reliability of the proposed model training. The DLEX-IMD is also compared with a range of other closely related existing schemes and has shown better performance than those schemes with 99.96% accuracy and F1-score of 0.999.

Message Action Adapter Framework in Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning

Multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) has demonstrated significant potential in enabling cooperative agents. The communication protocol, which is responsible for message exchange between agents, is crucial in cooperation. However, communicative MARL systems still face challenges due to the noisy messages in complex multi-agent decision processes. This issue often stems from the entangled representation of observations and messages in policy networks. To address this, we propose the Message Action Adapter Framework (MAAF), which first trains individual agents without message inputs and then adapts a residual action based on message components. This separation isolates the effect of messages on action inference. We explore how training the MAAF framework with model-agnostic message types and varying optimization strategies influences adaptation performance. The experimental results indicate that MAAF achieves competitive performance across multiple baselines despite utilizing only half of the available communication, and shows an average improvement of 7.6% over the full attention-based communication approach. Additional findings suggest that different message types result in significant performance variations, emphasizing the importance of environment-specific message types. We demonstrate how the proposed architecture separates communication channels, effectively isolating message contributions.

Hybrid vehicular access protocol and message prioritization for real-time safety messaging

Real-time safety services rely on the exchange of messages to enhance the operations of connected and automated vehicles (CAVs). These safety messages convey vital information about traffic conditions, enabling drivers to take necessary measures to prevent accidents. The timely and reliable delivery of these messages is essential, necessitating efficient channel access. Vehicular Deterministic Access (VDA) is employed as a channel access scheme with distinct priorities and stringent timing guidelines, particularly for urgent safety warnings. In this paper, we propose a hybrid approach that combines VDA and Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA) protocols, along with a message prioritization algorithm, to ensure efficient and reliable communication of safety messages in vehicular networks. Our approach leverages the strengths of both VDA and CSMA/CA to avoid message collisions; VDA is more efficient under high traffic loads, while CSMA/CA is better suited for low traffic loads. Additionally, the incorporation of the message prioritization algorithm ensures strict deadline guarantees for high-priority messages, such as Decentralized Environmental Notification Messages (DENMs). We evaluate our proposed solution using the Artery simulation framework. Our results show over a 93% delivery rate for DENM exchanges while maintaining low collision probability across various traffic loads. This research provides practical guidance for the development of efficient and reliable communication systems for CAVs. It also offers a detailed analysis of the trade-offs among different access protocols and message prioritization strategies in vehicular networks.

A new intelligent scheduler to improve reactive OpenFlow communication in SDN-based IoT data streams

The significant adoption of the Internet of Things (IoT) has increased the challenges in providing adequate IoT infrastructures meeting essential requirements, such as dynamicity networks and low latency. In this context, the Software-Defined Networking (SDN) paradigm and the OpenFlow protocol provide new possibilities for IoT networks. Based on the global view of network elements enabled by the Controller, SDN allows the programmability and control of the infrastructure according to the actual demands of applications. The OpenFlow protocol defines the exchange of messages between controllers and switches, enabling communication and network control. OpenFlow implements three operation modes: proactive, reactive, and hybrid. Due to the dynamic characteristic of the IoT data stream, the reactive mode is mainly used and indicated for IoT environments. As the OpenFlow controller installs rules dynamically, there is no need to know the network’s sources, destinations, and paths in advance. Although reactive mode introduces dynamicity, it can generate additional delay due to switch-controller communication. This delay increases the response time of the IoT data stream. We propose an SDN-IoT scheduler based on Deep Neural Networks (DNN) to predict the time between data stream changes from IoT devices and install rules in advance, suppressing the existing delay in reactive mode. The proposal automatically uses previous data from the IoT data stream to calculate the time of the following communication from IoT devices. Our results indicate that predicting IoT data stream changes and installing OpenFlow rules in advance reduced about 51% of communications response time.

Escrow-free and efficient dynamic anonymous privacy-preserving batch verifiable authentication scheme for VANETs

To enhance road safety, Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs) facilitate the exchange of safety-critical messages between smart vehicles and road traffic authorities. However, VANET’s wireless channels are prone to several attacks, such as replay or modification. Therefore, to protect the links, robust authentication and message integrity mechanisms are required. Previously, several robust authentication schemes have been devised. However, those designs often struggle with complex certificate management, the key escrow problem, and the necessity for secure channels to establish user keys. Additionally, prior methods rely on pseudonyms to ensure user privacy. To implement it, several pseudonyms are stored in the vehicle’s device, which burdens the device. To overcome these limitations, this study introduces an efficient and escrow-free dynamic anonymous authentication scheme tailored for VANETs. By utilizing the paradigm of certificate-based cryptography and fuzzy identity generation, the proposed design eliminates the limitations. Through rigorous security analysis, the proposed design’s effectiveness against various threats is demonstrated. Furthermore, a detailed performance analysis, including computational and communication cost comparisons, showcases the scheme’s feasibility for VANET deployment. An NS-3 simulation further confirms the suitability of the proposed scheme for real-world VANET communication scenarios.

Optimal resource management for multi-access edge computing without using cross-layer communication

We consider a Multi-access Edge Computing (MEC) system with a set of users, a base station (BS) with an attached MEC server, and a cloud server. The users can serve the service requests locally or can offload them to the BS which in turn can serve a subset of the offloaded requests at the MEC and can forward the requests to the cloud server. The user devices and the MEC server can be dynamically configured to serve different classes of services. The service requests offloaded to the BS incur offloading costs and those forwarded to the cloud incur additional costs; the costs could represent service charges or delays. Aggregate cost minimization subject to stability warrants optimal service scheduling and offloading at the users and the MEC server, at their application layers, and optimal uplink packet scheduling at the users’ MAC layers. Classical back-pressure (BP) based solutions entail cross-layer message exchange, and hence are not viable. We propose virtual queue-based drift-plus-penalty algorithms that are throughput optimal, and achieve the optimal delay arbitrarily closely but do not require cross-layer communication. We first consider an MEC system without local computation, and subsequently, extend our framework to incorporate local computation also. We demonstrate that the proposed algorithms offer almost the same performance as BP based algorithms. These algorithms contain tuneable parameters that offer a trade off between queue lengths at the users and the BS and the offloading costs.

Comprehensive Task Optimization Architecture for Urban UAV-Based Intelligent Transportation System

This paper tackles the problem of resource sharing and dynamic task assignment in a task scheduling architecture designed to enable a persistent, safe, and energy-efficient Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) based on multi-rotor Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs). The addressed task allocation problem consists of heterogenous pick-up and delivery tasks with time deadline constraints to be allocated to a heterogenous fleet of UAVs in an urban operational area. The proposed architecture is distributed among the UAVs and inspired by market-based allocation algorithms. By exploiting a multi-auctioneer behavior for allocating both delivery tasks and re-charge tasks, the fleet of UAVs is able to (i) self-balance the utilization of each drone, (ii) assign dynamic tasks with high priority within each round of the allocation process, (iii) minimize the estimated energy consumption related to the completion of the task set, and (iv) minimize the impact of re-charge tasks on the delivery process. A risk-aware path planner sampling a 2D risk map of the operational area is included in the allocation architecture to demonstrate the feasibility of deployment in urban environments. Thanks to the message exchange redundancy, the proposed multi-auctioneer architecture features improved robustness with respect to lossy communication scenarios. Simulation results based on Monte Carlo campaigns corroborate the validity of the approach.

Multi-radio fast routing recovery protocol based on spectrum situation awareness

UAV networks often encounter jamming attacks, under which multi-radio protocols have to switch radios to accelerate communication recovery. However, the existing protocols rely on exchange of hello messages to detect jamming, leading to long sensing time and thus slow routing recovery. To address the issues raised by jamming attacks, we propose a new routing protocol, Electromagnetic Spectrum situation awareness Optimized Link State Routing (ESOLSR) protocol, to improve the existing OLSRv2 protocol. ESOLSR utilizes the spectrum situation awareness capability from the physical layer, and adopts joint-updating of link status, updating of interface functions, and adaptive adjustment of parameters. Our simulation results show that the improved protocol, ESOLSR, can recover routing and resume normal communication 26.6% faster compared to the existing protocols.

IMPROVEMENT OF INFOCOMMUNICATION ACTIVITIES BUSINESS STRUCTURES IN THE CONTEXT OF INNOVATIVE DEVELOPMENT

The most important strategic resource of any business structure is information and communication. In view of this, infocommunication activity is an integral part of the functioning and the key to the success of the enterprise in the conditions of innovative development. Because business structures are open systems and exchange messages with the external environment. In today's business environment, which is accompanied by extreme business conditions, the importance of infocommunication activities is growing. Part of the business processes is implemented through the organization of the system of both remote access and remote participation. This necessitates the improvement of approaches to the management of infocommunication activities of the business structure, which is associated with the processes of providing, transmitting, storing, deleting, evaluating data and messages about objects. At the same time, the role of infocommunication activities in modern conditions is growing. The volume of messages received by the company must be processed, and the channels of information transmission are expanded accordingly. This requires due attention to information and communication management processes.