Message Exchange Protocol Research Articles

Smart Lab: A Non-invasive IoT-centric Approach for Indoor Environment Automation

This work presents a non-invasive Internet of Things (IoT)-centric framework solution for automation in indoor environments (e.g., laboratories, offices, and houses). The platform allows for Internet-connecting electronic and non-electronic devices for low-cost and fast automation control rather than replacing them as market solutions propose. Moreover, the IoT solution comprises adaptive hardware modules, a mobile application, a database, and a Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT)-based broker server deployed in a real scenario for proof of concept. The mobile application functions manage the hardware modules to remote control lamps, air conditioners, TVs, and curtains. The commands are set through predefined touchscreen buttons or voice commands interpreted by a virtual assistant based on natural language processing (NLP) and natural language understanding (NLU) machine learning algorithms embedded in a framework called Wit.ai. The database handles user subscribing by affording administration functions. Finally, a real-time broker server manages the entities' communication based on the MQTT message exchange protocol, including a security layer based on the Transport Layer Security (TLS) protocol.

A secure payment channel rebalancing model for layer-2 blockchain

The concept of cryptocurrencies is prevalently used in the financial world. Some of the currencies like Bitcoin and Ethereum have shown promising outputs. The scalability problem of these cryptocurrencies is an ongoing challenge, solved through many facets. Bitcoin Lightning Network, a Layer-2 solution to Bitcoin Network, is an off-chain crypto transaction platform working on payment channels to transact bi-directionally between two parties. When the maximum payments flow is unidirectional, the individual balances of the parties in the direction of payment get exhausted. It results in the transaction failing for future payments in that direction and lowers the feasibility of network usage. In this paper, we propose a heuristic-based distributed solution by preserving the privacy and anonymity of the parties involved in the rebalancing procedure and improving the fund transfer capability of the channels. The rebalancing mechanism has a global solution that can rebalance to the maximum extent and a local solution using a significantly lower fee. Again the indirect and direct rebalancing schemes balance the imbalanced channel and prevent further transaction failure and closure of channels due to insufficient balance. The resultant method also has an updation in the HTLC message exchange protocol to avoid the Flood and Loot attack that may arise to maintain the safe state of every honest participant in the network.

Energy-efficient fuzzy data offloading for IoMT

The advancement of Internet of Things based technologies in healthcare monitoring systems has evolved a new terminology, named Internet of Medical Things for medical services and devices. It is integrated with cloud-fog computing environment to facilitate load balancing solutions and enhance the quality of service using message exchange protocols. However, challenges for the quality parameters such as energy consumption, latency, resource utilization, scalability and packet loss associated with the existing architectural models are still of a great concern for researchers. This paper presents an energy efficient fuzzy data offloading scheme with a four tier cloud-fog architectural design to improve the quality parameters. The proposed Message Queuing Telemetry Transfer protocol based message exchange mechanism encapsulates the payload area of messages with client-ID and timestamp to provide authentication and ordering in packet transmission. Fuzzy logic based categorization of medical data has been used to classify it as emergency data, significant data and general data. Clustering of fog nodes has been done based on CPU speed and remaining energy. An adaptive scheduling technique has been proposed which considers the memory value for assigning the weight to different classified queues. The proposed scheme is evaluated and validated using iFogSim toolkit. The performance analysis shows maximum of 77% reduction in energy consumption, 48%, 60% and 44% reduction in end to end delay for different Quality of Services QoS 0, QoS 1, and QoS 2, respectively compared to other existing schemes.

Decentralized Motion Planning for Multiagent Collaboration Under Coupled LTL Task Specifications

This article proposes a decentralized collaboration scheme for the motion planning of multiagent systems under coupled linear temporal logic task specifications. In order to alleviate the massive computational complexity in centralized methods, coupled edges are introduced to decouple the product automata, and then the path of each agent is synthesized according to local messages. Furthermore, in order to achieve the real-time message exchange, the tableau and gossip protocol are employed during online communication, resulting in a distributed collaboration scheme. Finally, based on the resultant decoupled product automata, a united agent model is designed to deal with partial node failures, yielding a more robust collaboration scheme. Simulations are conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed methods.

Протокол обміну повідомленнями на основі лінійних функцій і операторів

Introduction.Safety of human activity is required for almost every enterpriseinstitution, organization, bank, etc. Therefore, it is extremely important to have a possibility to transform the information in such a way that it becomes inaccessible to the malicious user. Purpose. The purpose of this article is to describe a protocol, based on linear function and operators properties, that allows to transmit the data in fast and secure way between two subscribers – sender and receiver. Methods. The simple message exchange protocol is based on the properties of operators in linear space and the complexity of algorithms for solving systems of linear homogeneous Diophantine equations in the set of natural numbers. Results. An application to transmit a message from sender to receiver in a secure way was developed. Conclusion. The complexity of the developed algorithm belongs to the polynomial class and complexity of decryption belongs to Exptime

Network mechatronic positioning system of plasma spraying unit

The work is devoted to the implementation of the architecture of embedded computing systems in a high-speed complex for diagnostics of thermal spraying of coatings. On the basis of the Arduino Yun R.2 microcontroller, a software and hardware interface for controlling the positioning system equipment has been developed, and a message exchange protocol in a network environment for interacting with other subsystems of the measuring complex. The computing means of the system have implemented a protocol for synchronizing the internal clock with the neighbors of the measuring complex with an accuracy of 1 ms. Remote control of the positioning system is based on a remote control with an IR communication channel and an LCD screen. An alternative interface for interactive control of the system by the user is deployed on a microcontroller using a Web server. Also, the computing resources of the Atheros processor on the Arduino Yun provide the operation of a client-server application that uses a database to store information about tasks for moving the carriage and its movement tracks. The positioning system site supports the development of client applications in C++, C #, Python, Matlab using the source code of the class of control objects, reference materials and dynamic link libraries.

Designing an Efficient and Secure Message Exchange Protocol for Internet of Vehicles

In the advancements in computation and communication technologies and increasing number of vehicles, the concept of Internet of Vehicles (IoV) has emerged as an integral part of daily life, and it can be used to acquire vehicle related information including road congestion, road description, vehicle location, and speed. Such information is very vital and can benefit in a variety of ways, including route selection. However, without proper security measures, the information transmission among entities of IoV can be exposed and used for wicked intentions. Recently, many authentication schemes were proposed, but most of those authentication schemes are prone to insecurities or suffer from heavy communication and computation costs. Therefore, a secure message authentication protocol is proposed in this study for information exchange among entities of IoV (SMEP-IoV). Based on secure symmetric lightweight hash functions and encryption operations, the proposed SMEP-IoV meets IoV security and performance requirements. For formal security analysis of the proposed SMEP-IoV, BAN logic is used. The performance comparisons show that the SMEP-IoV is lightweight and completes the authentication process in just 0.198 ms .

Ontology-Based Holonic Event-Driven Architecture for Autonomous Networked Manufacturing Systems

The current trends in personalized products drive the paradigms of production systems toward autonomous networked manufacturing systems. This article proposes an ontology-based holonic event-driven architecture for implementing loosely coupled, holonic, autonomous distributed systems. The event-driven architecture (EDA) enables the services provided by different organizations and their suborganizations to be autonomously configured and integrated, while ensuring that the predefined organizational event access rules are compulsorily followed. This is realized by organizing the event services in a holonic manager and modeling the knowledge of services via the ontology developed in this study. The ontology model and the corresponding autonomous configuration mechanism are introduced. We developed a demonstration case to elaborate our approach and implemented a testbed using Java-based technology for testing the effectiveness, efficiency, scalability, and reliability of the proposed approach. Note to Practitioners —The ever-changing customer demands, the volatile market, and the trend of mass personalization require manufacturing systems to be smart in the event of uncertainties. To this end, information sharing in the supply chain is a key factor. However, there are several barriers in implementing a cross-organizational information system, including security, access privileges, and system interoperability. To lift these barriers, this article proposes an ontology model and a hierarchical EDA. Compared with conventional architectures, our approach facilitates the management of access privileges, integration of interorganizational information systems, and their interoperation. Moreover, our approach is competitive compared with the conventional service-oriented architecture in terms of both scalability and reliability of the system. Before the proposed approach can be practically applied, the ontology model needs to be further extended, and the event registration and message exchange protocol need to be standardized.

A flexible and scalable software infrastructure and interactive user interfaces for the INFN-LNS accelerators and beamlines

For an integrated and more efficient management of the accelerators and beamlines at Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare—Laboratori Nazionali del Sud (INFN LNS), we developed a software platform including advanced user interfaces, high efficiency message exchange protocols, robust and redundant client-server infrastructures. We exploited the most innovative software architectures based on open source technologies. The core of our system is based on the Redis platform, that is a highly efficient in-memory database well suited for a fast exchange of messages between the field devices in the accelerators and along the beam lines and the graphical user interfaces located in the LNS control room. Different types of client applications have been developed for the implementation of the innovative LNS user interfaces: an interactive synoptic panel, a web portal and a mobile application. All the parameters are stored inside a relational database, in order to facilitate and speed up the beam setting for each experiment and to create a historical archive of the related parameters quite useful for possible future reconfigurations. Several powerful tools have been implemented, such as the automatic acquisition and calculation of 2D beam intensity contour plots by using suitable digital image recognition algorithm. It allows the real time analysis of the beam shape and intensity along the beam transport lines as well as the storage of all the relevant parameters in the database.

Distributed Sequential Hypothesis Testing With Quantized Message-Exchange

This work considers the cooperative sequential hypothesis testing problem in a distributed network with quantized communication channels. The sensors observe independent sequences of samples and in the meantime, exchange their local information in the form of quantized statistics at every sampling interval. The communication links are represented as an undirected graph. In this distributed setup, every sensor performs its own sequential test based on the local samples and the messages from the neighbour sensors. Our goal is to devise the distributed sequential test that comprises the quantization scheme, the message-exchange protocol and the test procedure such that every sensor in the network fully exploits the network diversity and achieves the (asymptotically) optimal performance in terms of the stopping time. In particular, two distributed sequential tests are proposed based on different quantization schemes and a quantized message-exchange protocol that satisfies certain conditions. The first quantization scheme uniformly quantizes the local statistic at each sensor and at every sampling interval; the second one hinges on a modified level-triggered quantization technique, and resembles the Lebesgue sampling of the running local statistic. Our analyses show that the uniform quantization based distributed sequential test yields sub-optimal performance, while the one based on level-triggered quantization achieves the order-2 asymptotically optimal performance at every sensor for any fixed quantization step-size. Furthermore, we generalize the proposed sequential tests to the cluster-based network. Numerical results are provided to corroborate our analyses and demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed sequential tests.

CarAgent: Collecting and disseminating floating car data in vehicular networks

Floating car data (FCD) refers to the motion and sensor data produced by moving vehicles on the road. Given that traffic management authorities and drivers can benefit from FCD enormously, there is an urgency to develop efficient FCD collection and dissemination techniques that scale with peak road traffic. In this paper, we present CarAgent, a message exchange protocol that periodically collects and uploads FCD to data centres with the minimal utilisation of existing mobile network resources. We also show how CarAgent can be easily extended to efficiently disseminate FCD to all vehicles in a target area using Dedicated Short Range Communication (DSRC), a recently released wireless communication standard for vehicles. We analytically derive the key performance metrics of CarAgent and validate them with simulations. We evaluate CarAgent using microscopic simulation of road traffic in real street maps while incorporating wireless protocol details of Long Term Evolution (LTE) and DSRC. Simulation results confirm that, compared to the state-of-the-art, CarAgent consumes 50% less LTE resources for FCD collection. For FCD dissemination, CarAgent consumes 45% less DSRC resources while improving the speed of dissemination significantly.

Feasibility Assessment of a Fine-Grained Access Control Model on Resource Constrained Sensors.

Upcoming smart scenarios enabled by the Internet of Things (IoT) envision smart objects that provide services that can adapt to user behavior or be managed to achieve greater productivity. In such environments, smart things are inexpensive and, therefore, constrained devices. However, they are also critical components because of the importance of the information that they provide. Given this, strong security is a requirement, but not all security mechanisms in general and access control models in particular are feasible. In this paper, we present the feasibility assessment of an access control model that utilizes a hybrid architecture and a policy language that provides dynamic fine-grained policy enforcement in the sensors, which requires an efficient message exchange protocol called Hidra. This experimental performance assessment includes a prototype implementation, a performance evaluation model, the measurements and related discussions, which demonstrate the feasibility and adequacy of the analyzed access control model.

Expressive Policy-Based Access Control for Resource-Constrained Devices

Upcoming smart scenarios enabled by the Internet of Things envision smart objects that expose services that can adapt to user behavior or be managed with the goal of achieving higher productivity, often in multi-stakeholder applications. In such environments, smart things are cheap sensors (and actuators) and, therefore, constrained devices. However, they are also critical components because of the importance of the provided information. Therefore, strong security is a must. Nevertheless, existing feasible approaches do not cope well with the principle of least privilege; they lack both expressiveness and the ability to update the policy to be enforced in the sensors. In this paper, we propose an access control model that comprises a policy language that provides dynamic fine-grained policy enforcement in the sensors based on local context conditions. This dynamic policy cycle requires a secure, efficient, and traceable message exchange protocol. For that purpose, a security protocol called Hidra is also proposed. A security and performance evaluation demonstrates the feasibility and adequacy of the proposed protocol and access control model.

NPP Post-Accident Monitoring System Based on Unmanned Aircraft Vehicle: Concept, Design Principles

The paper presents a concept of designing the post-accident system for monitoring the equipment and territory of nuclear power plant after a severe accident based on unmanned aircraft vehicle (UAVs). Wired power and communications networks are found out as the most vulnerable ones during the accident monitoring, and informativity, reliability and veracity are recognized as system basic parameters.
 It is proposed to equip measurement and control modules with backup wireless communication channels and deploy the repeaters network based on UAVs to ensure the informativity.
 Modules possess the backup power battery, and repeaters appear in the appropriate places after the accident to provide the survivability. Moreover, an optimization of UAVs’ location is proposed according to the minimum energy consumption criterion. To ensure the veracity, it is expected to design the noise-immune protocol for message exchange and archiving and selfdiagnostics of all system components.

A new data source to support hospital operations modeling, message-exchange protocols as illustrated through simulation

ABSTRACTStudies pertaining to hospital operations typically face significant data collection challenges, particularly when defining patient flow patterns. The majority of such studies determine patient flows through observations, stakeholder interviews, and historical patient data analysis. Such methods are time-consuming and typically omit important interactions between resources and patients. This leads to incomplete descriptions of current practices, which can hinder the development and practical application of quantitative models. Furthermore, such processes are expensive and, possibly, subjective. This article presents a methodology for collecting large volumes of very detailed patient flow information. This information is obtained from message-exchange protocols used by hospital information systems to communicate among themselves. The methodology outlines a procedure for extracting detailed information related to (1) individual patient paths, (2) interaction among shared resources, and (3) task duration. The granularity of this information is flexible but can cover various actions in great detail, such as time, location, and person conducting a particular lab test. In this article, we present the general framework of the proposed method, steps for extracting patient flow information, and an illustrative example of a well-known problem from hospital operations management.

공통경보프로토콜을 대한민국 경보시스템에 적용하기 위한 프로파일 요구사항 연구

When a disaster occurs, effective alerts will reduce human life and property loss. The Integrated Emergency Alert System is a national disaster management system which integrates existing alert systems to deliver effective disaster alerts. Alert message exchange protocol is the essential technology for the System. In Korea, the first specification for “Common Alerting Protocol Profile for Integrated Emergency Alert System” was established in 2014. In this paper, we derive two additional requirements for more enhanced alert service and propose revision of the specification: multilingual alert service for foreigners and more flexible representation of target area. We review the associated foreign profile specifications as well as the domestic specifications to analyze these requirements. Finally, we propose the most efficient way to deliver multilingual alert message and to represent target area. Keyword : Emergency Alert System(EAS), Common Alerting Protocol(CAP) 특집논문 (Special Paper) 방송공학회논문지 제19권 제6호, 2014년 11월 (JBE Vol. 19, No. 6, November 2014) http://dx.doi.org/10.5909/JBE.2014.19.6.847 ISSN 2287-9137 (Online) ISSN 1226-7953 (Print) 848 방송공학회논문지 제19권 제6호, 2014년 11월 (JBE Vol. 19, No. 6, November 2014)

A combined hardware–software approach for acoustic sensor network synchronization

In this paper we present an approach for synchronizing a wireless acoustic sensor network using a two-stage procedure. First the clock frequency and phase differences between pairs of nodes are estimated employing a two-way message exchange protocol. The estimates are further improved in a Kalman filter with a dedicated observation error model. In the second stage network-wide synchronization is achieved by means of a gossiping algorithm which estimates the average clock frequency and phase of the sensor nodes. These averages are viewed as frequency and phase of a virtual master clock, to which the clocks of the sensor nodes have to be adjusted. The amount of adjustment is computed in a specific control loop. While these steps are done in software, the actual sampling rate correction is carried out in hardware by using an adjustable frequency synthesizer. Experimental results obtained from hardware devices and software simulations of large scale networks are presented.

Passive Localization and Synchronization Using Arbitrary Signals

Time-of-arrival (TOA) localization is tightly coupled with sensor time synchronization. Synchronization can be obtained by GPS, atomic clocks, or message exchange protocols. All methods affect the energy sources and the synchronization protocols use valuable bandwidth. We present self-synchronized localization algorithms that rely exclusively on TOA measurements performed by the sensor network on passing sources rendering it completely passive. The same methods can be applied to time-difference-of- arrival (TDOA) measurements allowing the use of a larger family of signals. Localization performance is close to that provided by a perfectly synchronized network. Such algorithms can also be used for sensor network synchronization and communication networks in general.

Препроцессор языка Templet: инструмент программирования в терминах модели «процесс - сообщение»

Motivation: A large number of applications can be described as a set of processes that exchange messages. Traditionally the process-per-message model is used in the form of a specialized language or a run-time library for general purpose language. The first approach lacks implementation simplicity, while the second approach is difficult in use. We propose a new method that comprises domain-specific language called Templet for code markup, a general purpose language, and the preprocessor. Our approach is free from disadvantages mentioned above. Method: A code of a program is divided into blocks. Block boundaries are indicated by comments. The entire code structure is defined in Templet language so it can be checked out automatically before compilation. Description of Channels: A channel defines a message exchange protocol between two interconnected processes. We provide channel syntax in the form of Extended Backus-Naur Formalism (EBNF). The informational structure of the channel is described with Entity-Relation diagram (ER). Description of Processes: A process defines the algorithm for message processing. Information structure of the process is shown in conjunction with the syntax. EBNF and ER models are also used in the process specification. Syntax rules are illustrated with the fork-join code sample. Preprocessor structure and work scheme: We present the algorithm and the structure of the preprocessor. Subsystems discussed are: syntax analyzer; semantics analyzer; internal database; inference mechanism; and code generator. The method for estimation of workload of manual coding is presented. It shows the diminishment of workload in 20 times comparing with manual coding. Discussion: The preprocessor is used for skeleton programming as a part of web-service for automated parallel programming. Its advantages and features are discussed in comparison with parallelization with markup technique; general-purpose macro processor; parallel programming language, metaprogramming; and model-driven development. This paper is an extended version of a PIT 2014 paper [1].

Vehicular Networks and Road Safety: an Application for Emergency/Danger Situations Management Using the WAVE/802.11p Standard

Car-to-car communication makes possible offering many services for vehicular environment, mainly to improve the safety. The decentralized kind of these networks requires new protocols to distribute information. The advantages that it offers depend on the penetration rate, that will be enough only after years since the introduction, due to the longevity of the current cars. The V2X communication requires On-Board Units (OBUs) in the vehicles, and Road-Side Units (RSUs) on the roads. The proposed application uses the peculiarities of the VANETs to advise danger or emergency situations with V2V and V2I message exchange. IEEE 802.11p is standard on which the communication is based, that provides the physical and the MAC layers. The WAVE protocol uses this standard, implementing other protocols defined by the family of standards IEEE P1609 in the upper layers. They define security services, resource management, multichannel operations and the message exchange protocol in WAVE. The performance of the application will be evaluated through many simulations executed in different scenarios, to provide general data independent from them.