Message Drops Research Articles

Advancements in Delay-Tolerant Networking: The SPWEBR Protocol for Superior Routing Efficiency and Performance

In the rapidly growing field of mobile ad hoc networking, having ideal routing protocols is essential to maintaining communication. We provide a thorough simulation examination of many well-known routing protocols, including Source Spray and Wait, Binary Spray and Wait, Encounter-Based Routing (EBR), MaxPro, Direct Delivery, Epidemic, and First Contact, among others. In light of this, we are pleased to present and thoroughly assess Spray and Wait with Encounter Based Routing (SPWEBR), a unique protocol. Initial analyses show that SPWEBR is a strong competitor, attaining a pleasing equilibrium in the parameters of Delivery Ratio, Overhead Ratio, and Message Drop. Above all, SPWEBR shows a benefit: it can outperform some existing protocols by as much as 50% in Delivery Ratio, approximately 60% in Reduced Overhead Ratio, and with less Message Drops in particular node event intervals. These outcomes highlight its exceptional effectiveness and possible relevance. This comprehensive comparison analysis demonstrates SPWEBR's supremacy in the current mobile networking environment and its potential for future advancements. In light of these results, we suggest conducting additional study on SPWEBR in order to fully utilize its potential and flexibility to a variety of networking settings.

Secure Intruder Information Sharing in Wireless Sensor Network for Attack Resilient Routing

Securing the routing process against attacks in wireless sensor network (WSN) is a vital factor to ensure the reliability of the network. In the existing system, a secure attack resilient routing for WSN using zone-based topology is proposed against message drops, message tampering and flooding attacks. The secure attack resilient routing provides a protection against attacks by skipping the routing towards less secure zones. However, the existing work did not consider the detection and isolation of the malicious nodes in the zone based wireless sensor network. To solve this issue, we proposed enhanced attack resilient routing by detecting malicious zones and isolating the malicious nodes. We proposed a three-tire framework by adopting sequential probability test to detect and isolate malicious nodes. Attacker information is shared in a secure manner in the network, so that routing selection decision can be made locally in addition to attack resiliency route selection provided at the sink. Overhearing rate is calculated for all nodes in each zone to detect blackhole attackers. Simulation results shows that the proposed Three Tier Frame work provides more security, reduced network overhead and improved Packet delivery ratio in WSNs by comparing with the existing works.

Prediction of Customer Plan using Churn Analysis for Telecom Industry

Background: In creating nations like India, there are in excess of 10 administrators giving versatile administration in each circle. With the presentation of number convenience portable client are progressively changing starting with one administrator then onto the next. This conduct is called beat. The explanation behind beat might be many like valuing isn't alluring, visit call drops, message drops, more client care calls and so forth. Presently the administrator in INDIA is aware of the need of client. At that point, it is past the point of no return as the client has officially settled on choice and hard to persuade and retain. So a robotized instrument is needed at administrator end to predict which client may beat with high exactness. Objective: With fast utilization of outfit classifiers to enhance exactness, we additionally propose a gathering cross breed classifier that predicts with more precision. Methods: Hybrid model contains regression, perceptron and confrontation both regression and perceptron run parallel after completion execution both the results will be compared in a confrontation level. Conclusion: The report of customer who are predicted to churn and the reason for churning if reported. Also it will store aggregate reporting HBASE database.

Geofencing: Mobile Technology as a Health Promotion Tool to Raise Awareness of a Dental Clinic in Rural North Carolina.

The purpose of the study was to assess the use of geofence technology to raise awareness of a dental clinic in rural North Carolina. The catchment area of the dental clinic was defined by ZIP Codes. A geofence was identified, and cell phones within the perimeter were targeted for oral health message drops to occur over 3 months from April to June 2017. Surveys conducted twice, pre- and postintervention (message drop), evaluated change in community awareness of services available at the dental clinic. A cross-sectional analysis was used to measure the effect of the exposure to the geofence technology in survey respondents. The survey included 200 participants (100 pre- and 100 postintervention). There were no significant differences in race or age for pre- and postintervention survey groups. The majority of respondents were American Indians (47.0% pre, 58.6% post) or black (28.8% pre, 25.5% post). There was a statistically significant improvement in awareness of the dental clinic (P = .045) from pre- to postintervention. A significant increase was also observed in the question related to dental visits by the respondent or family member of the respondent (from 6.5% to 15.0%, P = .04). A more modest improvement was found in questions related to the cost of dental care, type of insurance accepted, and services provided. Geofencing has the potential to increase awareness of health care services and ultimately increase the number of patients receiving care.

Design and Testing of a Real-Time Audio-Quality Feedback System for Weather Broadcasts and a Framework for a Weather Broadcast Transmission Technology Switch

Forecasting weather and forewarning the public with weather alerts help save lives and property immensely. Audio transmissions for alerting are not prone to local infrastructure failure and hence the most dependable. Reception of such alerts should have good clarity of audio. The Mean Opinion Score (MOS) method has traditionally been used in telephony to monitor audio reception quality. It requires an objective skilled listener using a scoring system for feedback used in improving audio quality. However, in weather radio, there is no dedicated listener 24/7. Without listening skills and listener training the MOS scoring could be skewed and of little use. Our paper focuses on the design, building and testing of audio-quality forensics system (AQFS) that uses measurements of network, radio and equipment parameters to monitor audio quality instead of listener feedback. Transmitter stations today have multiple connectivity options and the AQFS can alert the transmission operators to switch to alternate technology during failures. The AQFS also has control features to perform this switching automatically that we have tested. In this paper, we also report our findings, test results and inferences with recommendations. Apart from providing basic but detailed audio quality analysis and comparison of base and transmitted audio using two different mechanisms, the AQFS helped us detect complete audio loss, intermittent audio outages, Specific Area Message Encoding (SAME) Headers, audio anomalies, fades, drops and strange tones which correlate with fading and outage events. The analysis helped at problem transmitter sites in improving audio quality.

Reliable Session Initiation Protocol (RSIP) signaling with UDP transport using piggybacking method

Session Initiation Protocol is an IP based application level signaling protocol. SIP is used for locating end users, establishing, modifying and closing multimedia sessions between end users. SIP prefers UDP as transport protocol. Since UDP is not reliable, SIP enables reliability of requests through retransmissions. These retransmissions may result in unnecessary load on the network. This research work proposes a technique to achieve reliability for SIP signaling between servers, with UDP transport, using piggybacking method. The reliability for the SIP signaling is enabled hop-by-hop without disturbing the existing core SIP functionality. We proposed an algorithm for handling SIP request/response message drops. We analyzed the reduction in SIP request retransmissions during message drops. We analyzed and validated the reduction in retransmissions during demand burst condition and with varying round trip times due to server slowdown scenarios. With the proposed system, server recovery time has been reduced by 32.73% during demand burst scenario. With the proposed method, retransmissions have been avoided by 50%.

Congestion Aware Spray and Wait Protocol: A Congestion Control Mechanism for the Vehicular Delay Tolerant Network

In the last few years, the Vehicular Ad-hoc Network (VANET) has come to be an important area of research. Significant research has been conducted to improve the performance of VANETS. One output of further research conducted on VANET is the Vehicular Delay Tolerant Network (VDTN). It is an application of the mobile DTN where nodes relay messages in the network using a store-carry-forward approach. Due to its high mobility, it suffers frequent disconnections and also congestions at nodes which leads to message drops. To minimize the rate of message drops and so optimize the probability of message delivery so that drivers are increasingly aware of the situation of the road, we propose a congestion control mechanism: Congestion Aware Spray and Wait (CASaW) protocol in this work so as to optimize the rate of message delivery to its destination and so increase the awareness of drivers in the vehicular environment thereby improve road safety. The results have shown that our proposition performed better than other classical VDTN protocols in terms of message delivery probability and rate of packet drops performance measures. We used the Opportunistic Networking Environment (ONE) simulator to implement the classical VDTN protocols: the PROPHET protocol, the Epidemic protocol, the MaxProp protocol and the Spray and Wait Protocol. The simulation scenarios shows a better performance for the congestion control mechanism we propose as it maintains a good message delivery rate as well as minimize the rate of packet losses thereby optimizing the chances of messages getting to their destinations and so improve road safety.

An adaptive and efficient buffer management scheme for resource-constrained delay tolerant networks

Provisioning buffer management mechanism is especially crucial in resource-constrained delay tolerant networks (DTNs) as maximum data delivery ratio with minimum overhead is expected in highly congested environments. However, most DTN protocols do not consider resource limitations (e.g., buffer, bandwidth) and hence, results in performance degradation. To strangle and mitigate the impact of frequent buffer overflows, this paper presents an adaptive and efficient buffer management scheme called size-aware drop (SAD) that strives to improve buffer utilization and avoid unnecessary message drops. To improve data delivery ratio, SAD exactly determines the requirement based on differential of newly arrived message(s) and available space. To vacate inevitable space from a congested buffer, SAD strives to avoid redundant message drops and deliberate to pick and discard most appropriate message(s) to minimize overhead. The performance of SAD is validated through extensive simulations in realistic environments (i.e., resource-constrained and congested) with different mobility models (i.e., Random Waypoint and disaster). Simulation results demonstrate the performance supremacy of SAD in terms of delivery probability and overhead ratio besides other metrics when compared to contemporary schemes based on Epidemic (DOA and DLA) and PRoPHET (SHLI and MOFO).

Adaptive message size routing strategy for delay tolerant network

Delay tolerant network (DTN) is a kind of computer network that suffer from the frequent disconnections, network partitioned and unstable network connectivity, therefore maintaining an uninterrupted route from source to destination is not possible. Therefore, the transmission of message is achieved via intermediate nodes by adopting a novel transmission mechanism called store-carry and forward where node stores the incoming message in its buffer, carries it while moving and forward it when it comes in the transmission range of other nodes. DTN routing protocols can be either single copy or multi copy. In single copy protocols, the node forwards the unique copy of message along a single path. These protocols suffer the long delivery delay. In multi copy protocols, the node diffuses multiple copies of same message along dissimilar paths. Thus, message can reach destination via more than one path. However, the replication process consumes high volume of network resources such as buffer space, bandwidth and node energy. The probabilistic routing strategies for instance PRoPHET Protocol minimizes the consumption of resources and forwards a message to a custodian by using a metric of delivery probability. The probability describes the suitability of a node to meet the destination of message. However, when node mobility pattern is not symmetric the probabilistic computations cannot predict the accurate forwarding decision. In this paper, we have proposed a novel message forwarding strategy called Adaptive Message-Size Routing strategy (AMRS) by which a node handovers the copy of message to its neighboring nodes by using a metric named as mean threshold (MTH). We have compared the performance of AMRS with Epidemic and PRoPHET routing protocols. The proposed routing strategy has performed better in terms of maximizing delivery probability while minimizes message drops and number of transmissions.