Pinus Merkusii Research Articles

HPLC-DAD method validation for quantification of dehydroabietic acid and abietic acid in oral spray containing Pinus merkusii heartwood extract and its antibacterial effects on clinically isolated Streptococcus mutans

AbstractPinus merkusii Jungh & De Vries. has become increasingly gathered more attention from researchers because the plant has a range of folk medicinal uses. Heartwood plant is the major source of dehydroabietic acid (DHAA) and abietic acid (AA), which possesses several medicinal properties, such as antiviral, antimicrobial, antiobesity and anti-inflammatory. The research proposed herein a low-cost, fast, specific, uncomplicated, sensitive, precise reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). This method was conducted and validated for evaluating an amount of DHAA and AA in ethanol extract and oral spray containing P. merkusii heartwood extract. Additionally, stability and antimicrobial activities against clinically isolated Streptococcus mutans of the oral spray were determined. The separation was achieved on Pursuit 200Å PFP column, 150 × 4.6 mm, particles of 3 µm with a flow rate of 1.0 mL min−1. Methanol and water (70:30 v/v) were used as eluent with an isocratic mode and sample analysis volume was set at 10 µL, at a detection wavelength of 210 and 245 nm. The developed HPLC method for analysis of DHAA and AA showed good linearity with correlation coefficients equal to 1. Moreover, other validation parameters, comprised of accuracy, precision, specificity and detection and quantitation limits of this method displayed excellent reliability, validity and sensitivity. This method could be an interesting alternative for quantitative measurement of P. merkusii heartwood extract, oral spray formulation and other P. merkusii heartwood extract preparations. The result from antibacterial tests suggested that the oral spray containing P. merkusii heartwood extract is able to inhibit the oral pathogens causing dental caries. The oral spray decreased S. mutans population size by about 0.5–2 Log CFU mL−1 at 1–4 h and complete elimination of all bacteria strains within 24 h. This study provides validity for using P. merkusii heartwood extract as an alternative for preventing and treating oral infectious diseases.

Cross-field pitting characteristics of reaction wood in the stem wood of Pinus merkusii and Agathis loranthifolia

This research investigated and compared the pitting type, pit number (PN), and pit diameter (PD) in the cross-field of compression wood (CWD), lateral wood (LWD), and opposite wood (OWD) in stem wood of Pinus merkusii and Agathis loranthifolia growing in Indonesia. Identification and quality evaluation were done using optical and scanning electron microscopy. A piceoid pit type was observed in the CWD of both species. The LWD and OWD of P. merkusii showed window-like and pinoid pits, whereas those of A. loranthifolia showed taxodioid and cupressoid pits. The PN and PD were the smallest in CWD of both species. In P. merkusii, LWD and OWD showed similar PN values, and PN in all parts increased from the pith to the bark. In A. loranthifolia, LWD had higher PN than in OWD, and PN in CWD and LWD decreased from near the pith to the bark, whereas in OWD, it increased. All parts of P. merkusii and CWD and OWD of A. loranthifolia showed a positive correlation between PN and radial tracheid diameter, whereas LWD showed a negative correlation. In P. merkusii, the PD of LWD approximated that of OWD, whereas, in A. loranthifolia, LWD had a larger PD than that exhibited by OWD.

Profitability of coffee-based agroforestry system to support farmers’ income in Toba Regency, North Sumatra Province, Indonesia

Indonesia is a country with the application of agroforestry systems on community land. People who live in Toba Regency, North Sumatra have long applied coffee-based agroforestry systems and have become a hereditary tradition. The purpose of this study is to determine the profitability of coffee-based agroforestry land and economic value for farmers so that it can be developed further. Coordinate points of land distribution, taken with GPS, conducted interviews, profitability analysis and income analysis to obtain farmer land data. Mapping the distribution of farmers’ coffee-based agroforestry land was mapped with ArcGIS 10.8. Four respondent farmers implemented coffee-based agroforestry (Coffea arabica) with a planting distance of 2 m x 2.5 m combined with Gmelina arborea (white teak), Eucalyptus sp. (eucalyptus), Cinnamomum verum (cinnamon), Pinus merkusii (pine), Psidium guajava (guava), Durio zibethinus (durian), Persea americana (avocado), and others. Based on the profitability analysis, all four farmers’ lands are feasible for further development. The economic value of land depends on the area of land managed by the farmer, where farmers with a land area of 2 Ha have the largest income during 10 years of land management, namely Mr. Bisken with an income of IDR 162,719,500. Utilization of Multi-Purpose Trees Species (MPTS) or plantation and industrial crops can increase the economic value and profitability of farmers’ land.

Predicting the current and future distributions of Pinus merkusii in Southeast Asia under climate change

Abstract. Sulton MN, Aurina DM, Muhammad F, Fadzilah FPA, Hanun Z, Indrawan M, Budiharta S, Supriatna J, Nursamsi I, Setyawan AD. 2024. Predicting the current and future distributions of Pinus merkusii in Southeast Asia under climate change. Biodiversitas 25: 1135-1143. Pinus merkusii Jungh. Et de Vriese is a native pine species of Southeast Asia with primary distribution in Indonesia, especially in the mountainous areas of northern Sumatra. The P. merkusii has an important role in the forest ecosystem including maintaining ecosystem stability, reducing soil erosion, and providing habitat for various types of flora and fauna. Climate change is expected to affect the growth, development and distribution of plants, so this study aims to predicting the current dan future distribution of P. merkusii in Southeast Asia under climate change. We used Maxent and Geographic Information System (GIS), which incorporated bioclimatic, edaphic, and UVB radiation variables, to predict the suitable areas of P. merkusii under current and future climate scenarios (RCP 2.6, RCP 4.5, RCP 6.0, and RCP 8.5) and three time periods (2030, 2050, and 2080). Our findings indicate that compared to current, there will be an increase of suitable areas for P. merkusii in 2030 across all climate scenarios with RCPs 2.6, 4.5, 6.0, and 8.5 represent 9.53%, 9.66%, 9.73%, and 9.91% of Southeast Asia terrestrial area, respectively. In 2050, such increase will continue under all climate scenarios with RCP 4.5 has the largest proportion of suitable area (10.39%). However, in 2080, the suitable areas are likely to reduce compared with 2050 with RCPs 2.6, 4.5, 6.0, and 8.5 have a percentage of 9.21%, 9.69%, 10.29%, and 9.81%, respectively. Our predictions showed that there will be a geographical shift of suitable area of P. merkusii into higher elevation and latitude, migrating east and northeast. Our findings about the potential future distribution of P. merkusii might be used as a reference for cultivation according to predicted suitable areas in the future.

Effect of collection period on oleoresin yield of Pinus merkusii

Pinus merkusii is one of the most important timber species in Indonesia, the main product of which is its oleoresin. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of collection period (three periods, with 6-day observation each) on oleoresin yield in relation to two factors: growth sites of Pinus merkusii, which in the case of this study were East Banyumas, West Banyumas, and West Pekalongan Forest Management Units, and use of stimulants (sulfuric acid and ethephon mixtures, ETRAT, SR4, and no treatment). The average total oleoresin yield from a single tree or wound during the 18-day observation period was 110-185 g/tree for untreated trees and 159-442 g/tree for stimulant-treated trees. By analysis of variance, the interaction between each collection period (6-day observation period) and tree growing sites showed that the maximum average oleoresin yield for one hole was 109.32 g/tree measured in East Banyumas in the first collection period. Furthermore, the East Banyumas site consistently showed significantly the highest yield in each period. The interaction between the factors of stimulant and collection period (6-day observation) resulted in the highest average oleoresin yield (121.86 g/tree) measured for trees treated with sulfuric acid (20%) and Ethephon (2%) mixtures in aqueous solution (v/v) treatment in the first collecting period. In West Pekalongan, the resin yield from trees treated with different treatments tended to be positively related to tree diameter. In addition, a positive correlation was found between resin yield and tree height or crown closure, while a negative correlation was found between resin yield and site elevation in trees treated with certain stimulants.

Estimation of vegetation density using NDVI and carbon stock in the Utilization Zone of Gunung Halimun Salak National Park

Forestry and Other Land Uses (FOLU) is one of the critical sectors in low carbon and climate resilience development. Gunung Halimun Salak National Park (GHSNP) can potentially mitigate climate change by increasing carbon stocks. This study aimed to estimate vegetation density using the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), estimate biomass and aboveground carbon stocks, and analyze the relationships of NDVI with vegetation diversity and carbon stocks in the utilization zone of GHSNP. The method used was vegetation analysis and carbon estimation using allometric and destructive testing for seedling and understory levels. The total plots were 15 (a plot size of 50 × 50 m). NDVI was categorized into three classes, specifically class 1 (0,147 - 0,276), class 2 (0,276 - 0,321), and class 3 (0,321 - 0,493). The utilization zone of GHSNP consists of 56 plant species from 40 families. The research location was dominated by Pinus merkusii. The average biomass and carbon concentrations were 131,14 Mg/ha and 61,64 Mg C/ha, respectively. Carbon concentration strongly correlated with the basal area (r = 95,2%). The NDVI value strongly correlated with the number of individual trees per hectare. NDVI can be used as an approach to estimating forest cover.

Effectively α-Terpineol Suppresses Glioblastoma Aggressive Behavior and Downregulates KDELC2 Expression

BackgroundGlioblastoma (GBM) is notorious for the aggressive behaviors and easily results in chemo-resistance. Studies have shown that the use of herbal medicines as treatments for GBM as limited by the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and glioma stem cells. PurposeThe aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between GBM suppression and α-terpineol, the monoterpenoid alcohol derived from Eucalyptus glubulus and Pinus merkusii. Study DesignUsing serial in-vitro and in-vivo studies to confirm the mechanism of α-terpineol on down-regulating GBM development. MethodsThe 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was performed to evaluate IC50 of α-terpineol to inhibit GBM cell survival. In order to evaluate the impact of GBM aggressive behaviors by α-terpineol, the analysis of cell migration, invasion and colony formation were implemented. In addition, the ability of tumor spheres and WB of CD44 and OCT3/4 were evaluated under the impression of α-terpineol decreased GBM stemness. The regulation of neoangiogenesis by α-terpineol via the WB of angiogenic factors and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) tube assay. To survey the decided factors of α-terpineol downregulating GBM chemoresistance depended on the impact of O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) expression and autophagy-related factors activation. Additionally, WB and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT/PCR) of KDEL (Lys-Asp-Glu-Leu) containing 2 (KDELC2), endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3k), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade signaling factors were examined to explore the mechanism of α-terpineol inhibiting GBM viability. Finally, the orthotopic GBM mouse model was applied to prove the efficacy and toxicity of α-terpineol on regulating GBM survival. Resultsα-terpineol significantly suppressed GBM growth, migration, invasion, angiogenesis and temozolomide (TMZ) resistance. Furthermore, α-terpineol specifically targeted KDELC2 to downregulate Notch and PI3k/mTOR/MAPK signaling pathway. Finally, we also demonstrated that α-terpineol could penetrate the BBB to inhibit GBM proliferation, which resulted in reduced cytotoxicity to vital organs. ConclusionCompared to published literatures, we firstly proved α-terpineol possessed the capability to inhibit GBM through various mechanisms and potentially decreased the occurrence of chemoresistance, making it a promising alternative therapeutic option for GBM in the future.

The first report of dark septate endophytes from Indonesian Pinus merkusii and its symbiosis role as a plant growth promoter in nursery condition

Abstract. Akhir J, Herliyana EN, Surono, Budi SW. 2024. The first report of dark septate endophytes from Indonesian Pinus merkusii and its symbiosis role as a plant growth promoter in nursery condition. Biodiversitas 25: 312-321. To encourage the healthy growth of Pinus merkusii Jungh et de Vriese seedlings at the seedling stage, Dark Septate Endophytic (DSE) fungi were used as growth promoters. In this study, four DSE strains, i.e., Apls 1.5.3, Pls 32.1, Hs14.6a, and Hs14.6c isolated from P. merkusii roots, were tested for their ability to stimulate the growth of P. merkusii seedlings. After 14 weeks of incubation in nursery conditions, P. merkusii seedlings inoculated with four DSE strains experienced a higher increase in height and stem diameter when compared to the control treatment. Overall, the biomass results of P. merkusii seedlings treated with the DSE strains performed better than those of the control. Root colonization of P. merkusii seedlings showed that the 4 DSE strains significantly outperformed the control. The Hs14.6c strain outperformed the other strains and controls regarding nutrient (nitrogen) uptake. The findings of this study are the first to show that the DSE Apls 1.5.3 strain is similar to Cylindroccarpon, the Hs14.6a and Hs14.6c strains are similar to Cladophialophora sp., and the Pls 32.1 strain is similar to Oncopodiella trigonella based on identification results and phylogenetic trees and can be in symbiosis with seeds of P. merkusii, a pine species native to Indonesia.

Wood decomposers on six community timber species in two different locations

Abstract. Nurhadi MW, Arinana A, Rahmawati AI, Herliyana EN, Andika R, Himmi SK. 2023. Wood decomposers on six community timber species in two different locations. Biodiversitas 24: 6629-6640. Wood has a close relationship with termites and fungi as decomposers. Decomposers are important as dead organic matter is broken down into elements and returned to the soil. This study aims to analyze the amount of wood attacked by termites and fungi on six types of community timber during six months of testing at two different locations, analyze the degree of damage, and identify the species of termites and fungi that attack them. The research was conducted in two locations: the Arboretum of the Faculty of Forestry and Environment of IPB and a residential area in Bogor Asri, Cibinong Sub-district, Bogor District. The wood tested were Acacia mangium, Falcataria moluccana, Anthocephalus cadamba, Maesopsis eminii, Pinus merkusii, and Hevea brasiliensis. Tests were conducted based on ASTM D 1758-06. Infested wood increased with the time tested, and infestation was higher in the arboretum (75%) than in the residential area (39.4%). The highest level of wood damage in the arboretum was Hevea brasiliensis (35.4 g); in residential, it was Pinus merkusii (18.9 g). The subterranean termite types found during the six months of testing are Macrotermes sp., Microtermes sp., Schedorhinotermes sp., and Odontotermes sp. The weathering fungi types found during the six months of testing were Aspergillus sp., Mucor sp., Trichoderma sp., Gliocladium sp., Mycelia sterilia, and red fungus. Soil type, moisture, and ambient temperature also strongly favored the development of decomposer life found in the two research sites.

<b>Stem bark ethanolic extract of <i>Pinus merkusii</i> induces caspase 9-mediated apoptosis in HeLa cells</b>

Background: Cervical cancer is a severe concern for women throughout the world. This percentage of cancer incidence causes sufferers to die at a high rate. It is believed that the bark of the Pinus merkusii tree contains anti-cancer compounds that inhibit cervical cancer cell growth. Aim: This present study aims to examine the cytotoxic ability of P. merkusii tree bark ethanol extract (PMBE) by inducing apoptosis in HeLa cells. Methods: We administered the PMBE at concentrations of 50, 100, 200, and 400 µg/mL to HeLa cell cultures. We then conducted the MTT cytotoxicity assay, detected apoptosis via Annexin V binding, and observed caspase 9 expression via immunocytochemistry. Results: PMBE showed cytotoxic activity on HeLa cells with an IC50 of 226.6 µg/mL for 24 hours of treatment. PMBE caused early apoptosis in up to 81.31% of HeLa cells, as well as increased caspase-9 expression. Conclusion: Based on this study, PMBE is predicted to have dose-dependent antiproliferative or cytotoxicity effects on the HeLa cell line through the intrinsic pathway apoptosis mechanism.

A comparative study on quantitative anatomical characteristics of compression, lateral, and opposite woods in Agathis loranthifolia and Pinus merkusii

Quantitative anatomical characteristics and their radial variation in compression (COW), lateral (LAW), and opposite (OPW) woods of Agathis loranthifolia and Pinus merkusii stem woods growing in Indonesia were observed and compared to understand wood quality. The length, diameter, wall thickness, and lumen diameter of tracheids and ray height and numbers were observed using optical microscopy. In both species, COW had the shortest tracheid length, smallest tracheid and lumen diameter, thickest cell wall, and highest ray numbers among the parts, while LAW and OPW showed comparable or variable values in quantitative characteristics. In A. loranthifolia, COW had the highest ray height, whereas, in P. merkusii, it had the lowest uniseriate and fusiform ray heights. No significant difference was observed in ray numbers and heights between LAW and OPW. In both species, the tracheid length and lumen-to-diameter ratio in COW, LAW, and OPW tended to increase from near the pith to near the bark while the wall-to-diameter ratio decreased. The ray heights of all parts increased with increasing distance from the pith, whereas the ray number decreased.

Biomass by an organ in understory vegetation: Study comparison among upper story tree species

The biomass of trees older than 40 years was calculated for three species: Swietenia macrophylla, Pinus merkusii, and Acacia auriculiformis. To estimate the tree biomass, we considered the diameter at breast height (dbh) and tree height (h) as significant variables. Cutting down trees in the study area was strictly prohibited to prevent irreversible damage to the ecosystem. Our strategy is to implement a non-destructive approach to estimate the biomass of each tree in the plantation forest. On the other hand, we perform separation and destruction of the understory parts to obtain a more specific green weight by an organ. Hence, measuring upper-story tree biomass using a non-destructive approach through existing equations is suitable for the conditions at the site. The main plot was 0.25 ha for each plantation and divided into subplots of 25 m2 to measure the understory. We found the S. macrophylla plant had a larger stem biomass than the other plants but had a small understory. In contrast, A. auriculiformis had the biggest understory but the smallest stem biomass. It is necessary to create more effective and non-destructive approaches to predict and quantify tree biomass broadly to facilitate better quantification of carbon sequestration.

ANALISIS EKOLOGI PADA SKEMA IZIN PEMANFAATAN PERHUTANAN SOSIAL DI KAWASAN HUTAN LINDUNG GUNUNG RAKUTAK JAWA BARAT

Social forestry is a program that aims to realize sustainable forest management. There are three important components in Social Forestry, namely ecology, economy, and social. Ecological characteristics are one important aspect that indicates the success of the program. The purpose of this study was to identify the ecological characteristics of the Social Forestry Permits (SFP) scheme in Mount Rakutak Protected Forest, KPH Bandung Selatan. The data collected are land characteristics and vegetation characteristics. The method used is field observation, codding and literature study. The land characteristics in Mount Rakutak Protected Forest area are loam-sandy soil, soil temperature ranges from 20.5°C-29.8°C, soil moisture ranges from 13-90%, soil pH ranges from 2-6.9, and slope ranges from 60 -85%. The total land cover area decreased by 0.04 m2 in 2019, and, the average NDVI in 2021 (after SFP) has decreased compared to 2015 (before SFP). The results show that the SFP Scheme has not had a significant impact on forest coverage in Mount Rakutak Protected Forest area. Vegetation characterization based on vegetation composition was classified as moderate with an average of 3 species found in each village. The vegetation diversity index is low to medium with values ranging from 0-1.95, and there are four dominant species, namely Eucalyptus spp., Pinus merkusii, Persea americana, and Coffea robusta. Based on ecological analysis, it indicates that the Social Forestry Program with the SFP scheme has not shown a sustainable condition.

Microfibril Angles and Crystalline Properties of Reaction Woods in Agathis and Sumatran Pine Woods

The microfibril angles (MFAs), relative crystallinity index (RC), and crystallite width (CrW) of compression wood (CPW), lateral wood (LTW), and opposite wood (OPW) in Agathis (Agathis loranthifolia) and Sumatran Pine (Pinus merkusii) stem wood were observed and compared to obtain valuable information on wood quality for effective utilization. The iodine staining method and optical microscopy were applied to measure the MFA in the tangential section. RC and CrW were analyzed with an X-ray diffraction technique. CPW had the largest MFA and the smallest RC in both species. In Agathis, LTW and OPW had comparable MFA, RC, and CrW, whereas the CrW of CPW was the smallest. In Sumatran pine, there was a significant difference in MFA and RC between LTW and OPW. CPW, LTW, and OPW showed comparable CrW. The MFA decreased and RC increased from near the pith to bark in both species. The CrW increased from near the pith to the bark of Sumatran pine, whereas it was constant in Agathis. In conclusion, MFA and RC could be used to identify CPW, LTW, and OPW in both species. There were distinctive MFA and RC properties between reaction wood in both species. Keywords: Agathis loranthifolia, crystalline properties, microfibril angles, Pinus merkusii, reaction wood

PENGUKURAN TINGGI DAN TUTUPAN KANOPI POHON DI TAMAN SAINS, KECAMATAN DUREN SAWIT, KOTA JAKARTA TIMUR

PENGUKURAN TINGGI DAN TUTUPAN KANOPI POHON DI TAMAN SAINS, KECAMATAN DUREN SAWIT, KOTA JAKARTA TIMUR

Differences in the vegetation dynamic patterns of three tropical secondary forests in South Sulawesi, Indonesia

Abstract. Putra PS, Yamada T, Achmad A, Nasri N, Hamzah AS, Ngakan PO. 2023. Differences in the vegetation dynamic patterns of three tropical secondary forests in South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 24: 5065-5073. Degraded forests experience dynamics that drive them towards stable ecological conditions as a result of the succession process. Understanding the dynamics of forests through succession is a requirement for secondary forest management activities. The purpose of this research was to uncover the dynamics of population, species composition, and dominance in three secondary tropical forest communities: (i) Karst forest, (ii) Lowland forest, and (iii) Pinus merkusii plantation forest. Permanent plots with areas tailored to the richness of each forest community were constructed, and vegetation studies were conducted annually from 2019 to 2022. The results revealed that the ten most dominant species in each plot shared only one species. The rest were exclusive to a single community. During the four years of research, 25 out of a total of 90 species (Karst), 27 out of a total of 68 species (Lowland), and 12 out of a total of 43 species (Pine) experienced dynamics in the form of an increase or decrease in population. Tree density decreased in the Karst plot and fluctuated slightly in the Lowland and Pine forest plots. Meanwhile, the basal area cover continued to increase during the 4 years of observation. Comparing age and pre-succession land use history, soil type and restoration history appear dominant in determining the forest dynamics.

ASSESSING THE DEVELOPMENT POTENTIAL, FEASIBILITY AND VISITOR ASSESSMENT IN THE SIPINSUR GEOSITE NATURAL TOURISM AREA, TOBA CALDERA GLOBAL GEOPARK, INDONESIA

This study aims to examine the potential of tourism objects, development feasibility, visitor assessment of aspects of travel satisfaction, services and conditions of infrastructure, as well as visitor participation in conservation and the environment. This research was conducted using the analysis method of Analysis of Operation Areas of Natural Tourism Objects and Attractions (AOA-NTOA) and descriptive analysis using survey and interview methods. The research instrument used is the Guidelines for AOA-NTOA issued by the Director General of Forest Protection and Nature Conservation, Ministry of Forestry of the Republic of Indonesia. The results showed that Sipinsur Nature Tourism has three potentials, namely; 1) The beauty of natural scenery with a cool mountain microclimate, the diversity of various types of aesthetic flora and fauna, namely various species of aesthetic trees such as Sumatran pine (Pinus merkusii) and red shoot tree (Syzygium oleana), various palms, and flower plants; 2) Various exotic fauna such as wild cats and eagles; 3) Camping ground area as a center for adventure tourism activities. The results of the development feasibility analysis were declared feasible to be developed into a more developed tourist attraction with an average feasibility index of 73.98%. Visitors' assessment of the aspect of travel satisfaction shows that the majority visit more than 1 time and disseminate information to other parties. The majority of visitors (80.1%) get information about Sipinsur’s natural attractions from friends/relatives. The majority of visits were carried out in groups (96%), namely with groups of friends/professionals 56.56% and family (42.42%). As many as 78.78% of visitors make Sipinsur the main destination, with the most visit duration between 2-4 hours (34.34%). In the aspect of visitor assessment of the service and condition of facilities and infrastructure of tourism objects, the majority of visitors rate like/interested/good, some rate very like/very good/very interested, and only a few rate less good / less attractive on the overall assessment indicators. For the aspect of visitor participation in conservation and the environment, it shows that the majority of visitors reject various irresponsible behaviors and actions and are willing to participate in conservation efforts and preservation of the surrounding environment. The development feasibility analysis was declared feasible to be developed into a more developed tourist attraction. Assessment of tourism satisfaction aspects shows that the majority visit more than once and disseminate information to other parties. The majority of visitors like and have a good impression of aspects of service, facilities, and infrastructure. For the aspect of participation in conservation and the environment, it shows that the majority of visitors are aware of the responsibility and willing to participate.

Tree species diversity adapted to Pinus merkusii forests in Gunung Ciremai National Park, West Java, Indonesia

Abstract. Supartono T, Adhya I, Kosasih D, Wildani W. 2023. Tree species diversity adapted to Pinus merkusii forests in Gunung Ciremai National Park, West Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 24: 4314-4323. One of the challenges faced in rehabilitating pine forests in conservation areas is the limited information on plant species capable of adapting to these ecosystems. This study aimed to analyze the diversity of tree species that grow and adapt to pine forests and the relationship of natural forests with the vegetation characteristics of pine forests. The research was conducted in pine forests bordering natural forests and far from natural forests using the sample plot method. The study recorded 44 species from 27 families of seedlings, 46 species from 21 families of saplings, 25 species from 18 families of poles, and 24 species from 17 families of trees. Accumulation of species from all growth stages recorded 83 species (76 local species and 7 cultivated species) from 39 families. Based on the species accumulation curve, pine forests adjacent to natural forests have more species than those far from natural forests. Individual and family density in pine forests adjacent to natural forests were also higher than the density of these two variables in pine forests far from natural forests. Furthermore, both the pine forest adjacent to the natural forest and that far from the natural forest, each has its own species peculiarities. The results indicate that the existence of natural forests has an important role as a source of biodiversity for the surrounding ecosystem. As an implication of this study, species that can grow to the level of poles and trees can be recommended as rehabilitation plants in the Pinus merkusii Jungh. & de Vriese forests in Gunung Ciremai National Park, Indonesia because pine is not a local species and the allelopathy it releases can reduce plant diversity.

Komposisi Jenis dan Struktur Hutan di Taman Hutan Raya Dr. Moh. Hatta, Padang, Sumatera Barat

According to Law of Republic of Indonesia No. 5 of 1990, the Forest Park is a nature conservation area which collects natural and unnatural plants and animals. The composition and structure of stands can be used to estimate the density of trees in various diameter classes. This study aims to determine the composition and structure of the vegetation contained in the block protection, utilization, and collection. The research was conducted from January to February 2021 at Bung Hatta Forest Park Conservation Area Padang, West Sumatera. The research result show that dominant type found in the protection block for the tree’s level was Glochidion obscurum. In the utilization block, the dominant type called Pinus merkusii, then in the collection block dominated by Swietenia macrophylla. The diversity index value (H') on the three blocks is classified as the moderate with H' value between 1-2. Meanwhile, the wealth index is classified as the low with a value of R1 <3.5. The result also found that the pattern of species distribution is clumped. The stratification of Bung Hatta Forest Park Conservation Area’s crown is in the B and C stratum.
 Keywords: diversity index (H'), dominant type, composition, richness index (R1), vegetation structure

Keanekaragaman Vegetasi pada Sistem Agroforestri Berbasis Kopi di Desa Rowosari Kecamatan Sumberjambe Kabupaten Jember

The coffee-based agroforestry system is one of the agroforestry systems that has a varietyof plants and support ecosystem services. This study aims to determine the diversity of vegetation in coffee-based agroforestry systems in Rowosari Village, Sumberjambe District, Jember Regency. The research was conducted on simple agroforestry and complex agroforestry using purposive sampling to collect vegetation data using the single square method. The results showed that the highest importance value index was for undergrowth, namely Oplismenus hirtellus in complex agroforestry lands (INP = 36,607%) and simple agroforestry lands (INP = 36,301%). The highest importance value index was for trees in complex agroforestry, namely Coffea canephora (INP = 101,158%) and in simple agroforestry, namely Pinus merkusii (INP = 107,104%) and Coffea canephora (INP = 105,832%). The index of species diversity, evenness, and species richness of the undergrowth had the highest value.
 Keywords: agroforestry, diversity, vegetation structure