Mercury Sphygmomanometer Research Articles

High Blood Pressure Associated with Depression, Not Anxiety: Results from the Tabriz Older People Survey (TOPS)

Objectives: To investigate the relationship between depression/anxiety and hypertension (HTN) in a large population-based sample in Iran. Design: A cross-sectional study. Setting: Tabriz, the capital of East Azerbaijan province in northwest Iran. Participants: A total of 1362 individuals were chosen from a representative sample of community-dwelling older adults aged 60 and above, residing in Tabriz. Participants were selected using the probability proportional to size sampling method. Outcome measures: A structured survey was used to measure socio-demographic variables, along with the hospital anxiety and depression scale. Blood pressure (BP) was measured using a standard mercury sphygmomanometer. Results: The results of a multiple logistic regression revealed that age (70-79 years old; P=0.01), employment status (housewives; P=0.02), level of education (illiterate; P<0.01), smoking status (having quit smoking; P<0.01), and depression (P=0.02) were related to HTN among these older adults. Conclusions: These findings highlight the critical importance of integrating mental health assessments and interventions in HTN management and prevention strategies, particularly for older populations.

Association of ABO blood group with blood pressure in healthy adults of districts Hyderabad Pakistan

BackgroundIncreased blood pressure is called a “silent killer” as it is often asymptomatic and can persist without the knowledge of the sufferer. It is one of the most prevalent and strong predictive factors for cardiovascular diseases.MethodologyThis cross-sectional study was conducted to find out any association of the ABO blood group with blood pressure and includes 581 randomly selected subjects from the different organizations of district Hyderabad including Universities, colleges, Hospitals, their students, faculty members, and their employees. This study was conducted from February 2021 to January 2022. Informed consent was obtained from volunteers. A detailed history was taken followed by a thorough clinical examination. Blood pressure was recorded with a mercury sphygmomanometer in sitting position. Blood grouping was done by ABO typing. Data obtained were analyzed by SPSS version 23.0.ResultsIn this study, the B blood group participants were 205 (34.22%) was found more prevalent in district Hyderabad, the mean systolic blood pressure was 119.10 ± 16.57, and the mean diastolic blood pressure was 78.89 ± 29.85. and in blood group B participants systolic blood pressure was found 46.82% and diastolic blood pressure was found 43.90% also in B blood group participants followed by A, O, and AB.ConclusionThe incidence of hypertension is high in Pakistan as found in other developing countries. In this study, the evidence is suggestive of the association of the B blood group with increased blood pressure in young healthy adults of district Hyderabad Pakistan.

Effects of a 12-week aerobic dance programme on diastolic blood pressure in stage one hypertensive adults

Hypertension which impacts over 1.5 billion people globally is a crucial health challenge accountable for more than 10.8 million early deaths yearly. Our study used an experimental design to investigate the effects of aerobic dance programme on diastolic blood pressure levels in stage one hypertensive adults over a 12-week period. The study participants were randomly allocated into either the experimental or control groups. Diastolic blood pressure measurements were collected using a mercury sphygmomanometer at baseline and post programme. The 12-week aerobic dance programme entailed three 45-minute sessions per week, at a moderate intensity. The paired samples t-test was used to compare mean differences within the groups with the significance level set at P

Validation of the TMB-2296-BT blood pressure monitor in adults according to the ISO 81060-2:2018 + Amd.1:2020.

This study aimed to validate the accuracy of the test device (TMB-2296-BT) blood pressure (BP) monitor in adults according to International Standard Organization (ISO) 81060-2:2018 + Amd.1:2020 universal standard protocol, which is a digital monitor. Three trained observers used the same arm sequential method to compare the SBPs and DBPs measured by the test device with those measured by the reference device (mercury sphygmomanometer). For the test device with cuff ranging from 22 to 32 cm, there are 88 adults, with a male-to-female ratio of 35 : 53. The mean difference and SD between reference BPs and test device BPs readings were (0.21 ± 2.59)/(0.66 ± 2.12) mmHg for SBP/DBP for criterion 1, and (0.21 ± 2.07)/(0.66 ± 1.76) mmHg for SBP/DBP for criterion 2. For the test device with cuffs ranging from 22 to 42 cm, there are 87 adults, with a male-to-female ratio of 49 : 38. The mean difference and SD between reference BPs and test device BPs readings were (-1.62 ± 2.80)/(0.12 ± 3.01) mmHg for SBP/DBP for criterion 1, and (-1.62 ± 2.35)/(0.12 ± 2.60) mmHg for SBP/ DBP for criterion 2. And for the test device with cuff arm circumference sizes of 22-32 cm and 22-42 cm fulfilled both validation criterion 1 and 2 of the ISO 81060-2:2018 + Amd.1:2020 standard and can be recommended for both clinical and self/home BP measurement in adults.

Nexus between Anthropometric Indices in Hypertensive and Normotensive Adults: A Gender-Based Study in a Sprawling Urban Community

Adipose tissue in the body can be easily assessed using anthropometric measurements such as hip, waist, chest, and neck circumferences, waist-to-height ratio, body mass index (BMI), and subscapular skinfold thickness. Gender, age, lifestyle, ethnicity, genetics, and nutrition influence these measurements. Although extensive research exists on anthropometry, there is still a lack of data on the gender-specific correlations between anthropometric indices (or parameters), obesity, and blood pressure. This study aimed to investigate the gender differences in anthropometric parameters in hypertensive and normotensive adults, and to assess the gender-based correlations between anthropometry and blood pressure. A cross-sectional, quantitative study involving 355 adults, aged 20-75 years was conducted in Enugu City, South-East Nigeria. Data were collected using well-structured questionnaires, an electronic weighing scale, a stadiometer, a non-elastic fiber-glass tape, and an Accoson™ Desktop mercury sphygmomanometer. Student’s t-test was used to compare anthropometric parameters, and Pearson correlation coefficient (r) was used to analyze the relationships between anthropometric parameters and blood pressure. Statistical significance was set at p<0.05. The study found a 38.0% prevalence of hypertension. Gender comparisons revealed that more males were underweight (39.0%), with no cases of class 3 obesity. Females had higher rates of overweight (27.9%) and obesity (41.3%). In the hypertensive participants, all anthropometric parameters were higher when compared to normotensive participants, except for height in males, neck circumference and subscapular-triceps ratio in females. Hypertensive and normotensive males had greater weight, height, neck and chest circumferences, waist-to-hip ratio, and subscapular-triceps ratio than their female counterparts. Conversely, hypertensive and normotensive females had greater waist circumference, hip circumference, subscapular skinfold, triceps skinfold, BMI, and waist-to-height ratio compared to males. Anthropometric parameters are key indicators of obesity, a major global health issue due to its association with hypertension. The rising trend in obesity, driven by dietary changes, disproportionately affects women. Urgent interventions are needed to promote routine exercise, particularly among administrative workers, and to raise public awareness about the benefits of physical activity.

Abstract P317: Are Home Blood Pressure Devices Accurate? A Systematic Review of the Evidence

Background: Out of office blood pressure (BP) measurements, especially home BP monitoring, are recommended for diagnosis and management of hypertension by all professional societies and guidelines. Though validation protocols exist for individual monitors, little data exists on the real world accuracy of home BP monitors, in actual use. We undertook this systematic review to estimate the accuracy of home BP monitors as reported in the literature. Methods: We undertook a literature search of MEDLINE and EMBASE from 1946 and 1947 until April 2023 respectively. We included studies that evaluated the accuracy of home BP devices against manual BP considered as the gold standard. Two reviewers independently selected studies, extracted data and assessed quality. Disagreements between the two reviewers were resolved by a third author. Results: Our search revealed 1284 non-duplicate citations. After applying selection criteria, nineteen studies, involving 4954 patient-devices (median 91, interquartile range 69, 489) were included in the systematic review. The reported inaccuracy of home BP monitors compared to mercury sphygmomanometer ranged from 10% to 72% for systolic BP, with each study using different thresholds for inaccuracy. The absolute mean difference for systolic BP between home BP monitor and the standard ranged from 2.4 mm Hg to 10.4 mm Hg and for diastolic BP from 1 to 8.7 mm Hg. Conclusion: The existing literature reports a relatively high degree of inaccuracy in home BP monitors being used. Data is limited by varying definitions being used for reporting inaccuracy. Consideration should be given to standardised definitions of accuracy, and individual patient validation of accuracy as home BP monitors use for clinical decision making becomes widespread.

Comparison between Digital Blood Pressure Monitors for Home Use (Wrist) and (Arm) with a Mercury Sphygmomanometer

Blood pressure disease (BP) is one of the major public health problems around the world. There are many digital BP devices used at home. Doubts are usually raised about these devices. This study aimed to compare home (wrist) and (arm) digital blood pressure monitors with a mercury sphygmomanometer. This study was conducted at the University of Tabuk, comparing a digital BP meter (arm) and (wrist) with a properly calibrated mercury BP. A total of 100 randomly selected students aged 18 to 39 years were enrolled. Two blood pressure measurements for each person were recorded by all devices, and the values were recorded taking into account the environment of a person. The data were entered into MS Excel and analysis was done by using Social Sciences version 23.0. The normality of data was performed by the Shapiro-Wilk test and it was normally distributed. The mean and standard deviation were calculated for quantitative variables, while frequencies and percentages were provided for qualitative variables. Paired sample t-test was used to compare the mean values of systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP). Digital arm devices had sensitivity and specificity of 62.5% and 63%, respectively, compared to digital wrist devices, which had sensitivity and specificity of 75% and 56%, respectively. The readings of the digital blood pressure monitors were comparable to the readings of the mercury blood pressure monitor. Both devices could be considered indispensable tools for detecting hypertension at home and thus useful for early diagnosis.

Validation of the JAMR upper-arm pressure monitor B23 according to the AAMI/ESH/ISO Universal Standard (ISO 81060- 2:2018/AMD 1:2020).

The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of the JAMR upper-arm blood pressure monitor B23 in the general population according to the AAMI/ESH/ISO Universal Standard (ISO 81060-2 : 2018/AMD 1 : 2020). The study recruited participants who met the criteria of the AAMI/ESH/ISO Universal Standard in terms of their number, sex, age, limb size, and blood pressure (BP) distribution. The study involved measuring BP, including both SBP and DBP, using both the test device and a standard mercury sphygmomanometer in sequential measurements. Of 90 participants, 85 qualified participants were analyzed. A total of 255 sets of comparison data (three sets for each subject) were obtained and analyzed. For the validation criterion 1, the mean ± SD of the differences between the JAMR B23 and mercury sphygmomanometer BP readings was -0.24 ± 6.52/-2.67 ± 5.6 mmHg (SBP/DBP). For criterion 2, the SD of the averaged BP (SBP/DBP) differences between the JAMR B23 and reference BP (SBP/DBP) per participant was 5.61/5.13 mmHg (the requirement was ≤6.95/6.43 mmHg by calculation). The JAMR B23 passed all the requirements of the AAMI/ESH/ISO Universal Standard (ISO 81060-2 : 2018/AMD 1 : 2020) and can be recommended for clinical and self/home use in the general population.

Validation of the validity of the new wrist-type fully automatic blood pressure monitor: DBP-2242 according to ISO 81060-2:2018+AMD 1:2020.

Evaluation of the accuracy of the wrist-type fully automatic blood pressure (BP) monitor: DBP-2242 in adolescent and adult populations according to ISO 81060-2 : 2018+Amd.1 : 2020. BP measurements were taken from the subjects using the same-arm sequential method, and BP data measured by a mercury sphygmomanometer was used as the standard. This study analyzed 262 sets of data from 89 subjects. According to criterion 1, the mean difference between the SBP of the test and reference devices was -0.57 ± 7.31 mmHg, and the DBP was -2.27 ± 7.17 mmHg, which is in accordance with the requirements. According to criterion 2, the average difference between the SBP was -0.57 ± 6.25 mmHg and the DBP was -2.27 ± 5.99 mmHg, which is in accordance with the requirements. Wrist-type fully automatic BP monitor: DBP-2242 complies with ISO 81060-2 : 2018+Amd.1 : 2020 and can be used for BP measurement in adolescent and adult populations.

Comparing the Efficacy of Foot Reflexology and Benson’s Relaxation on Anxiety and Physiologic Parameters After Cesarean Surgery

ObjectiveTo compare the efficacy of foot reflexology and Benson’s relaxation on anxiety and physiologic parameters after cesarean surgery. DesignRandomized controlled trial with three parallel arms. SettingGynecologic ward of the Persian Gulf Martyrs Hospital in Bushehr, Iran, in 2020. Participants and interventionsWomen undergoing cesarean surgery (n = 135) were selected by convenience sampling and divided via block randomization into three groups of foot reflexology, Benson’s relaxation interventions, and control group (n = 45 in each group). Interventions were performed 2 hours after cesarean surgery. MeasurementsSpielberger’s State–Trait Anxiety Inventory, mercury sphygmomanometer, and pulse oximeter were used to collect the data. Anxiety was measured before and 30 minutes after the intervention. Physiologic parameters were measured before the intervention and immediately, 30 minutes, and 60 minutes after the intervention. Data were analyzed using inferential statistics. ResultsThe mean score of situational anxiety after the intervention was significantly lower than before the intervention in the reflexology (t = 6.171; 95% confidence interval [CI] [5.66, 11.14]) and Benson’s relaxation groups (t = 7.362; 95% CI [5.91, 9.85]). However, changes in the control group were not significant (t = 1.674; 95% CI [–0.24, 2.55]). Decreases in anxiety scores were similar in the two intervention groups. After intervention, in most measurement times, respiratory rate and pulse rate decreased in the two intervention groups compared to the control group, and arterial oxygen saturation and systolic blood pressure increased. ConclusionConsidering the effect of both interventions on decreasing anxiety and improving most physiologic parameters, it seems that foot reflexology and Benson’s relaxation can be recommended after cesarean surgery.

Influence of Inadequate Sleep on Blood Pressure among the Population in Zakho District

Objective: This study explores the impact of inadequate sleep on blood pressure levels among the population of Zakho district's, Kurdistan Region, highlighting the unique cultural, economic, and geographical factors contributing to these conditions. Methods: This case-control study involved 1038 participants aged 18-65 years, divided into two groups. 527 cases, who have inadequate sleep <7 hours(n=262), <6 hours (n=194), <5 hours(n=71). and 511 control who have an adequate amount of sleep of 7-9 hours. The study assessed sleep quantity through self-reported sleep duration using an interview questionnaire. Blood pressure was measured three times (with at least a one-minute interval between each reading) using a standard mercury sphygmomanometer and a properly sized cuff. The American Heart Association defines healthy and unhealthy blood pressure ranges. Chi-square and t-tests were used to examine the relationship between sleep duration and hypertension. Results: The prevalence of all stages of hypertension was significantly higher in the case group than in the control group (p=0.0001) (Table 5). Stage I: 151(58.3% case), 108(41.7% control). Stage II: 106 (60.92% case), 68(39.08% control). Hypertensive crisis: 5 (100% case), 0(0% control). With the Exception of elevated blood pressure which was more prevalent among the control group:129 (60), than case group 86 (40%). Among those with normal blood pressure, the prevalence was also higher in the control group; 206 (53.51% control), 179 (46.49% case). Conclusion: The study indicates that inadequate sleep durations increase the risk of hypertension. Improving sleep habits could prevent hypertension. Further research is needed in Zakho district to establish the relationship between sleep duration and hypertension. Addressing sleep disturbances can improve public health, especially among high-risk populations.

ОЦЕНКА ТОЧНОСТИ АВТОМАТИЧЕСКОГО СФИГМОМАНОМЕТРА С МАНЖЕТОЙ «360°» ПРИ ИЗМЕРЕНИЯХ У ВЗРОСЛЫХ ЛЮДЕЙ С ОКРУЖНОСТЬЮ ПЛЕЧА 22 САНТИМЕТРА И МЕНЕЕ

To validate a blood pressure (BP) monitor according to the Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation/European Society of Hypertension/International Organization for Standardization (AAMI/ESH/ISO) Universal Standard (ISO 81060-2:2018) in a special population of adults with an upper arm circumference of 22 cm or less 37 subjects were recruited. Sphygmomanometer “Armed” identical to previously validated in the general population group YuWell YE660E was used with a “360°” cuff designed for an upper arm circumference of 18 – 36 cm. Sequential measurements of BP were obtained using the test device and the standard mercury sphygmomanometer. A total of 108 sets of comparison data were obtained and analyzed. According to the validation criterion 1, the mean ± SD of the differences was 8.00 ± 6.30 / -16.11 ± 5.15 mmHg. In this special group “Armed” YE660E with “360°” cuff do not meet the requirements of ISO 81060-2:2018.

ОЦЕНКА ТОЧНОСТИ АВТОМАТИЧЕСКОГО СФИГМОМАНОМЕТРА С МАНЖЕТОЙ ДИАПАЗОНА «17-22» ПРИ ИЗМЕРЕНИЯХ У ВЗРОСЛЫХ ЛЮДЕЙ С ОКРУЖНОСТЬЮ ПЛЕЧА 22 САНТИМЕТРА И МЕНЕЕ

To validate a blood pressure (BP) monitor according to the Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation/European Society of Hypertension/International Organization for Standardization (AAMI/ESH/ISO) Universal Standard (ISO 81060-2:2018) in a special population of adults with an upper arm circumference of 22 cm or less 37 subjects were recruited. The previously validated in general population OMRON M2 Basic (HEM-7121) was used with a HEM CS24 cuff designed for an upper arm circumference of 17–22 cm. Sequential measurements of BP were obtained using the test device and the standard mercury sphygmomanometer. A total of 108 sets of comparison data were obtained and analyzed. According to the validation criterion 1, the mean ± SD of the differences was -7.81 ± 5.20 / -10.66 ± 5.48 mmHg. In this special group HEM-7121 and HEM CS24 do not meet the requirements of ISO 81060-2:2018.

Investigating the Role of Serum Hepcidin and Interleukin-6 in Non-Anemic Women with Acute Ischemic Stroke

Background: Hepcidin (HP) is an important regulator of iron homeostasis. Iron status and IL-6 have been shown to regulate the expression of HP. Serum iron (SI), HP, and IL-6 have a highly significant role in inflammation since inflammation elevates the levels of HP for expressing the ischemic condition. The present study was carried out to investigate the impact of an interactive association between HP, SI, and IL-6 in non-anemic women with acute ischemic stroke (AIS). Methods and Results: The present case-control, descriptive study comprised 25 non-anemic women with AIS and 25 healthy non-anemic women controls. The age range of AIS and control subjects was 50 to 54 years. Non-anemic AIS women within 8 hours after AIS onset (AIS<8 hrs) and 72 hours after onset of AIS (AIS-72 hours) were examined. The patients underwent assessment of traditional risk factors, physical examination, CBC, blood biochemistry test, 12-lead ECG, CT scans, MRI, CT or MR angiogram, carotid ultrasound of the arteries, transcranial doppler ultrasound, and EEG. Office blood pressure was measured using a mercury sphygmomanometer. Significantly increased values were obtained for systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure in AIS women, compared to the control subjects: 137.44±12.35 vs. 130.88±7.30 mmHg (P=0.0267) and 86.72± 8.48 vs. 81.80± 5.42 mmHg (P=0.0183), respectively. Serum CRP and LDL-C levels in AIS were significantly higher than in healthy control women (P<0.0001). A significant increase in serum HP, SI, and IL-6 for AIS<8 hrs was found, compared to AIS-72 hrs (P<0.001 in all cases). Comparison for AIS<8 hrs vs. controls showed a highly significant increase in serum HP, SI, and IL-6 for AIS<8 hrs (P<0.001 in all cases). On the other hand, AIS-72 hrs vs. controls indicated a significant increase in SI (P=0.0028) and IL-6 (P=0.0065) but a non-significant increase in serum HP (P>0.05) in AIS-72 hrs. Linear regression expressed a high strength of the relationship between serum HP and SI for AIS<8 hrs (R2=0.82, P<0.0001) and AIS-72 hrs (R2=0.73, P<0.0001), but a negligible linear association for controls (R2=0.01, P=0.5990). There was a high relationship between HP and IL-6 for AIS<8 hrs (R2=0.67, P<0.0001) and AIS-72 hrs (R2=0.67, P<0.0001), but a small linear association for controls (R2=0.28, P=0.0063). The R2 value of 0.47 (P<0.0002) and 0.42 (P<0.0004) was found between SI and IL-6 for AIS<8 hrs and AIS-72 hrs, and a negligible linear association (R2=0.006, P=0.7250) for controls. Conclusion: The present study provides evidence of the association of AIS in non-anemic women with increased hepcidin. The interactive pathophysiological role of HP, IL-6, and SI in non-anemic women with AIS has also been shown.

MAY MEASUREMENT MONTH 2017-2023 IN CHINA

Objective: We investigated status of hypertension in a large opportunistic screening study in China from 2017 to 2023. Design and method: Data was derived from May Measurement Month (MMM). MMM China project strictly followed the international MMM protocol. Study participants had to be >= 18 years of age and had ideally not taken blood pressure for >= 1 year. Blood pressure was measured three times consecutively in the sitting position with a 1-minute interval, using a validated electronic BP monitor or mercury sphygmomanometer. Trained volunteer investigators administered a questionnaire to collect information on medical history, lifestyle, and use of medications. Results: Since 2017, more than 1600 measurement sites have been set up, and 1.7 million adult blood pressure measurements have been completed. Mean systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure over the years is around 119-124mmHg, and 74-81 mmHg, respectively. From the results of MMM program, about 30% (24.7% to 29.2%) had hypertension. Through 3 years of efforts, the awareness (46.9% in 2017 to 51.5% in 2019), treatment (40.7% in 2017 to 48.4% in 2019), and control (15.3% in 2017 to 29.1% in 2019) rates of hypertension in China have improved. However, after COVID-19, the awareness (45.3% in 2020 to 16.0% in 2023), treatment (39.7% in 2020 to 14.3% in 2023) and control (24.2% in 2020 to 7.1% in 2023) rate of hypertension have declined. The main barriers to blood pressure awareness in China included age, gender, and body mass. The awareness of hypertension was higher in patients with comorbid diseases, such as diabetes mellitus, coronary heart disease, stroke or TIA, or the use of statins, than those without. The main barriers affecting hypertension control in China included age, gender, smoking and low proportion of combination therapy. Conclusions: The situation of low control rate of hypertension needs to be changed as soon as possible. Several modifiable factors as barriers to blood pressure control in China, such as current smoking, and the under-use of combination therapy warrants attention.

Prevalence and risk factors for isolated systolic hypertension among the oldest-old population in southwestern China: A community-based cross-sectional study.

The prevalence of isolated systolic hypertension (ISH) has doubled between 2002-2005 and 2014 among the oldest-old population in China. However, the prevalence and characteristics of ISH among the oldest-old population in southwestern China remain less known. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of ISH among the oldest-old population in Chengdu and identify associated factors to provide valuable information for disease etiology and prevention. We recruited 1,312 participants aged over 80 years by using a stratified cluster sampling method between September 2015 and June 2016, from three districts (Jinjiang, Qingyang, and Longquanyi) of Chengdu, the largest city of southwest China. A structured questionnaire, anthropometric data, and blood pressure were collected according to the standard method. Blood pressure was measured three times by using a standardized mercury sphygmomanometer after a 10-minute seated rest. Of 1312 participants, 53.0% (n=695) had ISH. The prevalence of ISH in men and women was 54.7% and 51.3%, respectively, with no significant sex difference (P=.222). The prevalence of ISH increased with advanced age in men (P for trend=0.029), 52.5% for the 80-84 years group, 55.2% for the 85-89 years group, and 70.4% for the 90-98 years group, respectively. Multivariable logistic regression analyses found that drinking (OR=1.85, 95%CI=1.26-2.71), being overweight (OR=1.88, 95%CI=1.19-2.96), and having a higher heart rate (OR=0.66, 95%CI=0.51-0.86) were associated with ISH. Stratified by sex, these three factors remained significant in men. Our work highlights that the burden of ISH is substantial among the oldest-old population in southwestern China.

IJCM_270A: Neck circumference as a potential predictor of blood pressure: An exploratory Case Control Study

Background: Hypertension (HTN) poses a substantial health challenge globally, affecting nearly one billion people. Due to its silent nature, early detection is crucial to prevent end-organ damage. Recent studies suggest a correlation between hypertension and upper body subcutaneous fat accumulation, particularly in the neck circumference (NC). This anthropometric measure is proposed as practical surrogate for assessing visceral obesity, surpassing traditional measures like waist circumference. Objectives: To correlate Neck Circumference (NC) with blood pressure in adults and to correlate other risk factors of HTN with NC. Methodology: This Case Control Study was conducted at Government Wenlock Hospital, KMC Attavar, and KMC outreach clinics. The study population included hypertensive cases and non-hypertensive controls, with a sample size of 110 in each group. Participants above 25 years of age were included, and those with specific conditions were excluded. Mercury Sphygmomanometer, Stethoscope, Flexible measuring tape, and Weighing scale were used as study instruments. Results: Overall, 79.5% of individuals with NC > median consumed a non- vegetarian diet, and those with high salt intake were 1.42 times more likely to develop HTN. Although not statistically significant, 53% of those with a high cholesterol diet had NC greater than median. The study emphasizes the need for larger sample sizes for more conclusive results. Conclusion: The study establishes a positive correlation between blood pressure and NC, proposing NC as a practical and socially acceptable anthropometric marker. The non-invasive nature and simplicity of NC measurement make it a feasible tool for routine assessment, potentially impacting hypertension guidelines.

Blood Pressure Pattern and Prevalence of Hypertension amongst Apparently Healthy Primary School Pupils in Abuja, Nigeria.

The objective of this study was to determine the blood pressure (BP) pattern and prevalence of hypertension amongst apparently healthy primary school pupils in Abuja. This was a descriptive, cross-sectional study carried out on apparently healthy primary school children aged 6-12 years. BP was measured using a standard mercury sphygmomanometer according to standard guidelines. Data were analysed using SPSS version 17.0. Pearson's correlation coefficient (r) and analysis of variance were used to determine the relationship between BP and various variables where applicable. P = 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Out of 1011 pupils recruited for the study, 457 (42.2%) were male. The mean systolic and diastolic BP (SBP and DBP) increased significantly with age from 94.5 mmHg to 101.0 mmHg and from 61.5 mmHg to 65.3 mmHg from 6 to 12 years for SBP and DBP, respectively (P < 0.05). The prevalence of high BP was 9.1%. Age was the only predictor of SBP (β = -0.629, 95% confidence interval [CI] -1.115, -0.142), while age, height and body mass index (BMI) were the predictors of DBP (β = -0.686, 95% CI of -1.152, -0.221; β = 0.490, 95% CI of 0.172, 0.809; β = 1.753, 95% CI of 0.374, 3.160) for age, height and BMI, respectively, at P < 0.05. The predictors of SBP and DBP as shown in this study support the recommendations by various reports for taking body size into consideration in developing reference values for various populations. Age and body size are important determinants of BP in children. Its measurement should be encouraged in schools.

Validation of the Mindray VS9 Vital Signs Monitor in a combined adult and pediatric population according to ISO Standard 81060-2:2018.

We aimed to validate the accuracy of the Mindray VS9 Vital Signs Monitor, which features the Mindray TrueBP inflation algorithm for oscillometric blood pressure (BP) measurement, to check if it complies with the International Organization for Standardization Standard (ISO 81060-2:2018) in a combined adult and pediatric population. A total of 86 participants, including both adult and pediatric subjects, were recruited. The distribution of their ages, gender, BPs and limb sizes all complied with the requirement of the ISO standard. The inflation and deflation algorithms were validated independently using the same-arm sequential BP measurement method. For each subject, the BP was first determined by two independent observers using a mercury sphygmomanometer (R1). The BP of the subject was then determined by the third observer using the test equipment (T1). Then, using a mercury sphygmomanometer, two independent observers were asked to determine the subject's BP (R2) again. R1-T1-R2 were considered a valid pair of data. This cycle continued until 3 pairs of valid data were achieved. We collected 258 pairs of valid BP data for the validation of the inflation and deflation algorithms respectively. For validation Criterion 1, the mean ± SD of the differences between the readings obtained from the test device and reference BP was 0.0 ± 6.6/-1.8 ± 7.1 mmHg (systolic/diastolic) when the deflation algorithm was used, and 2.4 ± 6.3/ 0.3 ± 6.9 mmHg (systolic/diastolic) when the inflation algorithm was used. For validation Criterion 2, the SD of the averaged BP differences between the test device and the reference BP per subject was 5.35/6.33 mmHg (systolic/diastolic) when the deflation algorithm was used, and 5.17/5.75 mmHg (systolic/diastolic) when the inflation algorithm was used. The VS9 Vital Signs Monitor fulfilled all the criteria in the ISO Standard. Moreover, the inflation algorithm had a shorter Measure Time (by 7-21 s) and lower maximum inflation pressure (by 9.7-22 mmHg). The VS9 Vital Signs Monitor fulfilled all the requirements of the ISO Standard (ISO 81060-2:2018) in a combined adult and pediatric population and is recommended for clinical use.

Abstract MP08: Effects of Arm Position and Support on the Accuracy of Blood Pressure Readings: The Arm Rest and Support (ARMS) Trial

Background: Based on studies using mercury sphygmomanometers, arm support is recommended when measuring blood pressure (BP) to keep the cuff at heart level and prevent flexion of arm muscles. Still, BP is commonly measured without arm support, e.g. with the arm resting on the lap or hanging on the side, and the impact when using automated BP devices is unknown. Methods: We conducted a randomized crossover trial of among community dwelling adults in Baltimore, MD. Participants were randomly assigned to sets of triplicate BP measurements with the arm positioned in 3 ways: supported on a desk (desk1 [reference]); hand supported on lap (lap), and arm hanging at side unsupported (side). To account for intrinsic BP variability, all participants underwent a 4th set of BP measurements with the arm supported on a desk (desk2). Between each set of triplicate measurements participants walked for 2 minutes, then rested for 5 minutes prior to BP measurement with a WelchAllyn ProB 2000, using an appropriately sized cuff. We conducted difference-in-difference analysis overall and stratified by baseline systolic BP (SBP≥ vs. &lt; 130mmHg) and age (≥ vs. &lt;60yrs) Results: N=134, mean age 56 (SD 17) years, 78% Black race, and 52% female. 48 participants had SBP ≥130mmHg, 53% were ≥60 years. Overall, mean desk1 and desk2 BP was 126/74 each (Δ= -0.12; Table). Lap and side were greater than desk1 (Table) with the difference in differences significantly greater for both conditions [lap: SBP Δ 3.8 mmHg (95% CI:2.5, 5.2)/ DBP Δ 4.1 (95% CI:3.1, 5.0); side: SBP Δ 6.4 (95% CI:5.0, 7.9)/ DBP Δ 4.6 (95% CI:3.6, 5.5)]. The patterns were generally consistent across subgroups by SBP and age. Conclusion: Commonly used arm positions, i.e. the arm resting on the lap or hanging on the side, resulted in substantial overestimation of BP reading when using an automated device which may lead to patient misdiagnosis and overestimation of the population prevalence of hypertension. Every effort should be made to optimize arm support, even in resource-limited settings.