Mercury Nitrate Research Articles

(C5H12N2S)Hg(NO3)2: A Mercury Nitrate Nonlinear Optical Crystal Motivated by Heteroatom Coordination Strategy.

Effective design and synthesis of second-order nonlinear optical (NLO) materials hold immense significance in driving modern science and technology advancements. In this study, we synthesized a new acentric mercury nitrate, (C5H12N2S)Hg(NO3)2, by regulating the coordination of the Hg atom through the introduction of a heteroatom. It exhibits an unprecedented [(C5H12N2S)2Hg2(NO3)4]∞ chain composed of Hg2+, NO3-, and organic molecule C5H12N2S. Notably, (C5H12N2S)Hg(NO3)2 demonstrates an unprecedented HgO3S unit and a second harmonic generation (SHG) intensity of 1.3 × KDP at 1064 nm, presenting the second-order nonlinear mercury nitrate constructed by organic molecule. Theoretical calculations suggest that the HgO3S unit and organic molecule C5H12N2S significantly contribute to the SHG effect. This study demonstrates that the incorporation of heteroatoms is an effective strategy for the development of new NLO materials.

Association between United States Environmental Contaminants and the Prevalence of Psoriasis Derived from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.

(1) Background: Prolonged coexposure to environmental contaminants is reportedly associated with adverse impacts on skin health. However, the collective effects of contaminant mixtures on psoriasis prevalence remain unclear. (2) Methods: A nationally representative cohort study was conducted using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003-2006 and 2009-2014. The association between contaminant exposures and psoriasis prevalence was analyzed through weighted quantile sum regressions, restricted cubic splines, and multivariable logistic regression. (3) Results: 16,453 participants and 60 contaminants in 8 groups were involved. After adjusting for demographics and comorbidities, exposure to urinary perchlorate, nitrate, and thiocyanate mixtures (OR: 1.10, 95% CI: 1.00-1.21) demonstrated a significant positive linear association with psoriasis prevalence. Ethyl paraben (OR: 1.21, 95% CI: 1.02-1.44) exhibited a significant positive correlation with psoriasis risk as an individual contaminant. The association between blood cadmium, lead, and mercury mixtures (OR: 1.10, 95% CI: 1.00-1.21), urinary perchlorate, nitrate, and thiocyanate mixtures (OR: 1.16, 95% CI: 1.00-1.34), and psoriasis prevalence was more pronounced in the lower healthy lifestyle score subgroup. (4) Conclusions: Exposure to perchlorate, nitrate, and thiocyanate mixtures, and ethyl paraben was associated with an elevated psoriasis prevalence. Furthermore, the association between cadmium and lead and mercury mixtures as well as perchlorate, nitrate and thiocyanate mixtures, and psoriasis prevalence was more pronounced in individuals with less healthy lifestyles.

Synthesis of silica inverse opal and evaluation of its potential as an optical chemical sensor for detection of metal salts

In this paper, SiO2 inverse opal photonic crystals, made by the co-assembly of SiO2 and polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) microspheres, were used to detect 20 different metal salts with a concentration of 0.002 mol/L. Surprisingly, two different behaviors were observed. Some metal salts caused a redshift in photonic bandgap (PBG) while the others led to a PBG’s blueshift. The observed different behaviors of salts are due to their distinct influence on the lattice constant of the inverse structures which was precisely investigated by analyzing the field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) images and ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy. It has been revealed that the competition between the hydrophilicity of SiO2 and the hygroscopicity of metal salts led to a shift of PBG toward blue or red. The maximum shift in the PBG range was observed for mercury (II) nitrate salt (19 nm), which indicates a sensitivity of 9.5 nm per concentration unit (mM). Furthermore, the lowest displacement of the PBG was observed for the sodium nitrate salt (5 nm), which represents a sensitivity of 2.5 nm/mM. The lowest and highest values of the detection limit (LOD) for mercury (II) nitrate salt and sodium nitrate salt equal 0.193 mmol/L and 0.887 mmol/L, respectively. In addition, according to the calibration curve, with a regression coefficient of R2 > 0.95, there is a linear relationship between the salt concentration and the displacement of the PBG of the structure. Based on the results illustrating the sensitivity of the synthesized inverse opal to the type and concentration of the salts, inverse opal can be regarded as a promising structure to create a new perspective in the field of chemical sensing.

On Dulcin detection by electron transfer

The artificial sweetener Dulcin has been detected by reaction with mercury nitrate (Jorissen test), with silver nitrate or with mercury chloride (Ruggeri test). With these reagents a violet colour is developed. Since there are few violet organic compounds, and these exhibit structures more complex than the expected one from Dulcin, it was pertinent direct the attention in order to clear up the chemistry involved in these assays. The reagents employed have reducible cations; thus, there must be oxidations via electron transfer. However, the Dulcin molecule does not show an adequate site for this type of reaction. Nevertheless, hydrolysis of the ureido chain in Dulcin gives 1,4-phenetidine which is suitable for electron transfer. This way organic radical cations similar to the violet Wurster’s salts can be formed. These compounds are in resonance with quinonoid structures. The sui generis hydrolysis of the ureido chain is commented. This reaction and the degradation of the companion isocyanic acid occur via zwitterions.

Efficient capture of mercury ions by a novel organic melamine polymer

Mercury, as a heavy metal pollutant, severely threatens human health and the environment. In this work, a novel porous polymeric material, MMP (melamine polymer), was prepared using melamine as a precursor to removing Hg2+ from aqueous solutions. The characterization of the material showed that the MMP exhibited a two-dimensional folded sheet structure with a high specific surface area and pore size and was amorphous. FT-IR spectra showed the presence of amide bonds, which proved that the MMP was successfully synthesized and had good stability. The reaction kinetics and proposed secondary kinetics of the system after different adsorption times of MMP in mercury nitrate solution found that the adsorption rate of MMP could reach more than 90% at a concentration lower than 2000 mg·L−1. The removal capacity of saturated mercury ions was 2018.1 mg·g−1. Furthermore, it had good adsorption performance for mercury ions in a wide range of pH. The MMP has a high adsorption capacity and high adsorption rate for mercury ions, which is well demonstrated. The development of the material has a specific guiding effect on the existing treatment technology of mercury waste liquid. It provides a new method to solve the problem of mercury waste liquid pollution in functional factories.

Synthesis of solid mercury targets for nuclear astrophysics experiments

This paper describes several simple and cost-effective ways of making homogeneously thin solid mercury targets useful for nuclear astrophysics experiments at standard ambient temperature and pressure and in vacuum. The methods described here make use of mercury compounds such as mercury(II) acetate, mercury(II) oxide (yellow), mercury(II) chloride, mercury (II) nitrate monohydrate, and mercury(II) sulfide (red). Various methods like drop-casting, wet chemistry, electro-chemical deposition, amalgamation, and pelletization are described. Advantages and disadvantages of each method are described.

Observation of Mercury Underpotential Deposition on an Ir Surface using the Electrochemical Quartz Crystal Microbalance Technique

AbstractDevelopment of a technique to measure electrochemical surface area (ECSA) is essential to evaluate the activity and durability of Ir‐based catalysts for polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) water electrolysis. Mercury underpotential deposition (Hg‐UPD) on Ir and IrOx in perchloric acid has been reported to be useful for ECSA evaluation. However, previous methods need to be carefully evaluated for reproducibility due to the presence of Hg(II)/Hg(I) redox reactions, and differences in UPD potentials between studies. Here, the electrochemical behavior of an Ir electrode in a mercury nitrate containing solution was investigated using the electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance method. We confirmed that a Hg adatom is reversibly adsorbed and desorbed on an Ir surface at potentials over 0.7 V vs the reversible hydrogen electrode in both perchloric acid and sulfuric acid. These results contribute to the establishment of a reproducible method for ECSA calculations for Ir‐based catalysts.

Kinetics, isotherm and chemical speciation analysis of Hg(Ⅱ) adsorption over oxygen-containing MXene adsorbent

A facile method was used to prepare two-dimensional MXene for the treatment of heavy metal ions in wastewater. The adsorbent has good selectivity for the adsorption of Hg (Ⅱ) in mixed divalent cationic metal solutions due to a large number of oxygen-containing functional groups on the surface of the material. The adsorption of mercury was tested using mercuric chloride and mercury nitrate solutions. The Langmuir maximum adsorption capacity of the adsorbent at a pH of 5.0 and a temperature of 30 °C is 1057.3 mg/g (mercuric nitrate) and 773.29 mg/g (mercuric chloride), respectively. The adsorbent also maintains a high adsorption capacity at low pH (pH = 2.0). The removal rate of mercury-containing wastewater within 100 mg/L is nearly 100%. The chemical species of Hg-containing ions at different pH and temperatures was studied. It was found that the adsorbent could maintain a high adsorption capacity for different forms of Hg-containing ions.

Speciation of Inorganic Mercury Compounds in Solid Samples via Thermo‐desorption Experiments

AbstractTo establish a standardized method for specifying mercury in solid samples, a database of relevant mercury species is created via thermo‐desorption. By measuring Hg(t) and Hg(0), different evaporation characteristics of mercury halides, sulfide, oxides, nitrates, and sulfates were recorded. It was possible to create a baseline for analyzing solid samples with unknown mercury content. All mercury species without a halide compound evaporate over 200 °C and as elemental mercury. All mercury halides evaporate mainly as oxidized species. From this fact it can be concluded that mercury halides desublimate when heated and have a vapor pressure as a solid. This unique characteristic was only seen by mercury halides. All other species seem to decompose into their single components when heated.

A novel mercury coordination compound with yellow photoluminescence

The solvothermal reaction of 4,4'-bipyridine (Bipy) and mercury nitrate in a mixed acetonitrile/water solution leads to a novel mercury coordination compound with the in situ formation of cyanide ions Hg(Bipy)(CN)2 (1). Its structure is determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction (XRD), and further characterized by powder XRD, elemental analysis, and IR spectroscopy. Compound 1 exhibits a 1D zigzag [Hg(Bipy)(CN)2]n chain structure. The solid-state photoluminescent properties of 1 are also investigated.

ElectroSens Platform with a Polyelectrolyte-Based Carbon Fiber Sensor for Point-of-Care Analysis of Zn in Blood and Urine.

In this paper, we describe an electrochemical sensing platform—ElectroSens—for the detection of Zn based on self-assembled polyelectrolyte multilayers on the carbon fiber (CF) electrode surface. The CF-extended surface facilitates the usage of a small volume electrochemical cell (1 mL) without stirring. This approach allows making a low-cost three-electrode platform. Working electrode modification with layer-by-layer assembly of polyethyleneimine (PEI), poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) (PSS), and mercury nitrate layers eliminates solution toxicity and provides stable stripping voltammetry measurements. The stable, robust, sustainable, and even reusable Ag/AgCl reference electrode consists of adsorbed 32 PEI-KCl/PSS-KCl bilayers on the CF/silver paste separated from the outer solution by a polyvinyl chloride membrane. The polyelectrolyte-based sensor interface prevents adsorption of protein molecules from biological liquids on the CF surface that leads to a sensitivity increase of up to 2.2 μA/M for Zn2+ detection and provides a low limit of detection of 4.6 × 10–8 M. The linear range for Zn detection is 1 × 10–7 to 1 × 10–5 M. A portable potentiostat connected via wireless to a smartphone with an android-based software is also provided. The ElectroSens demonstrates reproducibility and repeatability of data for the detection of Zn in blood and urine without the digestion step.

Fractionation of mercury in aerosols of the southern Baltic coastal zone

Abstract The form in which Hg occurs in the atmosphere is important to understand the toxicity and bioavailability of this metal. So far, research on mercury speciation in the atmosphere has mostly focused on its three forms: elemental gaseous mercury (GEM/Hg0), reactive gaseous mercury (GOM/Hg2+) and mercury bound in aerosols (TPM). However, these studies do not provide complete information on mercury compounds in aerosols. Only a few publications on mercury fractionation in TPM have been published, but these have focused mainly on describing the method and have provided only a limited number of environmental results. Therefore, the research aimed to identify forms of mercury occurring in aerosols in the coastal zone of the southern Baltic Sea, as well as to determine factors affecting the temporal changes in the share of individual Hg fractions. Aerosol samples were collected in Gdynia (Poland) from May 2016 to January 2017. A thermo-desorption technique was used for the determination of total mercury and Hg fractions. Mercury in aerosols was present mainly in labile factions related to mercury halides, mercury nitrate and organic mercury as well as gaseous mercury. The stable Hg fraction, mainly bound to Hg sulphide, constituted only 7% of total particulate mercury. The conducted research also allowed to determine the origin of mercury sources in aerosols. In the winter it was burning of fossil fuels, and in the summer biological activity and emission from the sea.

Indicators of the antioxidant system in the long-term period after acute mercury nitrate poisoning in the experiment

The article presents experimental data on the state of the antioxidant system in red blood cells of white outbred rats 1 and 3 months after acute mercury nitrate poisoning with a semilethal dose. It has been established that this form of intoxication is accompanied by pronounced changes in the state of the antioxidant defense system in erythrocytes of poisoned animals (a decrease in the concentration of reduced glutathione, a decrease in the activity of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase, and an increase in the concentration of lipid peroxidation products).It has been shown that the mercury content in the blood of experimental animals remains elevated during the entire study period.The results obtained indicate the importance of impaired functioning of the antioxidant system in the implementation of long-term consequences of acute mercury poisoning. The reasons for the occurrence of these biochemical shifts and their role in the development of the long-term cytotoxic effects of mercury nitrate are discussed.

Binuclear and polymeric Hg(II) complexes of an ambidentate phosphorus ylide: Synthesis, crystal structure, antibacterial activity, and theoretical studies

The new α‐keto‐stabilized phosphorus ylide Ph3PCHC(O)PhCN (Y) was synthesized by addition of triphenylphosphine to 2‐bromo‐4′‐cyanoacetophenone, followed by treatment with NaOH 10%. Reaction of ligand (Y) with methanolic solution of mercury(II) halides under mild conditions yielded the binuclear complexes [Y·HgX2]2 [X=Cl (1), Br (2), I (3)]. The new organic/inorganic composite polymer [Hg(NO3)2(Y)]n (4) was synthesized by the reaction of mercury(II) nitrate with the phosphorus ylide Y. Compounds synthesized were characterized by Fourier‐transform infrared, 1H, 31P, and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic methods, which confirmed the coordination of ylide to the metal center through the ylidic carbon atom. Single‐crystal X‐ray structures of phosphorus ylide Y and polymeric complex 4 were also determined and the crystallographic data of complex 4 showed that the title complex has an infinite one‐dimensional structure. Furthermore, the electronic and molecular structures of complexes 1–3 were investigated at the BP86/def2‐SVP level of theory, indicating an increasing trend for C→M bond lengths: Hg2I2 > Hg2Br2 > Hg2Cl2 in [Y→HgX2]2 (X = Cl, Br, I) complexes. In addition, the antibacterial activity of ligand Y and all complexes using the agar disc diffusion method was examined against both selected gram‐positive and gram‐negative bacteria. Results indicated that the ligand Y and complexes 1 and 4 show good antibacterial effect against gram‐positive bacteria tested; besides, the inhibition zones of complexes were significantly larger than those of chloramphenicol as standard.

Thiol-Functionalized Membranes for Mercury Capture from Water.

Pore functionalized membranes with appropriate ion exchange/chelate groups allow toxic metal sorption under convective flow conditions. This study explores the sorption capacity of ionic mercury in a polyvinylidene fluoride-poly(acrylic acid) (PVDFs-PAA) functionalized membrane immobilized with cysteamine (MEA). Two methods of MEA immobilization to the PVDF-PAA membrane have been assessed: (i) ion exchange (IE) and (ii) carbodiimide cross-linker chemistry using 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethyl carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC) and N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS), known as EDC/NHS coupling. The ion exchange method demonstrates that cysteamine (MEA) can be immobilized effectively on PVDF-PAA membranes without covalent attachment. The effectiveness of the MEA immobilized membranes to remove ionic mercury from the water was evaluated by passing a dissolved mercury(II) nitrate solution through the membranes. The sorption capacity of mercury for MEA immobilized membrane prepared by the IE method is 1015 mg/g PAA. On the other hand, the sorption capacity of mercury for MEA immobilized membrane prepared by EDC/NHS chemistry is 2446 mg/g PAA, indicating that membrane functionalization by EDC/NHS coupling enhanced mercury sorption 2.4 times compared to the IE method. The efficiencies of Hg removal are 94.1 ± 1.1 and 99.1 ± 0.1% for the MEA immobilized membranes prepared by IE and EDC/NHS coupling methods, respectively. These results show potential applications of MEA immobilized PVDF-PAA membranes for industrial wastewater treatment specifically from energy and mining industries to remove mercury and other toxic metals.

Evaluation of the cytogenotoxic activity of mercury by analyzing chromosomal aberrations in wheat root meristem cells

The work evaluates the cytogenotoxic effect of mercury by performing a primary screening on a plant object. The authors determined the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of a cytogenotoxic effect depending on the exposure time and the dose of mercury nitrate (Hg (NO3)2) in anaphase and telophase of mitosis on wheat apical meristem cells of the Memory of Aziev variety. In the process of primary screening to assess the cytogenotoxic effect of the test substance, the nature and diversity of chromosomal abnormalities in the wheat meristem cells of the presented variety were studied. The frequency of occurrence of various types of chromosomal aberrations was analyzed. The complex shows the effect of mercury salts on viability indices and chromosomal instability of wheat. The cumulative pathology curves for different exposures of (Hg (NO3)2) are presented. A significant increase in the number of pathologies was shown in accordance with the increase in mercury concentration in anaphase of mitosis. A similar pattern was observed in the change in the total number of chromosome aberrations in accordance with the increase in the soaking time of seed material. The results of the study of the cytogenotoxic activity of mercury make it possible to assess the toxicity of mercury (Hg (NO3)2) for plant objects and recommend the object used in the experiment as an adequate model of test systems for studying xenobiotics.

A NOVEL MERCURIMETRIC TITRATION ASSAY OF METFORMIN HYDROCHLORIDE USING MERCURY (II) THIOCYANATE–IRON (III) NITRATE INDICATOR SYSTEM

A simple, rapid, reliable and novel titration procedure for the mercurimetric assay of metformin hydrochloride (MHCl) based on measurement of the chloride content of its hydrochloride salt is described. In this experiment, initially a synthetic mercury(II) thiocyanate [Hg(SCN)2] indicator was prepared by titrating mercury(II) nitrate [Hg(NO3)2] against potassium thiocyanate (KSCN) in the 1:2 stoichiometric ratio using ferric nitrate [Fe(NO3)3]. After addition of a known amount of Hg(NO3)2 to the indicator, the solution was further titrated against the aqueous solution of MHCl until the original red color reappeared. The concentration of chloride present in the volume (of MHCl) utilized for the reaction was found to be reacting in the 2:1 stoichiometric ratio with the Hg(NO3)2 taken in the second titration. The statistical treatment of the experimental data obtained by determining MHCl in the concentration range 0.8281 to 8.281 g/lit, indicates that the procedure is precise and accurate. The procedure was further applied for the analysis of MHCl in tablet formulations. The average recovery and accuracy were found to be in agreement with claimed by the manufacturer. The common excipients used in tablet formulations did not interfere in the determination of MHCl by this procedure as observed by the recovery experiment using standard addition method. The chemistry involved in titration, the action of an indicator at the end point and the factors that affecting the reaction stoichiometry are discussed.
 Keywords: Chloride assay, Mercurimetric titration, Mercury (II) nitrate, Mercury(II) thiocyanate-iron(III) nitrate indicator system, Metformin hydrochloride, Metformin hydrochloride tablets.

Optimization of synthesis conditions of HgS thin films

The mercury sulfide (HgS) films were obtained on glass substrates via the chemical deposition method. The aqueous solutions of mercury(II) nitrate, thiourea and trisodium citrate were used. X-ray and elemental analysis of the film sample were made. The effect of concentrations of initial reagents, deposition duration and temperature on the mass of HgS coatings was investigated and their thickness were calculated. The optical and morphological properties of HgS coating were examined. Keywords : mercury sulfide, thin films, chemical deposition, optical properties.

Application of Mulberry nigra to absorb heavy metal, mercury, from the environment of green space city.

Phytoremediation is one of the methods for Bioremediation of the soils which has been noticed in recent decades. Two years sapling of Mulberry nigra selected and Mercury(II) nitrate solution with 30, 50 and 70 mg/L concentrations, after add solutions in to soil of sapling Mulberry nigra, eight months' later leaf, stem and roots were selected and Measuring mercury was determined by Atomic Absorption Spectrometer. The maximum level of mercury accumulation in the leaf, stem and root was 55.67, 50 and 65 mg/kg, respectively. Mercury could be absorbed easily by the plant's root and accumulated in the plants.

Methylmercury complexes: Selection of thermodynamic properties and application to the modelling of a column experiment

Complexation with methyl groups produces the most toxic form of mercury, especially because of its capacity to bioconcentrate in living tissues. Understanding and integrating methylation and demethylation processes is of the utmost interest in providing geochemical models relevant for environmental assessment. In a first step, we investigated methylation at equilibrium, by selecting the thermodynamic properties of different complexes that form in the chemical system Hg-SO3-S-Cl-C-H2O. The selection included temperature dependencies of the equilibrium constants when available. We also considered adsorption and desorption reactions of both methylated and non-methylated mercury onto mineral surfaces. Then we assessed the kinetics of methylation by comparing a dedicated column experiment with the results of a geochemical model, including testing different methylation and demethylation kinetic rate laws. The column system was a simple medium: silicic sand and iron hydroxides spiked with a mercury nitrate solution. The modelling of methylmercury production with two different rate laws from the literature is bracketing the experimental results. Dissolved mercury, iron and sulfate concentrations were also correctly reproduced. The internal evolution of the column was also correctly modeled, including the precipitation of mackinawite (FeS) and the evolution of dissolved iron. The results validate the conceptual model and underline the capacity of geochemical models to reproduce some processes driven by bacterial activity.