Meratus Mountains Research Articles

Concepts of illness etiology in a traditional medical system: analysis of philosophy of Aruh and healing ritual as ethnomedicine

The process of recovering from a disease can vary among ethnic groups, culminating in distinct medical systems. Indonesia, an archipelagic country with over a thousand ethnicities, requires extensive research on ethnomedicine. A critical aspect of this research is illness etiology, which plays a crucial role in understanding the concept of prevention, therapy, and treatment developed by these ethnic groups. An adequate understanding of illness etiology will facilitate formulating a powerful, superior traditional medical system and provide practical benefits to assist local community health efforts. Therefore, this research aims to describe illness etiology by analyzing the philosophy of life: aruh and healing ritual according to the ethnomedicine of the Dayak Paramasan in Meratus Mountains. The method used was ethnography, which involved two traditional healing practitioners. Based on the results, illness were caused by behavior that was not aruh (disharmonious) with the environment. The types of illness include alamiah (physiological), perbuatan (psychosocial), and kapuhunan (socio-cultural). Meanwhile, illness therapy with ritual aims to return the aruh (harmonious, intimate, and peaceful) living conditions between the soul of the sufferer and the natural environment.

SEKOLAH DASAR ALAM DI PEDALAMAN PEGUNUNGAN MERATUS LOKSADO

Ecological disasters such as landslides and floods caused by natural exploitation in the Meratus Mountains in the form of mining and oil palm plantations should be able to foster a sense of environmental concern for the community to preserve and restore damaged natural conditions. Facilitating children in rural areas with natural schools that introduce the environment to children to develop sensitivity to the environment from an early age. The low number of schools in Loksado Sub-District is also the background to the design of a natural elementary school in the interior of the Loksado Meratus Mountains. This is very important to facilitate the education of rural communities.

Prospecting CCS Project in Indonesia: A Case Study in Meratus Mountains, South Borneo

Long-term extensive carbon dioxide exposure inflicts diseases for humans and endangers the ecosystem. Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) is a breakthrough to reduce CO2 in the atmosphere. The purpose of this study is to describe the CCS principles and suitability of this work in Indonesia, especially in the Meratus Mountains. The studied region is the major area of the Meratus Geopark. Selected ultramafic rocks from the Meratus Geopark were analyzed using X-Ray Fluorescence in the University of Tasmania. CCS project should consider the minimum implication for conservation strategy of geopark. Geologically, CCS is adapted through direct sequestration and carbon mineralization. Mafic-ultramafic lithologies are the best option for mineral carbonation. Most of the basaltic rocks in Indonesia are situated near active volcanoes that are heavily risky for CCS works. Ultramafic in the range of Meratus Geopark is clearly suitable for CCS because of its large expanse, far away from active volcanoes, without significant nickel mining activity. The project would promote geohazards and climate change issues of Meratus Geopark. In-situ CSS mineral carbonation should be located avoiding the Sultan Adam Mandiangin Serpentinite Geosite to nourish the geoconservation of Meratus Geopark. A successful CCS adaptation would be good evidence for the Indonesian government implementing the Paris Agreement. Keywords: Carbon Capture and Storage, In-situ mineral carbonation, ultramafic, Meratus Geopark.

Food Security in Households of Stunting Toddlers in the Meratus Mountains Region HULU Sungai Tengah District, South Kalimantan Province, Indonesia

The occurrence of stunting in toddlers often arises due to vulnerable food security at the household level. Household food security includes food availability, food access, and food diversity related to ecosystem conditions. This research aims to determine family food security in stunted toddlers and its relationship with food availability, food access, and food diversity in the Meratus Mountains of Batang Alai Timur District, Hulu Sungai Tengah Regency, South Kalimantan Province, Indonesia. The methods used are observation, interviews, and recording methods. The research results show that the average energy consumed by toddlers in Hulu Sungai Tengah Regency is 1104.2 kcal/capita/day with an RDA score of 65.4. The food security status of most households is in the food insecure category with a moderate degree of hunger of 70.0%, a degree of severe hunger of 30.0% and there are no households experiencing food security and food insecurity without hunger. Aspects of food availability, two respondents have high food availability, namely 10%, two respondents with moderate food availability, 10%, and the majority have low food availability, 80%. Aspects of food access, 6 respondents have a distance of < 25 minutes to the market, namely 30%, 14 respondents have access to a market with a distance of ≥ 25 minutes to obtain food, 70%. Aspects of food security, there are 20 respondents or all families of children under five who experience food insecurity, namely 100%, there are no respondents who have food safe and food alert status. The composite index shows that there are no respondents or families of children under five who have food secure status, there are only two respondents who have food alert status, namely 10% and the majority of families experience food insecurity, totaling 18 respondents, namely 90%. The correlation coefficient value with stunting is the availability of 0.349, access of 0.488, and diversity of 0.373. So it can be concluded that the relationship between availability, access diversity, and stunting is weak.

Crustal properties investigation in the Meratus Complex Zone, Southeast Borneo, using H-κ stacking of receiver function analysis

We study crustal properties using teleseismic receiver functions extracted from two broadband seismic stations around the Meratus Complex region, Southeast Borneo. The two seismic stations, BBKI and KBKI, are distributed in the Meratus Mountains and Pulau Laut. We then employ the H-κ stacking technique to measure the crustal thickness (H) and the crustal average Vp/Vs ratio (κ). The method works quite well for receiver functions recorded on seismic station KBKI. The thickness of the crust and Vp/Vs ratio underneath this station are around 38 km and 1.64, respectively. On the contrary, the standard H-κ method fails in estimating the crustal properties beneath station BBKI due to significant sedimentary contamination on the receiver functions. Thus, we apply the sequential H-κ stacking analysis by removing the sedimentary effect and increasing the Moho Ps amplitude. The result shows the thickness of the crust is around 29 km, although the Vp/Vs is not well determined. The research findings from both stations are comparable to those derived from the previous receiver function study using inversion modelling. The crustal properties around this area may reflect the continental material part of the Sunda continental block.

Simbol Gunung dan Air pada Lanskap Budaya Situs Candi Agung di Kalimantan Selatan

The Candi Agung site is one of the cultural landscapes in South Kalimantan. The value of this cultural landscape is closely related to living traditions, belief systems, art and literature. This cultural landscape also represents the symbols of mountains and water in the culture of the Banjar people. These two physical-naturalistic components not only describe the landscape of South Kalimantan which consists of the Meratus Mountains and the Barito River but also describe the cultural landscape of the people who inhabited it. This study discusses the meaning of mountains and water in the cultural landscape of the Candi Agung Site. The aim is to understand the Candi Agung Site as an associative cultural landscape in Banjar culture. In order to understand this, data collection was carried out through observations of the Candi Agung Site and the views of the surrounding community. A documentation study on the Lambung Mangkurat Museum collection was carried out to complete the observation data. The analysis was carried out by describing aspects of mountain and water symbolism in the Lambu Mangkurat Story and the Banjar Kings Dynasty and Waringin City or known as the Banjar Hikayat. Apart from that, descriptions were also made of literary works entitled Tutur Candi. The interpretive framework of this study refers to the view that culture is a symbol system. This study produces an understanding of the cultural system of the Banjar people which was represented in the myth of the sacredness of mountains and water. These two natural elements are representations of supernatural forces which were manifested in the toponymy "mountain" of Candi Agung and the anthroponymy of Tunjung Buih. The connection between the two also represents harmony between the microcosm and the macrocosm. Key words: Environment, cultural landscape, microcosm, dualism

WALHI DAN #SAVEMERATUS (MOBILISASI SUMBERDAYA GERAKAN SOSIAL)

The #SaveMeratus movement is an environmental initiative aimed at protecting the Meratus Mountains from harmful exploitation and preserving all aspects within it. The movement involves various efforts, such as protest demonstrations, petition gathering, online campaigns, and legal actions. One organization contributing to this movement is Walhi Kalsel, actively participating in activities related to the #SaveMeratus cause. The key factor in this movement is resource mobilization, and this research aims to describe how Walhi Kalsel mobilizes resources in its contribution to the #SaveMeratus movement. The theoretical framework employed is resource mobilization theory. This study adopts a qualitative-descriptive method and a case study approach. The findings reveal significant factors supporting the #SaveMeratus movement. In the context of social movement organizations, Walhi Kalsel aligns its values and principles with the struggle to #SaveMeratus. Leadership plays a crucial role, and Walhi Kalsel's leaders actively engage in the #SaveMeratus movement. Additionally, Walhi Kalsel successfully mobilizes various resources, including moral, cultural, human, organizational-social, and material resources to support the #SaveMeratus movement.

New discoveries of ancient iron smelting sites in Kalimantan

In the past five years, our archaeological research has uncovered evidence of iron making in the Meratus mountains, located upstream of the Barito watershed on the east coast of Kalimantan (Indonesian side of Borneo Island), as well as the Lamandau watershed in southwestern Kalimantan. At these iron industry sites, we discovered slags, ore fragments, tuyere, charcoal, and smelting furnaces. These discoveries provide new insights to address the debates among experts about the emergence and development of iron metal technology in Kalimantan/Borneo Island. Radiocarbon dating conducted at the Cililin 1 Cave site in the Meratus Mountains indicates that the earliest iron ore smelting occurred during the early Christian era (2000–1700 BP). Our excavations also confirm that this ferrous metal technology spread and was practiced towards the east coast and watersheds by the end of the 19th century. The excavated smelting furnaces suggest that direct smelting (bloomery) techniques were used to produce raw iron, based on the furnace shape, charcoal dates, and type of iron slag found. The shape and size of the smelting furnaces in Kalimantan remain consistent from the oldest to the most recent sites. This similarity suggests that there was little technological advancement in iron-making in Kalimantan/Borneo Island between the early AD period and the end of the 19th century. This finding supports the theory that iron technology possibly emerged and developed in Kalimantan several centuries BC.

GENETIC RELATIONSHIP OF SEVERAL MORPHOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR CHARACTERISTICS OF Phalaenopsis amabilis (L.) Blume ORCHIDS FROM THE MERATUS MOUNTAINS OF SOUTH KALIMANTAN, INDONESIA

Phalaenopsis amabilis (L.) Blume orchid is one of the most popular orchid species in the world. However, this ornamental plant is threatened in its natural habitat, the Meratus Mountains of South Kalimantan, Indonesia. This study determines and analyzes the genetic relationship among several morphological characteristics of P. amabilis from this region combined with molecular (RAPD) markers. A total of ten orchid samples comprised of nine moth orchids (P. amabilis) and one species (P. cornu-cervi) as an outgroup, as well as ten RAPD primers were used in this study. Based on the morphological markers, the moth orchids have a moderate level of genetic diversity, indicated by Shannon's index value of 0.5. In contrast to molecular markers, this germplasm shows high genetic polymorphism, shown by the polymorphism degree of 100% for all primers used. The cluster analysis shows that this germplasm can be divided into two clusters for morphological and five for molecular markers. Following these markers, the grouping of moth orchids was nearly corresponding to their origin. Thus, this information could be useful as a reference for orchid conservation and breeding programs in the future.

PUSAT INFORMASI GEOPARK MERATUS DI BANJARBARU

The Meratus Geopark is a government program to preserve the Meratus Mountains. These mountains stretch from the southeast to the northwest of South Kalimantan Province. These mountains have biodiversity and non-biological diversity which in recent years has been massively exploited to the point of environmental degradation. To reduce and anticipate environmental damage, the local government cooperates with various parties to initiate the Meratus Geopark program. In 2019, Geopark Meratus succeeded in becoming part of Geopark Indonesia, but until now there is no Meratus Geopark Information Center available. The Meratus Geopark Information Center is planned to be built in Pumpung Cempaka Village which is known as one of the largest diamond mining villages in South Kalimantan. The architectural problem to be solved is "How is the design of the Meratus Geopark tourism information and research center that is able to become a center for geological studies as well as being able to educate the public to participate in preserving the natural environment of the Meratus Mountains?". To solve this problem, the Mawaris Meratus concept was initiated as an effort to raise awareness and educate the public to protect Meratus' wealth. This concept is realized by using the active learning method. This design resulted in the Meratus Geopark Information Center which educates the public to take a role in preserving and inheriting the natural environment of the Meratus Mountains.

Genetic Diversity of Elephant Foot Yam (<i>Amorphophallus paeoniifolius</i>) and Two Other Relatives from the Meratus Mountains of South Kalimantan, Indonesia

Elephant foot yam (Amorphophallus paeoniifolius) is a tuber crop with high economic value, so it is very prospective to be developed. This study aimed to characterize and determine the genetic diversity and relationship of A. paeoniifolius and two other relatives from the Meratus Mountains of South Kalimantan, Indonesia, using the rbcL marker. Eight samples of A. paeoniifolius and three other ones (outgroups), two of A. muelleri and one of A. borneensis, were used in the study. The genetic diversity was determined using the nucleotide diversity index (π), whereas the phylogenetic relationships were reconstructed using the Maximum Likelihood (ML) and Neighbor-Joining (NJ) methods. The results show that this germplasm has a high diversity at an inter-species level of 0.95% and a low at intra-species (0.33%). The phylogenetic analyses revealed that Amorphophallus from this region separated into different clades, three for NJ and one for ML. In this case, A. paeoniifolius var. sylvestris from Bati-Bati, Tanah Laut is closely related to A. paeoniifolius var. hortensis from Marajai, Balangan. In conclusion, although Amorphophallus from the Meratus Mountains of South Kalimantan, Indonesia, shows a high diversity at an inter-species level, the phylogenetic analyses revealed a unique relationship. This finding is expected to be a reference in supporting efforts to conserve, cultivate, and utilize sustainable Amorphophallus, globally and locally, particularly for the Dayak Meratus community of the South Kalimantan, Indonesia.

Description of two new bird species from the Meratus Mountains of southeast Borneo, Indonesia

Description of two new bird species from the Meratus Mountains of southeast Borneo, Indonesia

Pemanfaatan Tumbuhan Hutan sebagai Bahan Pengobatan Tradisional oleh Masyarakat Suku Dayak Meratus Kalimantan Selatan

The use of forest plants as medicinal materials is an essential part of the life of indigenous peoples, one of which is the Dayak tribe of the Meratus Mountains. This study aimed to analyze the use of plants as medicinal ingredients for the indigenous Cabai community in Patikalain Village, Hantakan District, Hulu Sungai Tengah Regency, which is part of the Meratus Mountains Dayak tribe. The method of data collection was done by semi-structured interviews. Selected respondents were determined by purposive sampling and snowball sampling techniques. Data were analyzed by tabulation matrix. There were 18 types of forest plants that were used as medicine by the indigenous people of Cabai. The most widely used plant habitats for medicinal purposes were shrubs/shrubs and trees. Roots and leaves were the most widely used plant parts in medicine. There were at least 23 diseases that could be treated with various types of plants. Forest plants were widely used for internal medicine compared to external medicine. Treatment using plant ingredients was the first alternative used by the community in medicine. If this did not work, then community members who were sick would be directed to seek treatment at the Local Health Care Unit. If modern medicine did not work, the next alternative, then additional treatment using traditional rituals, was the last option. This finding was a contribution to knowledge in the traditional medicine system of the local community.

Peran Masyarakat Dusun Batantangan Pada Masa Revolusi Fisik di Kalimantan Selatan

One of the battle headquarters for the struggle at the end of the physical revolution in South Kalimantan that takes place was in Batantangan Hamlet, Batu Bini Village, Padang Batung District. The headquarters, located in Batantangan Hamlet, is a strategic place, also it is in the middle of the dense forest of the Meratus Mountains. This headquarters is also located among other areas of battle so that this place became the gate or entrance to other areas during the physical revolution battle in South Kalimantan. This study aims to find out more about the Batantangan Hamlet as the headquarters of the guerrilla battle at the end of the physical revolution in South Kalimantan and the role of the society in the activities of the guerrilla battle. The method used in this research is the historical method which consists of Heuristics, Criticism, Interpretation and Historiography. The first step is heuristics or collecting data. The data were obtained through three things, first oral sources obtained from the results of interviews done by the researchers with community leaders who experienced the period of physical revolution in Batantangan Hamlet. Second, written sources such as thesis, dissertations, journals, books and the last source is some of objects obtained by researchers during field observations. After the data was collected, the next step is criticism, both internal and external criticism. The next is interpretation and the last stage is historiography or writing of research results. The results showed that the position of Dusun Batantangan as a headquarters for guerilla fighters during the physical revolution was so important and the emotional proximity of the Dusun Batantangan society with fighters that made the society help the fighters in guerella battle

Sustainable Natural Resources and Environmental Management Systems: Approach of Green Leadership Model

The research method is qualitative with a theory research action combination with phenomenological approach. The research design using multi-site involving six locus in South Kalimantan, Indonesia. Data collection techniques used were content analysis, participatory observation and depth interviews. The analysis used in answering this research is a combination of various analytical methods to answer each of the objectives namely miles & Huberman analysis, BAPenas MAPP Analysis, Siagian Leadership Role Analysis and Webbed Spider Model Analysis as the ultimate in formulating green leadership models in the management of natural resources and sustainable environment. This study aims to observe, study and find events related to the focus of research to get the formulation of a model of green leadership in the management of natural resources and the sustainable environment that appears naturally. The results of this research found that the Green Leadership Model’s has the criteria : has an understanding of environmental issues, response to policies, community accessibility, institutional support, commitment to environmental sustainability, has innovation that is pro to the environment and an optimal role for leaders in the management of natural resources and sustainable environment. These included the following; in the past experience, sustainable management of natural resources and the environment around the Meratus mountains is strongly influenced by the leadership role both formally and informally. Sustainability of natural resource management and sustainable environment is strongly influenced by leadership who: has awareness and love for the environment, provide motivation through direct implementation to the community through policies that are implemented in maintaining environmental sustainability, provide broad access for the community to participate in the management of natural resources and the environment which experiences a lot of quality degradation ; firm and able to refuse in responding to the demands of the business world which focus on increasing profits alone to exploit natural resources and the environment; and has criteria as an environmentally friendly leadership model in accordance with the criteria needed as an ideal description of leadership. Green leadership models in the management of natural resources and the environment come from formal and informal leadership. The formal green leadership comes from the Regional / Institution / Institution of government, while the informal green leadership comes from the customary leadership that carries out customary rules that do not conflict with government regulations in the management of natural resources and the sustainable environment.

Phylogenetic positions of three Amorphophallus species natively growing in the Meratus Mountains, South Kalimantan, Indonesia

Abstract. Mursyidin DH, Hernanda MA. 2021. Phylogenetic positions of three Amorphophallus species natively growing in the Meratus Mountains, South Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22: 2821-2828. Information on genetic diversity and relationships (phylogenetic position) of germplasm is essential for conservation and breeding programs in the future. Here, we focused on determining the genetic diversity and phylogenetic positions of three native Amorphophallus species from the Meratus Mountains, South Kalimantan, Indonesia, using the rbcL marker. The results show that this germplasm has a medium level of genetic diversity (0.63). The phylogenetic analyses (NJ, ML, and MP) revealed that Amorphophallus from the region has a unique or specific relationship position. In this case, A. muelleri with an accession number of MT818204 and MT818205 are grouping and have close relatedness with A. muelleri previously deposited in GenBank (AF497087.1). Three samples of A. paeoniifolius (MT818202, MT818203, and MT818206) have also clustered with the same species (DQ012500.1; AF497091.1). An interesting result was shown by A. borneensis (MT818211) that demonstrated a close relationship with A. tinekeae (DQ012505.1) in NJ and ML analyses, not with a similar species (DQ012484.1) in MP analysis. Further, a bootstrap analysis on an earlier analysis supported the separation. Thus, this information is valuable in supporting the conservation and breeding programs of this germplasm, both locally and globally.

PENAMBANGAN BATU SPLIT YANG MENYISAKAN KELERENGAN TERJAL DI DAERAH AWANGBANGKAL, KECAMATAN KARANGINTAN, KABUPATEN BANJAR, PROVINSI KALIMANTAN SELATAN

Mining of split rock or ultramafic igneous rock, located in the Awangbangkal area, Karangintan District, Banjar Regency, South Kalimantan Province, causes steep slopes. The formation of the Meratus Mountains is an oceanic bedrock that is exposed to the earth's surface and is mined by local residents using simple tools or semi-mechanical equipment carried out by the company. Positive impacts arise but negative impacts will also build up over time. Day by day more dangerous slopes were formed. The local government became worried because it was dangerous. This writing is compiled based on the results of direct measurements in the field using the Theodolith unit. The measurement results are processed using Autocad Landesktop 2009 software. The analysis is by classifying the slope of the formed slopes according to the data that is already in digitized form. The result is a dangerous area on the east side, because it has a slope of 25% -45% (steep). Although from a geological point of view this area is stable because it is formed by igneous rocks, from the local government side this is a concern for the people who do work in the area.

PERGESERAN LEGITIMASI BALIAN DALAM LOCAL INDIGENOUS GOVERNANCE DI DESA HINAS KANAN

Balian used to be a Customary Institution that organizes all life of the village community in the Meratus Mountains, including managing the village by upholding the local wisdom. Since the New Order, the paradigm of “the state-enters-the village” governs villages through its set of legislation in the governmentality scheme. Behind the shield of will to improve (KAT empowerment) as a media of discursive power (Li, 2007), the government reshape all social order and local indigenous social governance to “obey” to one formal rule. Unconsciously or intentionally, that governmentality has triggered a shift in local indigenous governance from the basis of local wisdom to the basis of modern governance, with the risk of a shift in the legitimacy of Balian’s power vis-à-vis its community. This study is built on Foucault’ theory of governmentality (1982) and Li’s will to improve (2007). The research method used in this study was a qualitative descriptive method by collecting data, in-depth interviews, and participatory observation. The shift led the role and function of the Balian to be no longer the sole holder of local governance with a local wisdom approach. In the current local governance, it is held by the Village Government, the Sub-District Customary and Balian’s Heads. The shifts that also occurred in the community included the shifting of traditional culture in selling rice which was once considered a taboo to be a commonplace thing and the tendency of the community to resolve conflicts with government institutions rather than the customary or Balian’s Heads.

ANTIBAKTERI KUMPAI MAHUNG (Einulifolium H.B&K) TERHADAP Salmonella Typhi

Kumpai mahung is an endemic plant of South Kalimantan which grows in the plains of Meratus mountains. Previous research stated that this plant has potential as an anti-inflammatory against mice and has good antioxidant content. This study aims to determine the activity of kumpai mahung extract against salmonella typhi bacteria. The results of previous studies stated that the phytochemical screening of kumpai mahung extract positively contained flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins and saponins which had the potential to have antibacterial activity. Using the well method with a concentration series of 100%, 75% and 50% and calculated the inhibition zone formed with callipers. The results showed that the mean inhibition zone formed was 19.8 ± 0.2 mm (100%), 17.07 ± 0.1 mm (75%) and 13.9 ± 0.1 mm (50%). It can be concluded that all concentrations have a strong potential against salmonella typhi bacteria.

Batu Cave: Prehistoric Occupation Of Meratus Mountains, South Kalimantan

Preliminary studies in the karst hills of the Meratus Mountains in Kotabaru Regency found rock-shelters and caves that were indicated to have traces of prehistoric dwellings. One of them is Batu Cave which is in Batangkulur village, Kelumpang Barat district. This article discusses the results of excavations carried out in Batu Cave in 2018. The problems raised on proof of occupancy and how human life in the past in Batu Cave. Archaeological data were obtained from excavations by using test-pit at two different locations. The excavation findings analyses are quantitative and qualitative. Quantitative analysis was carried out to find out the quantity of findings. The qualitative analysis includes an initial classification, which divides archeological data according to the type, form and style. The results show that Batu Cave are cave dwelling with living activities that rely on the surrounding resources. Exploitation of environmental resources is seen in the use of several types of terrestrial fauna and water as one of the main food sources. Various types of tools were made using rocks, as well as bones and shells.