Mentha Cordifolia Research Articles

Optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction conditions for active components and anti-alzheimer activities from mentha cordifolia

Mentha cordifolia .(Lamiaceae) or Mint, is distributed all over the world. Essential oils found are menthol, menthone, 1,8-cineole, pinene, myrcene, and borneol. M. cordifolia. most popular herb, is widely used in cooking, cosmetics, complementary therapy, and pharmaceuticals for anti-carcinogen, gastro protective, antimicrobial, and antivirus purposes. The manufactory extracted essential oil method used steam distillation and hydro-distillation, which decomposed the components. The aim of this work was to study the innovative technologies of chemical constituents’ extraction by ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) that include high yields, short-extraction times, and energy savings. The extraction of Mentha cordifolia was carried out at 20 KHz ultrasonic frequencies. Sonicated times were 1.5 h. Antioxidant studies of essential oils by UAE extraction were 2, 2-diphenyl-1-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS), and pharmacological activity was anti-Alzheimer (Ellman’s method). The UAE method used hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol as solvents and set the time to 1.0 h; in the second experiment, it set the time to 1.5h in the same system. Crude hexane (F1) extracted gave terpene and essential oils; crude ethyl acetate (F2) extracted gave flavonoids; and crude ethanol (F3) extracted gave phenolic compounds. The UAE method gave fractions F1, F2, and F3, which showed the DPPH activity was IC50 259, 229, and 74 mg/mL; ABTS radical scavenging was IC50 129, 103, and 127 mg/mL; and anti-acetylcholinesterase was IC50 128, 126, and 137mg/mL, respectively. The antioxidants tested were treated by applying multivariate statistical analysis.

Anti-epileptic activity of Mentha cordifolia against PTZ induced epilepsy in Swiss Albino mice

Anti-epileptic activity of Mentha cordifolia against PTZ induced epilepsy in Swiss Albino mice

Optimization of Ultrasound-assisted Extraction Conditions for Active Essential Oil and Anti-Alzheimer Activities from Mentha Cordifolia

Mentha C. (Lamiaceae) is distributed all over the world. Essential oils were found menthol, menthofuran, menthyl acetate, menthone, 1.8-cineole, pinene, myrcene and borneol. Mentha C. most popular herbs are widely used in cooking, in cosmetics, complementary therapy and pharmaceutical for anticarcinogenic, gastro protective, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and antivirotic purposes. For essential oil extraction, a steam distillation, or hydro-distillation method was used, which allows the decomposition of components. The aim of this work was to study the innovative technologies of essential oil by ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) that include high yields, short-extraction time and save energy. The extraction of essential oils was carried out at three ultrasonic frequencies (15 kHz, 20 kHz, and 25 kHz), sonicated times were 1, 2 and 3 hours. The solvents extracted were hexane, ethylacetate and 95 % ethanol. The sonication conditions were different of compounds showed by Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC). The extraction compounds by hexane from sonicated at 20 kHz (2 h) were terpene hydrocarbon which was nonpolar essential oil. The oxygenated terpenoids were extracted by ethyl acetate from sonicated at 20 kHz (3 h) and the phenolic compounds were extracted by 95 % ethanol. The data was treated by applying multivariate statistical analysis. The tested of antioxidant by DPPH, and ABTS radical were the best of ethanol extracted IC50 73 mg/ml, ethyl acetate extracted and ethyl acetate extracted IC50 103 mg/ml, respectively. IC50 of anti-acetylcholinesterase were 125.5 mg/ml of ethyl acetate extracted.

Exploration of the nutritional and carotenoids profiles of vegetables in Thai cuisine as potential nutritious ingredients

Missing information on plant origin control and nutritional data on herbs, spices and vegetables could lead to sample quality deficit and misusage of the plant database. In this study, twenty vegetables that were collected and managed based on the recommendations of the Department of Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives, Thailand, were investigated regarding their proximate mineral, vitamin and carotenoid contents using the standard procedures of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC). The results showed that these plants (100 g dry weight) exhibited similar energy levels (337.11–420.48 kcal), which were mainly distributed from high carbohydrate content (21.01–88.17 g), while protein (3.14–66.07 g) and fat (0.00–10.33 g) levels were quite low. As a form of carbohydrate, dietary fiber was found to be high in Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf (Cy. citratus) and Solanum torvum Sw. (So. torvum) (57.00–59.54 g). Interestingly, Senegalia pennata subsp. insuavis (Lace) Maslin, Seigler & Ebinger (S. pennata) exhibited exceptionally high protein content, which was between 2.3 and 3.1 times higher than its carbohydrates. High mineral contents were detected in S. pennata, Ocimum africanum Lour. (O. africanum), Ocimum basilicum L. (O. basilicum), Ocimum gratissimum L. var. macrophyllum Briq. (O. gratissimum) and Coriandrum sativum L. (Co. sativum), while Mentha cordifolia Opiz ex Fresen (M. cordifolia) was observed to be a good source of vitamin C (381.36–547.47 mg). High carotenoids were mostly found in Eryngium foetidum L. (E. foetidum), O. gratissimum, Co. sativum and O. basilicum (75.23–119.96 mg). Interestingly, the location of sample collection seemed to have minimal effect on the nutritional and carotenoid compositions. The results of this study provide reliable information concerning the nutritional and carotenoid contents in plant sources with control of origin, which could be used in the future for food development with specific nutritional requirements.

Mentha cordifolia Leaf Extract Improves Hepatic Glucose and Lipid Metabolism in Obese Mice Fed with High-Fat Diet.

Mentha cordifolia (MC) is a popular herb used to flavor food in Thailand that exhibits several biological effects. The present study aimed to determine the role of MC in regulating glucose and lipid metabolism in mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD). ICR obese mice were fed an HFD (45 kcal% lard fat) for 12 weeks, with MC (100 and 200 mg/kg/d) treatment from Week 7. After treatment with MC for 6 weeks, mice showed significantly lower rates of hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, hyperleptinemia, and hyperlipidemia, and increased amounts of serum adiponectin. Furthermore, in mice treated with MC, serum interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor alpha were significantly inhibited and liver histology results showed decreased lipid accumulation and liver triglyceride content vs. untreated mice. In addition, MC treatment was associated with smaller fat cells and lower gene expression of liver sterol regulatory element binding protein 1c, acetyl-CoA carboxylase, and fatty acid synthase. However, MC treatment was associated with higher carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1a gene expression and significantly higher rates of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation in liver, but lower levels of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and glucose-6-phosphatase. These results indicate MC regulates glucose and lipid metabolism in a HFD-induced obese mouse model, possibly via activation of AMPK signaling pathway.

In Vitro Antiviral Activity of Mentha cordifolia Plant Extract in HIV-1 Latently Infected Cells Using an Established Human Cell Line.

Emergence of drug resistance demands new therapeutic strategies against the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Currently, there is an increasing research focus on targeting gene expression-the crucial step wherein new viruses and new viral strains are amplified. Moreover, natural products are also being considered as potential candidates for new antivirals. We screened the extract obtained from a Philippine medicinal plant, Mentha cordifolia (Mc). In this study, we demonstrated that Mc ammonium sulfate extract has antiretroviral activity against HIV. HIV-1 latently infected cells (OM10.1) were pretreated with Mc extract and activated with TNFα. In treated cells, viral replication was inhibited in both cell culture supernatant and whole cell lysates. The level of viral production, as measured by the viral p24 protein concentration, was very much inhibited under noncytotoxic concentrations to the similar level without addition of TNFα. Luciferase assays, however, showed that Mc does not inhibit the HIV-1 long terminal repeat-driven gene expression. IκBα degradation and p65 nuclear translocation was also not affected as visualized through Western blot and immunofluorescence. These observations demonstrated that Mc possessed an antiviral component against HIV-1 and warrant further work to explore its target of action at a later step of gene expression. Our study introduces a potential source of a lead compound that targets steps in the HIV life cycle.

Characteristics and upregulation of antioxidant enzymes of kitchen mint and oolong tea kombucha beverages.

Kombucha is a healthy traditional beverage which is made by fermenting products with a symbiotic culture of acetic acid bacteria and yeasts. In present study, leaves of kitchen mint (Mentha cordifolia Opiz. Ex Fresen) and leaves of oolong tea (Camellia sinensis) were fermented in kombucha formula. After fermentation, titratable acidity contents and ethanol of kitchen mint, oolong tea, and mixtures of oolong tea and kitchen mint kombucha samples gradually increased with a period of fermentation time. At day 14 of fermentation, phenolic compounds and flavonoids were increased in all kombucha samples. The numbers of acetic acid bacteria and yeast in kombucha had gradually raised during 7-14days of fermentation. DPPH and ABTS scavenging activities of these kombucha increased over a period of fermentation time and shown the highest antioxidant capacity on day 14 of fermentation. In addition, all kombucha samples exhibited the antioxidant effects by attenuating H2 O2 -induced ROS production, increasing mRNA expression of catalase, glutathione reductase (GRe), and Mn-SOD, and inducing GRe enzymatic activity in HEK-293 cells. Kombucha beverage can be used as the healthy beverages for attenuation of oxidative stress in many diseases.

Combination of microbubbles with oxidizing sanitizers to eliminate Escherichia coli and Salmonella Typhimurium on Thai leafy vegetables

Microbubbles (MB) technology was applied in a washing process a few studies have been done with food materials, particularly to reduce the microbial contamination on leafy vegetables. This study determined the effectiveness of MB (Ø ∼ 50–70 μm) combined with three sanitizers acidic electrolyte water (AEO, 20 and 40 mg/L, ORP 910–1010 mV, pH 2.7–3.1), chlorine dioxide (ClO2, 3 and 5 mg/L, ORP 550–680 mV, pH 7.1–7.5), and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl, 40 and 80 mg/L, ORP 900–990 mV, pH 6.5–6.7) in order to inactivate Escherichia coli and Salmonella Typhimurium on artificially contaminated sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum Linh) and Thai mint (Mentha cordifolia Opiz.). Although air MB alone did not possess antimicrobial activity, washing with MB combined with the two oxidizing sanitizers (NaOCl and AEO) for 5 min resulted in an effective reduction in S. Typhimurium and E. coli on sweet basil and Thai mint with 2–3 log reductions (99.2–99.8%). Washing vegetables with MB and NaOCl at a concentration of free chlorine of 40 mg/L NaOCl or 20 mg/L AEO yielded the best results in killing S. Typhimurium with 1.21–1.90 and 0.67–2.25 log reductions, respectively. In addition, the reduction of E. coli and S. Typhimurium on sweet basil appeared to be higher than on Thai mint. Differences in surface roughness may assist the bubbles and sanitizers to detach bacterial cells and therefore increase the washing efficacy. Furthermore, applying sanitizers in washing solution was a powerful means of killing planktonic E. coli and S. Typhimurium in the wash water and preventing cross-contamination in the washing process.

Antibacterial Activities of Endophytic Fungi Isolated from Mentha cordifolia Leaves and Their Volatile Constituents

A total of 17 endophytic fungal isolates were obtained from the leaves of Mentha cordifolia Opiz (Lamiaceae). Seven isolates were identified to the level of genus by using taxonomically relevant morphological traits. Colletotrichum and Phoinopsis species were dominant among these strains. All strains were separated from M cordifolia leaf for the first time. The ethyl acetate extracts of all endophytic fungi were tested for antibacterial activity against Salmonella typhimurium TISTR 1166 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa TISTR781. Most endophytes exhibited antibacterial activity. Ustilago sp. MFLUCC15-1024 presented the highest inhibition zone diameter with a MIC of 31.25 μg/mL against the tesfed pathogens. The chemical composition of the ethyl acetate extract of this strain was investigated using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Twenty-one components were identified. 2-Phenylethanol (38.7%), E-ligustilide (12.4%), a-eudesmol (10.2%), β-vetivone (4.6%), β-ylangene (3.7%) and verbanol (3.4%) were the major components of the extract. The strong antibacterial activity of Ustilago sp. MFLUCC15-1024 ethyl acetate extract may be attributed to the presence of a high concentration of bioactive compounds including phenyl ethyl alcohol, E-ligustilide and a-eudesmol. The results indicate that there is high diversity of endophytic fungi in M cordifolia leaf, and that Ustilago sp. MFLUCC l5-1024 strain could be an excellent resource of natural antibacterial compounds.

Screening for Anticandidal and Antibiofilm Activity of Some Herbs in Thailand

Purpose: To evaluate the anticandidal activity of the ethanol extracts of 12 herbs from Thailand. Methods: The herbs studied were Alpinia galanga, Curcuma longa, Curcuma zedoaria, Mentha cordifolia, Ocimum africanum, Ocimum basilicum, Ocimum sanctum, Piper betle, Piper chaba, Piper nigrum, Piper sarmentosum and Zingiber officinale. Various Candida spp. were examined for minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal fungicidal concentration (MFC) using microdilution method; time-kill assay was also used to assess the plants. Antibiofilm activity was investigated using a 3-[4, 5dimethyl-2-thiazolyl]-2, 5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium-bromide (MTT assay). Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis, thin layer chromatography (TLC) fingerprinting and TLC-bioautography were used to determine the active anticandidal compounds. Results: All tested herbs, except extracts of P. nigrum and Limiaceae family, showed varying zones of inhibition against Candida albicans ATCC 90028. P. betle revealed the strongest anticandidal activity against all tested strains with MIC ranging from 1.56 to 3.13 mg/ml, and MFC from 3.13 to 8.33 mg/ml. Killing activity depended on time and concentrations of the extract. The concentration of P. betle extract required to inhibit ≥ 90 % biofilm formation of C. albicans ATCC 90028 was 3.13 ± 0.15 mg/ml, while that to remove ≥ 90 % biofilm growth was 12.50 ± 0.69 mg/ml. The result of GC-MS analysis showed the major compound of P. betle extract responsible for anticandidal activity as 4-chromanol. Conclusion: P. betle extract contains 4-chromanol which is a good potential anticandidal agent for the treatment of oral infectious diseases caused by certain Candida spp.

Vascular and antioxidant effects of an aqueous Mentha cordifolia extract in experimental N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester-induced hypertension.

The effect of an aqueous Mentha cordifolia (MC) extract on the haemodynamic status, vascular remodeling, function, and oxidative status in NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME)-induced hypertension was investigated. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were given L-NAME [50 mg/(kg body weight (BW) d)] in their drinking water for 5 weeks and were treated by intragastric administration with the MC extract [200 mg/(kgBWd)] for 2 consecutive weeks. Quercetin [25 mg/(kg BW d)] was used as a positive control. The effects of the MC extract on the haemodynamic status, thoracic aortic wall thickness, and oxidative stress markers were determined, and the vasorelaxant activity of the MC extract was tested in isolated mesenteric vascular beds in rats. Significant increases in the mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), hind limb vascular resistance (HVR), wall thickness, and cross-sectional area of the thoracic aorta, as well as oxidative stress markers were found in the L-NAME-treated group compared to the control (P < 0.05). MAP, HVR, wall thickness, cross-sectional area of the thoracic aorta, plasma malondialdehyde (MDA), and vascular superoxide anion production were significantly reduced in L-NAME hypersensitive rats treated with the MC extract or quercetin. Furthermore, the MC extract induced vasorelaxation in the pre-constricted mesenteric vascular bed with intact and denuded endothelium of normotensive and hypertensive rats. Our results suggest that the MC extract exhibits an antihypertensive effect via its antioxidant capacity, vasodilator property, and reduced vascular remodeling.

Effect of dried peppermint (Mentha cordifolia) on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, carcass traits, antioxidant properties, and ammonia production in broilers

SUMMARY The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of dried peppermint (DPM; Mentha cordifolia) supplementation on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, carcass traits, antioxidant activity, and ammonia production in broilers. The study was divided into 2 experiments. In experiment 1, a total of forty-five 21-d-old male broilers were placed in individual cages and assigned to 5 dietary treatments with 9 replicates in a completely randomized design. The 5 dietary treatments consisted of a control and 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0% DPM, respectively. The addition of DPM in diets had no significant effects on DM, organic matter, CF, and nitrogen retention; however, there was a beneficial effect on excreta ammonia reduction (P ≤ 0.05). In experiment 2, a total of 480 one-day-old male broilers were randomly assigned to 6 dietary treatments with 4 replicates of 20 chicks each using the completely randomized experimental design. The experimental diets consisted of 6 treatments: control, control with 5 ppm of chlortetracycline, and 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0% DPM. The supplementation of DPM had no significant effects on either the growth performance or carcass traits of broilers. However, all levels of DPM supplementation resulted in an increased production index and decreased abdominal fat. In addition, DPM also showed beneficial effects on antioxidant properties by reduced 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging activity and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances compared with the control. In conclusion, DPM supplementation had no significant effects on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, or carcass traits. However, it had beneficial effects on antioxidant activity, abdominal fat deposition, and ammonia production in broilers.

Antiteratogenic Effects of Leaf Extract of Mentha Cordifolia Opiz. (Mint), Allium Sativum L. (Garlic), and Pterocarpus Indicus Willid. (Narra) on Mus Musculus (White Mice)

The study was conducted to compare the antiteratogenic effects of leaf extracts from mint, garlic and narra. Specifically, this aimed to determine the fertility, implantation and gestation indices, percentage dead implants, and percentage female resorptions; examine and describe the gross anatomy of the fetuses; and compare the sperm morphology of all treatments. Twenty-five (25) sexually mature male and fifty (50) sexually mature female mice were used in this study. These were randomly allocated to five groups labeled as T0+ (distilled water), T0- (tetracycline), T1 (tetracycline + mint extract), T2 (tetracycline + garlic extract), and T3 (tetracycline + narra extract) with five replicates. Antiteratogenic activities were monitored using dominant Lethal Test. Treatments were administered daily in male mice subcutaneously for six days. Treated mice were allowed to mate with two female mice for 24 hours. Sperm morphology assay was done to all male mice after mating. After 18 days mated female mice were sacrificed and pups were examined for any malformations. Positive control showed 100% fertility, 0% resorption, and fetal lethality while negative control revealed 0% fertility. At 0.3 ml of pure extracts per 20 g mice, narra treated mice significantly increased the frequency of fertile mating’s to 40%, mint to 30% and garlic to 20%; significantly increased implantation to 83% (mint), 85% (garlic), and 82% (narra); significantly decreased the number of females with resorptions to 25%, 33.3% and 50% (mint, narra and garlic, respectively); and significantly decreased the number of dead implantations to 17.6% (garlic), 15.2% (narra), and 4% (mint). Gross morphological examination of pups showed no signs of congenital malformations. Sperm morphology assay revealed significant decrease in the frequency of abnormal sperm cells in mice administered with leaf extracts of mint, garlic and narra.  Keywords: Antiteratogenic effects, Mentha cordifolia Opiz. (mint), Allium sativum L. (garlic), Pterocarpus indicus Willid. (narra), Mus musculus (white), sperm morphology, antifertility

Mentha cordifolia extract inhibits the development of hypertension in L-NAME-induced hypertensive rats

This study was to test the inhibitory action of Mentha cordifolia (MC) extract on the development of hypertension in NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME)-induced hypertensive rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats received L-NAME (50 mg/kg/day) in drinking water and were either intragastrically administered with MC extract (200 mg/kg/day) or deionized water for 3 weeks. Significant increases in mean arterial blood pressure (MAP; 162.3 ± 2.7 vs 92.9 ± 5.4 mmHg), heart rate (HR; 414.7 ± 13.1 vs 331.7 ± 16.2 beat/min) and hindlimb vascular resistance (HVR; 39.1 ± 3.8 vs 12.6 ± 0.6 mmHg/min/100 g tissue/ml) in L-NAME-treated group compared to that of control group were observed. The MC extract markedly reduced the MAP about 16.7% in L-NAME group which was associated with reductions in HR and HVR. The MC extract alleviated a decrease in vascular responses to acetylcholine in the hypertensive rats. Increased levels of plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide production in vascular tissues in hypertensive rats were restored by MC extract. The MC extract contains high level antioxidant in the form of total phenolic compounds. Our results indicated that the MC extract inhibited progress of hypertension in L-NAME group, and this effect might involve the antioxidant capacity of the extract. Key words: Mentha cordifolia Opiz., L-NAME, hypertension, antioxidants, nitric oxide.

Menthalactone, a New Analgesic from Mentha cordifolia Opiz. Leaves

* Author for correspondence and reprint requests Z. Naturforsch. 64c, 809-812 (2009); received May 7/July 23, 2009 Menthalactone, a new long-chain alkene with a bicyclic lactone moiety, was isolated as an analgesic constituent from the leaves of Mentha cordifolia Opiz. At a dosage of 100 mg/ kg mouse, it decreased the number of squirms induced by acetic acid by 67.3%. Statistical analysis using Kruskall Wallis one-way analysis of variance by ranks showed that menthalac-tone is different from the solvent control at alpha = 0.01 and approximates the analgesic activity of mefenamic acid at 0.001 level of significance.

Bioactivity studies on beta-sitosterol and its glucoside.

Beta-sitosterol and beta-sitosteryl-beta-D-glucoside were isolated as analgesic constituents from the leaves of Mentha cordifolia Opiz. The acetic acid-induced writhing test showed that beta-sitosterol and beta-sitosteryl-beta-D-glucoside decreased the number of squirms induced by acetic acid by 70.0% and 73.0%, respectively, at a dose of 100 mg / kg mouse. Statistical analysis using the Kruskall Wallis one-way analysis of variance by ranks showed that these isolates approximate the analgesic activity of mefenamic acid at a 0.001 level of significance. The hot plate method confirmed their analgesic activities, as beta-sitosterol and beta-sitosteryl-beta-D-glucoside exhibited a 300% and 157% increase in pain tolerance, respectively, while mefenamic acid, a known analgesic, showed a 171% increase. Neither isolate exhibited antiinflammatory activity using the carrageenan-induced mouse paw oedema assay. Beta-sitosterol also exhibited anthelminthic and antimutagenic activities. In vitro tests using live Ascaris suum as test animals showed that the behaviour of worms treated with beta-sitosterol approximated that of the positive controls, Combantrin and Antiox. An in vivo micronucleus test showed that beta-sitosterol inhibited the mutagenicity of tetracycline by 65.3% at a dose of 0.5 mg /kg mouse. At the same dose, it did not exhibit chromosome-breaking activity.

A new antimutagen from Mentha cordifolia Opiz.

The CHCl 3 extract of Mentha cordifolia Opiz. showed antimutagenicity against tetracycline. An antimutagen was purified by solvent partitioning and repeated normal phase-vacuum liquid chromatography (NP-VLC) using a micronucleus test-guided isolation and purification. Spectral analyses showed that the isolated antimutagen is possibly 6,7-bis-(2,2-dimethoxyethene)-2,11-dimethoxy-2 Z,4 E,8 E,10 Z-dodecatetraendioic acid. It inhibited the mutagenicity of tetracycline by 68.7% at a dosage of 0.01 mg per 20 g mouse. Statistical analysis using Kruskal–Wallis one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) by ranks showed that its variance differs from that of the solvent control group (tetracycline+dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO)) at α=0.001. Moreover, the isolated antimutagen did not exhibit mutagenic activity at the same dosage. Statistical analysis showed that it is not mutagenic at 0.001 level of significance because its variance differs from that of tetracycline.