Retarded Children Research Articles

Peningkatan Interaksi Ibu dan Anak Retardasi Mental melalui Pelatihan Bermain Pura-Pura

This study aimed to prove the influence of training of playing pretense game in increasing mother’s interaction with her mentally-retarded child. There were eight mothers who have under-five-year children with mental retardation participating in the research. They were randomly chosen. The research design used pre-test and post-test control group. Four mothers belonged to the control group and the other four to the treatment group. The training of playing pretense game with children was conducted in four stages. The first and second stages were done in group while the third and fourth were individual. Mother and child interaction scale was used to measure the differences of the interaction before and after the training. The follow-up research was done thirteen days after the training. The results showed the pretense game played by a mother and her mentally-retarded child can make their interaction become more meaningful.
 Keywords: mother and mentally-retarded child interaction, pretense game training

Changes of the Population of Deafblindness in Russia

Analysis of the data gathered during the last 35 years of observations as well as diagnostic studies and studies of catamnesis of deafblind, blind children with additional impairments and adults in Russia confirms the fact of significant changes in this population which is getting more severely impaired in the recent years. There are fewer cases of early acquired Deafblindness where only periphery impairments of visual and hearing analyser systems take place. We can witness more often the cases of the malformation of brain structure or early impairment of the central nervous system on the cortical level which bring to system disorders impacting the future development not only in the sensory but also in the emotional and intellectual fields of child’s development. A special analysis of all developmental case-histories of children having innate and early acquired blindness complicated by additional disorders shows that among this population in different years of observations there is a rather stable number of children who can have a rather good prognosis of their psychological development (around 20% of cases). Long-time observations though showed that a part of these children who were seeming to be in a good state from the point of view of their safe abilities got worse while entering into the adolescent and elder age; so at the end they became part of a group of the low functioning or mental retarded children with additional sensory disabilities.

Pengaruh Penyuluhan Terhadap Peningkatan Motivasi dan Tindakan dalam Mencuci Tangan dan Membuang Sampah Pada Anak Penyandang Tunagrahita di Sleman

Clean and healthy behaviors such as hand washing with soap and waste disposing in proper place can be one of the ways to increase public health level. These activities should be done by everyone including those with mental retardation. This research was aimed to know the appro-priate health education method for improving motivation and action of those hand washing and waste disposing behavior among mental retarded children by conducting a quasi experiment with pre-test and post-test control group design. In the treatment group 1, the form of the experiment was health education with talk and followed by practical method, meanwhile in the treatment group 2, it was consisted of talk followed by video playing method; and in the control group, only talk method was carried out. The research subject was 45 mental retarded students of Panti Asih Special School in Pakem and Rela Bhakti I Special School in Gamping, Sleman, who were dis-tributed randomly into the research groups. Study results in the form of different scores data of motivation and action in hand washing and waste disposing were analysed with Kruskal-Wallis test at 95 % confidence level, and showed that significant differences in motivation of hand wa-shing (p- value 0,025) and waste disposing in proper place (p-value 0,004) were found between the treatments and control groups, especially in the cluster of above 13 years old. Significant dif-ference was also found in the action of hand washing (p-value 0.049) between the treatments and control groups; however, for waste disposing action, it was not significant enough (p-value 0,253). It can be concluded that the most appropriate methods are talk and practice method for increasing the motivation, and talk and video playing method for increasing the action, with put emphasis or give more attention on waste disposing matters.

Effect and subject of tablet PC use in education with severe mental retarded children

Effect and subject of tablet PC use in education with severe mental retarded children

Brain Activity of Normal and Low IQ Children: The Neural Efficiency Hypothesis

The neural efficiency hypothesis (NEH) of intelligence claims that subjects performing a complex task may well use a limited number of brain circuits and/or fewer neurons while poor performers use more circuits and/or neurons, some of which are inessential or detrimental to task performance. The present paper studies the EEG activity associated with reading and arithmetic calculation by normal and mental retarded children. Correlation analysis of the electrical activity recorded by 10/20 electrode system was used to calculate the amount of information allocated by individuals to solve these tasks. Multiple regression analyses showed that IQ linearly correlates with the amount of information provided by each electrode about task solution. This analysis also shows that normal children allocate an amount of computational resources H(B)n greater than that allocated by mental retarded children H(B)l to solve both reading and calculation task. Most important, it is shown that H(B)l

A Study of the Phonological Characteristicsof Mentally Retarded Children by the Levelof Intellectual Disability and Word Length

A Study of the Phonological Characteristicsof Mentally Retarded Children by the Levelof Intellectual Disability and Word Length

UPAYA MENINGKATKAN KOSA KATA MELALUI METODE BERMAIN PERAN PADA ANAK TUNAGRAHITA RINGAN (PTK Kelas DV di SLB Kartini Batam)

This research is a classroom action research background by mild mental retardation children lack vocabulary. For intervention is using baermain role aims to enhance the vocabulary of children.

Effect of Educational Games on Social Skills in Iranian Mentally Retarded Children

Effect of Educational Games on Social Skills in Iranian Mentally Retarded Children

AUDITORY FUNCTION IN PRETERM INFANTS AT THE AGE OF 3 MONTHS WITH INTRAUTERINE GROWTH RETARDATION AND BORN AT THE GESTATION PERIOD LESS THAN 32 WEEKS

The results of auditory function assessment in children with intrauterine growth retardation are analyzed in this study. The audiologic examination with distortion product evoked otoacoustic emission and auditory steady state evoked potentials methods was performed in 49 preterm infants, born at the gestation period less than 32 weeks from the monofetal pregnancy, at the age of 3 months. The observed patients were divided into 2 groups: preterm infants with intrauterine growth retardation (n=25) and preterm infants with body birth-weight appropriate for the gestation period (normotrophic) (n=24). In the group of children with intrauterine growth retardation the amount of patients who did not pass the distortion product evoked otoacoustic emission test was higher than in the group of normotrophic preterm children. The analysis of the results of the auditory steady state evoked potentials in preterm children suggest that there is no reliable hearing impairment in preterm infants with intrauterine growth retardation in comparison with normotrophic age-matched infants . For the objective description of the auditory function in preterm infants with intrauterine growth retardation and normotrophic children born at the gestation period less than 32 weeks at the age of 3 months both afore-mentioned methods should be used.

지적장애아동의 사회적 능력의 발달을 위한 연극놀이 집단프로그램의 개발 및 효과성에 관한 연구

본 연구는 지적장애아동을 대상으로 한 연극놀이 집단프로그램을 개발하고 이러한 프로그램을 직접 적용하여 이들의 사회적 능력에 미친 효과성을 입증하며, 궁극적으로는 지적장애아동을 위한 연극놀이 집단프로그램을 제언하고자 시도되었다. 본 연구의 연극놀이 집단프로그램은 구성주의의 이론과 원리와 선행연구들을 바탕으로 해서 개발되었으며, 약 6개월간 24회의 연극놀이 집단프로그램을 시행한 후에 양적방법의 유사실험설계와 질적 방법의 제 3자 관찰 분석의 방법을 활용하여 효과를 분석하였다. 연구결과는 첫째, 본 연극놀이 집단프로그램을 실행한 실험집단(지적장애아동=4명)의 사회적 능력을 사전, 사후에 비교해 본 결과는 p=.015로써 p<.05수준에서 통계적으로 유의미한 차이를 나타내었다. 반면, 비교집단(지적장애아동=4명)의 사회적 능력을 비교해본 결과는 통계적으로 유의미한 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 이러한 효과성은 사회적 능력의 하위영역인 교사가 선호하는 행동, 또래가 선호하는 행동에서도 나타났으나 학교적응력에서는 나타나지 않았다. 둘째, 질적 방법으로 사회성기술평가척도를 활용하여 첫 번째 회기와 마지막 회기에 관찰한 결과를 분석한 결과, 실험집단의 아동들 4명은 자기주장, 협력, 자아통제의 영역인 사회적 기술영역에서 긍정적 변화를 보인 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구의 결과를 토대로 하여, 지적장애아동을 위한 연극놀이 집단프로그램의 유용성과 실행방안을 제언하였다. The purpose of this study was to develop creative drama group program for children with mental retardation. To develop this program, the study begins with and in depth examination of the prior creative drama models, techniques and constructivism theory. The style of this creative drama program for children with mental retardation is a 24 session structured program, a small group program. The techniques of this creative drama program are a orientation, warming-up, main performance, feedback and sharing. Major findings were as follows. 4 mentally with mental retardation in creative drama group program showed a significant increased social competence. Also, children with mental retardation children showed the positive social skill change through the creative drama group program. Based on these findings, implications for creative drama group program for children with mental retardation were suggested.

Effects of Stress Management Training by Using Cognitive-Behavioral Method on Reducing Anxiety and Depression among Parents of Children with Mental Retardation

Present study is designed to investigate the effects of stress management training by using cognitive be- havioral method on anxiety and depression among parents of children with mental retardation. This study is a quasi-experiment that designed as pretest and post-test with control group. The statistical population of study included all parents with mental retarded children from city of Babol in 2011-2012. Sample population was including 40 parents that were selected cluster sampling and allocated in experimental and control groups (20 parents for experimental group and 20 for control group). The experimental group trained during 10 sessions of stress management with method of cognitive-behavioral, whereas during this period the control group did not received any intervention. Both groups in pre-test and post-test assessed by using anxiety and depression scale and results were analyzed by using independent t-test. The results of t-test showed that there were no significant differences between two groups in pre-test, but stress man- agement training with method of cognitive-behavioral in experimental group were significantly reduced scores of anxiety and depression. The results of this study showed that stress management by using cogni- tive-behavioral method decreases depression and anxiety scores compared with the control group. Due to psychological problems of parents with mental retarded children, cognitive-behavioral stress management training program can be used as intervention method to reduce anxiety and depression in order to decrease vulnerability.

The Effect of Rational-Emotional Training on Mothers’ Mental Health Condition of Children with Mental Retardation

Mental retardation in children is a basic problem for families that produce stress. These stresses influence negatively on mental health condition of their parents especially mothers. The aim of the present study was to determine the effectiveness of rational- emotional training on mothers’ mental health status of mental retarded children in exceptional center of Shahid Alavianin of Gonabad in the school year 2010- 2011. The research method is experimental accompanied by post-test and pre- test control group. The numbers of sampled individuals were 40, (20 individuals as case group and 20 as control group) were chosen and sampled by using random sampling method. Primarily, in both group pre-test was performed by general health questionnaire (GHQ- 28) was performed. Next, the case group underwent cognitive- behavioural training for 10 forty- five – minute sessions. At the end of training, post-test was performed in both groups. The data gathered were analyzed using SPSS-16 software program and the independent T-test- differences between means. The results suggested that there were significant differences between the variance of mean scores of general health and its components, namely, physical complaints, anxiety, social, adjustment disorder and depression in the two case and control group (p<0/05). According to the results, rational-emotional training has a significant positive effect on mothers’ mental health condition of mental retarded children. Thus, as a decreasing stress strategy in these mothers recommend rational-emotional training programs by specialists for them.

Efektivitas Media Gambar dapat Meningkatkan Mengenalkan Anggota Keluarga Inti bagi Anak Tunagrahita Sedang

Tunagrahita child was a child with their ability is below average is between 51-36 compared with normal children her own age and kind of mental disorders, social emotional, speech and language, there are six (6) children tunagrahita being. This child have problems in speaking, this child would speak when it was forced by the teacher. Based on information from the teachers who are doing research on children mental retardation children have started to understand simple commands (receptive) for example, when the teacher said the child pray attitude immediately cupped his hands, his expression fixed on an object of interest, the ability of social interaction still need to be guided. The method uses a model quasi-experimental study used the experimental pretest-posttest control group, also known as one group pre-test post-test control group design with two kinds of treatment. The hypothesis of this study is: Ha image media are effective in improving core introduces family members of the child mental retardation were grade 1 in SLB 1 Padang. Ho: media images is not effective in improving core introduces family members of the child mental retardation were grade 1 in SLB 1 Padang. Testing hypotheses obtained with trials obtained Uhit U = 7.5 adjusted with tables on the significant level of 95% and a = 0.05 for n = 6 obtained Utab = 10. From the results obtained Uhit &lt;Utab. This means that the Ha Ho rejected and accepted. Thus concluded that the level of a = 0.05 was not enough evidence to show a significant difference between the recognition ability of family members using the media images and without the use of media images mental retardation of the child being a class D 1 / C 1 in SLBN 1 Padang.

Efektivitas Media Gambar dapat Meningkatkan Mengenalkan Anggota Keluarga Inti bagi Anak Tunagrahita Sedang

Tunagrahita child was a child with their ability is below average is between 51-36 compared with normal children her own age and kind of mental disorders, social emotional, speech and language, there are six (6) children tunagrahita being. This child have problems in speaking, this child would speak when it was forced by the teacher. Based on information from the teachers who are doing research on children mental retardation children have started to understand simple commands (receptive) for example, when the teacher said the child pray attitude immediately cupped his hands, his expression fixed on an object of interest, the ability of social interaction still need to be guided. The method uses a model quasi-experimental study used the experimental pretest-posttest control group, also known as one group pre-test post-test control group design with two kinds of treatment. The hypothesis of this study is: Ha image media are effective in improving core introduces family members of the child mental retardation were grade 1 in SLB 1 Padang. Ho: media images is not effective in improving core introduces family members of the child mental retardation were grade 1 in SLB 1 Padang. Testing hypotheses obtained with trials obtained Uhit U = 7.5 adjusted with tables on the significant level of 95% and a = 0.05 for n = 6 obtained Utab = 10. From the results obtained Uhit &lt;Utab. This means that the Ha Ho rejected and accepted. Thus concluded that the level of a = 0.05 was not enough evidence to show a significant difference between the recognition ability of family members using the media images and without the use of media images mental retardation of the child being a class D 1 / C 1 in SLBN 1 Padang.

The Effect’s of Music on Increasing Motor Skills and Auditory Memory in Mental Retarded Children Aged 15-10 with 65-75IQ (Case Study)

Music has been successful as a therapeutic intervention for persons with mental and physical disabilities. Motor and mental coordination can be improved through many musical experiences. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the effects of music on increasing motor skills and auditory memory in mental retarded children aged 15-10 with 75-65 IQ. For this purpose, 40 male and female students were selected randomly-cluster method. To implement this research quasi-experimental methods and control groups were used. The descriptive statistics and t-test as well as spss software were used to analyze the data: the following results were obtained Music training improves and increases mentally motor skills of retarded children and also enhances listening memory.

The Effect of a Ten-Week Physical Education Training Programme on Mentally Retarded Children

Introduction Although individuals with mental retardation (MR) have a cognitive disability, it should not be inferred that they are incapable of performing physically. In fact, if there are no secondary complications other than MR, there should not be any limits, physiologically speaking. ‘Thus, an individual with mental retardation has the same potential to develop physically as his or her peers.’ (DePauw and Gawron, 1995). Today, it has been recognised that training can promote the psychophysical progress of people with MR, by satisfying their primary needs and by enhancing their motivation to live (Podgorski et al., 2004; Svendsen, 1982). Physical exercise and fitness are considered important for health and well-being, especially for people with disability (Dykens et al., 1998; Fernhall, 1993; Heller, 2004). Individuals with MR rarely experience a physically active lifestyle, and their long-term physical inactivity likely contributes to poor health; they need effective physical fitness training programmes, and so the authors developed and implemented a pilot exercise programme for persons with MR and conducted a study to evaluate the effects. The programme was evaluated using physical (50 m. dash, upper body lift and static balance) and physiological measure (respiratory rate).

A Family-based Association Study of DIO2 and children mental retardation in the Qinba region of China

Deiodinase enzyme II (DIO2) has an important role in individuals' thyroid hormones' level, the development of central and peripheral nervous systems and characterized by mental retardation (MR). The DIO2 gene was genotyped by using five haplotype-tagging single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 157 Chinese MR high-density family pedigrees, including 452 nuclear families and >1460 persons. The single marker and haplotype analyses were performed by Family-based Association Tests (FBAT). Three SNPs had P-values <0.05 in at least one inherited model survived with the correction. Several haplotypes composed of these SNPs were also associated with MR. The in silico analyses identified that one of the SNPs, rs1388378, may be a functional SNP. However, further in vitro studies of this SNP should be considered in elucidating its effect on gene expression and the possible role in MR susceptibility.

Investigation of thealteration of gray matter volume in children with mental retardation with the optimalvoxel-based morphometry

：Objective To detectbrain structural difference between children with unexplained mental retardation andchildren with typically normal development. Methods The high-resolution magnetic MRimaging were obtained from 21 children with unexplained mental retardation and 30age-matched control children without intellectual disabilities. Voxel-based morphometryanalysis with an optimization of spatial segmentation and normalization procedures wereapplied to compare differences of gray matter volume between the two groups. The total andregional gray matter volume were compared between the two groups with independent t test.Meanwhile, correlation was conducted to analyze the relationship between the total graymatter volume and intelligence quotient (IQ) with partial correlation test. Results Thetotal gray matter volume was significantly increased in the mental retardation children[(1. 012 ±0. 079) × 106 mm3]in relative to the controls [(0. 956 ± 0. 059) × 106 mm3,t = - 2. 80, P ＜ 0. 05]. Compared tocontrols,children with unexplained mental retardation showed significantly increased graymatter volume in different regions, including the bilateral thalami, the bilateralsuperior frontal gyri, the bilateral gyri rectus, the bilateral temporal poles, the rightinferior frontal gyrus, right parahippocampal gyrus and the right cerebellum. Nocorrelation was detected between the total gray matter volume and IQ in children withmental retardation (r = 0. 078 ,P ＞ 0. 05). Conclusions VBM would detect the gray matterabnormalities that were not founded in routine MR scanning. The increase of gray mattervolume in the frontal-thalamus network might indicate the delayed maturation of the braindevelopment. This might be one of the causations of mental retardation in children. Key words: Mental retardation; Magnetic resonance imaging; Brain; Child

PENGEMBANGAN MODEL PEMBELAJARAN JASMANI ADAPTIF UNTUK OPTIMALISASI OTAK ANAK TUNAGRAHITA

The purpose of this study is to set adapted physical learning model for optimize mental retarded brain. This objectives achieved in two stages, for two years.Research and Development approach are applied in this research in two stages. Phase I conducted literature review and field observations. Data that obtained in this phase are analyzed and are used to set a draf of adapted physical learning model to optimize mental retarded brain. The result of Phase I (2009) includes the literature review about the characteristics of mental retarded children, the motion effects on the brain, gestures to the brain. Field observation that carried out in this phase obtain that motor skill of mental retarded child are good running, lack of balance, less category in cognitive abilities. The ability to read, write, and arithmetic are in moderate category. Affective abilities in self-control is in moderate category, but the empathy and cooperation into well category. Psychomotor ability to perform activities of daily life in the good category. The model of motion exercises and songs combined with circuit activities to optimize the mental retarded brain. The entire 40-minute duration of learning, with 9 minutes of the first and last songs of the motion and shape of gymnastics and the remaining circuit events consisting of 6 stations that include trampoline, crawling, climbing beam bridges, rolling over, facedown on the medicine ball, and crawling in the aisle

A PSYCHOLOGICAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL STUDY OF MENTALLY RETARDED CHILDREN WITH CEREBRAL PALSY.

SUMMARY 92 mentally retarded children with cerebral palsy are described in terms of daily living skills, locomotion, oculomotor co-ordination, feeding, dressing, toilet training and speech, and sensorimotor development. It was possible to rate them all on age scales with a ceiling of 3 years. Strong relationships between the scales are demonstrated and the children are shown to have relatively even patterns of development; age is shown to have a variable relationship with development. The implications of the study in terms of dependence or independence of these children are discussed. RESUME Etude de la psychologie et du développement de 92 enfants mentallement retardés atteints de paralysie cérébrale. 92 enfants mentallement retardés atteints de paralysie cérébrale sont décrits sous les rapports de l'habileté dans la vie courante, la locomotion, la coordination oculo-motrice, leur aptitude à manger, s'habiller, leur continence, leur façon de parler, et sous le rapport de rapport de leur développement sensorimoteur. Il a été possible de tous les classer par échelle d'âges avec un plafond de 3 ans. Il existe de fortes relations entre les échelons d'âge, et les enfants ont des types de développement relativement constants; on a montré que l'âge est en relation variable avec le développement. Les auteurs discutent des implications de cette étude en terme de dépendance ou in-dépendance de ces enfants.