Mental Movement Research Articles

Empathic Space in Henry James's "The Jolly Corner"

Abstract: This essay explores the spatial dynamics in James's short story "The Jolly Corner," arguing for the existence of a non-material or so-called empathic space generated by characters' physical and mental movements within the material and mental/imagined spaces of the storyworld. This cognitive literary analysis of "empathic spaces" in James's fiction draws on empathy's embodied and spatial nature rooted in the origins of empathy in German psychological aesthetics and experimental psychology of the early twentieth century. The essay highlights how Jamesian spaces function as experimental sites of intersubjective and empathic experience.

CONTEXTUAL COMMUNICATION AS A TOOLKIT FOR INCREASING PROFESSIONAL EFFECTIVENESS AND INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION

Introduction. The use of various types and forms of communication in communication activities is of certain research interest and can be learned through appropriate procedures. Unlocking the potential of contextual communication for professional and personal communication is the subject of this article.
 Materials and methods. To carry out this research as an effective epistemological practice, a systemic and axiological approach was applied, as well as a set of modern methods for processing scientific information from various fields of social and humanitarian knowledge. These are various variations of the use of the analytical-synthetic method, making analogies and comparisons, mental movement in deductive and inductive ways, generalization of scientific data and theoretical abstraction.
 Research results. The work consistently reveals the goals, objectives, structure, essence and concept of contextual communication based on the need for its implementation in professional activities and other forms of human interaction. It is noted that the main characteristic of contextual communication is its indirectness from direct communication, when the role of “subject-object of an example” is a real-life person, his actions (deeds) or examples of erroneous decisions. Through the mediation of contextual communication, it is possible to effectively transmit goal settings, value formations or epistemological constructs.
 Discussions and conclusions. The construction of work communication processes and the increasing shortage of time resources for personal communication in modern reality actualizes the problems of using increasingly effective and quickly applied communication tools. Such a tool today also includes contextual communication, which is used purposefully or spontaneously both in business interaction between people and in personal subject-subject communication. Knowledge of contextual communication has great cognitive prospects, the achievement of which was carried out in this work.

Towards a More Individualised Practice of Motor Imagery: The Additional Value of the Personality Dimension Extraversion

Motor imagery (MI) training is used to improve motor performance in both patients and athletes. The putative link between personality and MI remains however largely underexplored. In this pilot study, 72 sports students performed MI and physical execution of a finger pointing task. MI ability was assessed through the mental chronometry paradigm that captured the temporal components of imagery, as well as self-report measures of imagery vividness and imagery ease. Personality dimensions were assessed with the five-factor model. Extraversion was found to be significantly correlated with MI ability as measured with mental chronometry ( r = .37, p = .001) but not with imagery vividness ( r = −.08, p = .481) or imagery ease ( r = −.04, p = .741). The other personality dimensions were unrelated to MI ability (all p > .05). Based on these findings, we postulate that extravert individuals may have an advantage in controlling and maintaining the temporal aspect of mental movements. This may help extraverts to better benefit from imagery training.

Assessment of Mental Imagery of Movement in Schizophrenia

Schizophrenia patients often present with neurological signs such as left/right confusion, impaired coordination of movements, and motor abnormalities may occur secondary to antipsychotic medications. Neuropsychological tests identify various dysfunctions, such as difficulty in focusing attention, difficulty in abstract thinking or difficulty in changing the response frame, while Neurophysiological tests show slowing down of reaction time, problems with eye tracking, etc. There are no studies in the international literature dealing with the investigation of mental imagery of movement in Greek patients with schizophrenia. Also, the position that patients with schizophrenia – regardless of their symptom profile, age, sex, and chronicity of the disease – have a permanent difficulty in creating and manipulating an internal model of their movement prediction, has not been substantiated enough to date. Aim: In the present study we examine the function of visual-motor coordination and the time to achieve the goal-directed movement of the dominant hand of patients with schizophrenia Method: The sample we used in our research consisted of patients with diagnosed schizophrenia and healthy individuals. Schizophrenia patients belonged to the experimental group and healthy subjects to the control group. The number of examined patients was 39 and the healthy 51. the assessment of the movement and its mental representation was carried out with the real and mental movement of the dominant hand between two square targets located at a distance of 20 cm, on white paper of A4 size. Conclusions: Visuomotor coordination of a specific hand movement differs between patients with schizophrenia and the normal population. In particular, the means of the goal-directed hand movement achievement time in the actual execution condition and in the mental execution condition of the patients were significantly higher than the corresponding times of the standard population.

"ТИХОНЯ" ВАСИЛЯ ЗЕМЛЯКА ЯК ВЗІРЕЦЬ СУЧАСНОЇ УКРАЇНСЬКОЇ АНІМАЛІСТИЧНОЇ ПРОЗИ

The author of the article outlined the generic-stylistic and compositional peculiarities of the story ‘Tykhonia’ (‘Quiet’) by Vasyl Zemliak, which belongs to the classical samples of the 20th century Ukrainian animalistic prose, as well as the literature for children. Apparently, formation of a child’s worldview and, what is more essential, child’s interactions with ‘the smaller ones’ belong to the archetypal problems of the world literature. There was shown that the through animalistic image, which is ‘a horse’ in the story analyzed, conditioned the juxtaposition of different viewpoints on the communication between a human and an animal, the formation of patterns of treating the animal by both children and adults, and thenceforth the search for the contact points of these patterns. This is the way to reveal the trends of symbolizing an animal, typical for Ukrainian worldview likewise, in the consciousness of a teenage character. In turn, V. Zemliak’s prose work displays the tendencies to combine the elements of a short story and a novella, which is evident in dynamism of the narration and formation of typically novelistic Wendepunkt (a counterpoint, in other words). The problems raised in the story by Vasyl Zemliak are relevant in our days since they make a reader think over which we wish to see the 21st century Ukrainian children like. The writer accomplished the thorough extrapolation of important social and ethical problems on displaying the subtle mental movements of the nonfictional character, in particular – the latter’s communication with an animal. Further researches in this field would help to expand the range of animalistic symbols and their interpretations, outline the linguistic means to create them regarding the writer’s individual mastery, and trace the ways of formation of their new connotations in different periods of the literary process.

The Use Of Pros In Science Learning To Improve Creativity Of Class III Students Of SD Negeri 0421 Despot Mandian

During the pandemic, the creativity of students and teachers in the distance learning process is highly expected to maximize teacher capacity, especially for students who need to study online, but this demand is not in Indonesia. Best applied in all schools. Students at SD Negeri 0421 Despot Mandian face obstacles for both students and teachers due to the lack of internet access and cell phone facilities. Therefore, in this study, an alternative approach that is easier to use by students and teachers is used, namely using natural material teaching aids for object motion courses using a procedural approach that requires students and teachers to be more active in mental movements. In the application, the teacher prepares media for the object of motion aids, then demonstrates and asks students what they see, then students guess (hypothesize) and present, then the teacher draws conclusions based on the theme of the object's motion material. Based on the LKS assessment of 20 students during their study period, 35% in the first cycle and 85% of the average students in the second cycle. It can be concluded that the first cycle has not achieved maximum learning outcomes because the media used is still new to them and needs to be adjusted, while in the second cycle it increases because the media used is interesting, students are used to it, so students can easily understand it

“Phenomenology of Spirit” and the Hegelian Triad

The Phenomenology of Spirit summarizes Hegel's previous philosophical research and announces the outline of the future philosophy. Phenomenology of Spirit is the science of mental reality, which reduces the whole diversity of life and history to the relation of "consciousness" to "object" and inverts this relation to explain the mental movement and history of human beings. The Phenomenology of Spirit is not only an original work among all Hegel's works, but it is also one of the original works of the whole Western philosophy. This paper shows that Hegel, however, insists on the consistency of the development of thought and focuses on the study of appearances and the pure process of knowing.

Ratiocination

In this paper, I analyse the nature of a particular form of theoretical reasoning—ratiocination. Ratiocination is purposeful, self-conscious, deliberatively controlled reasoning. I will argue that ratiocination concludes when the ratiocinator believes that she ought to believe p. In Section 1, I suggest that the way a reasoner’s mind moves in ratiocination is different from the way her mind moves in non-ratiocinative reasoning. Such a difference should motivate an analysis that focuses just on ratiocination. In Section 2, I provide a general characterisation of ratiocination and distinguish it from non-ratiocinative reasoning. I draw a distinction between non-deliberative rational control and deliberative rational control. I then argue that the ratiocinator always exercises the latter. Since theoretical reasoning is a norm-governed activity and since ratiocination involves deliberatively controlled reasoning, the ratiocinator necessarily tries to control her mental movements in a way that is in line with the normative requirements of this activity. In Section 3, I argue that ratiocination ends when the ratiocinator believes that she ought to believe p. I further explain the nature of the ‘ought’ in the ratiocinator’s belief that she ought to believe p. In Section 4, I address possible objections to the account on offer and explain why my account does not undermine our general understanding of the nature of theoretical reasoning. I explain that my claim is compatible with the claim that reasons to be rational are transparent to reasons to believe p. I also discuss why the ratiocinator’s belief that she ought to believe p is not an intermediate stage in ratiocination. Finally, I argue that ratiocination, as described, is compatible with the claim that belief is truth-governed.

Modulation of Motor Cortex Activity After Intrathecal Baclofen Delivery in Chronic Thoracic Spinal Cord Injury.

ObjectivesIntrathecal baclofen (ITB) is commonly used for reduction of spasticity in chronic spinal cord injury (SCI). Its clinical effect is well-known; however, exact mechanisms of long-term effect of continuous ITB administration (cITBa) on modulation of cortical processes have not been elucidated. The aim of this study was to evaluate changes in motor cortex activation for healthy upper limbs in comparison to impaired lower limbs by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).MethodsTen subjects (eight males, 20–69 years) with thoracic SCI presenting no voluntary movements of lower limbs (except one) were enrolled in the fMRI study. fMRI at 1.5T with a finger tapping paradigm and mental movement simulating foot flexion on the dominant side were performed before, 3 months, and 1 year after start of cITBa. fMRI data processing was carried out using FMRI Expert Analysis Tool (FEAT), part of FSL. A second-level analysis was carried out using FLAME stages 1 and 2. The level of spasticity was assessed with the Modified Ashworth scale (MAS).ResultsContinuous ITB significantly decreased limb spasticity in all the subjects (group MAS spasticity dropped from 3 to 0.3). The second-level analysis (Z > 1.6, cluster significance threshold p =0.05) revealed increased activation of the primary sensorimotor cortex of the foot between baseline and 3 months, and 3 months and 1 year.ConclusionIncreased sensorimotor cortex activation with spasticity reduction after cITBa may reflect distant functional reorganization because of long-term mediated neuroplastic changes in the sensorimotor cortex. Better understanding of modulation of brain function in SCI after cITBa may influence the field of neurorehabilitation.

Entrepreneurship Development Communities based on Mosque: Educational Management Review

This study aims to find a model of education management for the entrepreneurship development of community based on mosque as a form of community mental revolution movement. The research method used is participatory action research (PAR) which is carried out through four stages, namely, planning, observation, and reflection, which in its implementation are carried out in various cycles of activities with the people of Bantur District. The results showed that mosque-based community entrepreneurship development education management activities were able to identify the actual conditions of the community through a SWOT analysis, which in turn found strategies and methods in solving the problems they faced. After the planning is implemented, the community implements it with the assistance and facilitation of the researcher. Observations were made to identify and analyze strengths, weaknesses, challenges, and opportunities. This was done by involving the community. Furthermore, the community's efforts are then reflected and evaluated; both strengths, weaknesses, challenges, and opportunities are carried out by involving the community.

РОМАНТИЧНА ІСТОРІОСОФІЯ А. МІЦКЕВИЧА. ЕМОЦІЇ, ПРОСТІР, ІМПЕРІЯ

The article examines A. Mickiewicz’s “Crimean Sonnets” in the context of geopolitics, anthropology, and literary imagology. Attention is focused on the phenomenon of knowing the Other, the situation of the cultural frontier of the Polish émigré poet, the founder of national romanticism, the reformer of the Polish language, the author of works about Lithuania and Ukraine, and the researcher of Slavonia. Attention is focused on the Paris lectures of A. Mickiewicz, in which Ukraine appears as the personification of the frontier, the territory of the borderland, multiculturalism, and the place of geopolitical clashes. The impor- tance of the landscape factor for the interpretation of Ukrainian history, which is closely connected with the national space and picturesque landscapes, is emphasized. The dichotomy of West and East is inscribed in the local-ethnographic context of Ukrainian everyday life, the contradictory meeting of cultures on the border. Mickiewicz’s historiosophy is connected with the steppe as a marker of Ukraine. In this connection, the concept of cultural influences of M. Hrushevskyi, his views on the steppe and the sea as extremely important concepts of the history of Ukraine are considered. «Crimean Sonnets» appear as the embodiment of steppe metaphors at various levels. It is stated that Mickiewicz’s depiction of the steppe completely breaks out of the traditional framework of landscape descriptions, sketches, and national landscapes. Special attention is drawn to the anthropological aspects of the steppe space, its close connection with emotions, mentality, artistic style. Mickiewicz’s works are considered in the context of the work of Polish poets of the Ukrainian school – B. Zaleski, A. Malczewski, S. Goszczyński. Emphasis is placed on the rhizome structure of the steppe space in the texts of Polish romanticism. This allows us to combine opposites and antinomies within the limits of artistic integrity, to read symbolic emotions and mental movements in the cultural geography. The steppe is analyzed as a national space, a metaphor of Ukrainian history, cultural geography, a landscape characteristic of style, writing, emotions, ethnopsychology.

Motor Imagery and Frontal Head Oxygenation: An fNIRS Study.

Motor imagery (MI) is a manifestation of mental movements, but it cannot be identified visually. Therefore, to a large extent, MI assessment has not yet been established. The present study aimed to investigate whether frontal oxy-Hb changes and cardiac autonomic nervous system activity during MI are associated with the psychometric scale assessment of MI and clarify the utility of each index in MI assessment. Thirty-one healthy men and women were included in this study, and Pocket NIRS Duo was used to assess frontal oxygenated hemoglobin levels during walking MI. Simultaneously, heart rate and sympathetic index (low and high frequency (LF/HF) during MI were evaluated using Chiryou Meijin, a heart rate frequency analyser. In addition, a psychometric scale evaluation was carried out in MC and VAS, and its correlation with oxy-Hb levels, heart rate (HR), and LF/HF was investigated. HRs and LF/HF during MI were significantly increased compared with those at rest. However, oxy-Hb levels during MI were not increased. There was a significant correlation between right oxy-Hb levels and mental chronometry (MC) during MI (r=-0.3, p<0.05). HR and LF/HF were not correlated with MC. VAS was not correlated with oxy-Hb levels, HR, or LF/HF. The results of this study confirm an association between MI performance and frontal oxy-Hb changes and that brain activity is not necessarily elevated during MI. HR were significantly increased but did not show any association with MC.

Pemberdayaan Pojok Baca Melalui Implementasi Gerakan Nasional Gemar Membaca bagi Masyarakat Kampung Poncowati

Background: Creating a reading corner at the Village Hall in realizing government programs, especially the national library in carrying out the reading fondness movement, the Poncowati Village community service group established and facilitated a reading corner service that provided various types of books to be used as public reading material. The books were obtained as a grant from the people of Kampung Poncowati and there are 120 titles available consisting of various fields of education, health, agriculture, fisheries, economics, social, culture, religion, and so on. In managing the reading corner, books are still not in accordance with the needs of the community so that public interest in visiting the Reading Corner is still lacking. Therefore, a solution is needed to overcome this problem through a national program for reading fondness. The national movement for reading fondness is one of the means in realizing a dedicated, clean, orderly and united Indonesia. Through reading materials, there is a lot of information related to character messages that have the potential to change the mindset of the Indonesian people for the better in order to advance and educate the Indonesian people. Objective: Increase public awareness in rearranging the Reading Corner to attract reading interest in the people of Kampung Poncowati. Method: This program is implemented through methods of education and training, mentoring, dedication and guidance towards a clean, orderly, mutual cooperation, and service to Indonesia which is expected to be sustainable through the awareness of relevant parties, especially the government and regional libraries in paying attention to village library facilities and infrastructure. which has potential. in realizing the national program of the mental revolution-based reading movement. Through socialization activities for the mental revolution movement through empowerment Results: The implementation of the core program of Establishing the Reading Corner of Poncowati Village went smoothly because of the enthusiasm of the community to visit the Reading Corner of Poncowati Village starting from children, teenagers to adults.

Merry Science of Literature (Almost an Essay)

The article investigates the development of the literary studies of Lithuanian literature over the past three decades pointing out some mental movements as well as difficulties of „transferrence“ and „hermeneutics“ of selfreflection. The article is not focused on describing all the schools of literary studies that were under formation at that time, the translated theoretical works or on classifying the researchers of the period (some names are mentioned sporadically as an example only). The aim is to give just one perspective without aiming to provide an objective wholsome overwiew.

Choreographies of Making Archaeological Data

AbstractA lot of different concepts have been utilised to elucidate diverse aspects of archaeological practices and knowledge production. This article describes how the notion of choreography can complement the existing repertoire of concepts and be used to render visible the otherwise difficult to grasp physical and mental movements that make up archaeological work as a practical and scholarly exercise. The conceptual discussion in the article uses vignettes drawn from an observation study of an archaeological teaching excavation in Scandinavia to illustrate how the concepts of choreography, choreographing, and choreographer can be used to inquire into archaeological work and data production. In addition to how explicating physical, temporal, and ontological choreographies of archaeological work can help to understand how it unfolds, the present article suggests that a better understanding of theepistemic choreographiesof archaeological, scientific, and scholarly work can help to unpack and describe its inputs and outputs, the data it produces, what the work achieves, and how it is made in space and time.

Penggunaan Video Animasi Dengan Model Pembelajaran Problem Solving Untuk Meningkatkan Kemampuan Bertanya Dan Menyimpulkan

With a problem-solving model, students will gradually grow to be complete, Students will gradually grow to be complete, meaning that student changes do not only occur in cognition but also emotions and mental movements with an internal understanding of the problems at hand. The purpose of this study was to determine the implementation, improvement, and response of students regarding the use of animated videos in elementary school students' learning. . The research was using qualitative descriptive with a homeroom teacher and 4th-grade students that using instruments in the form of documentation, tests, and interviews. There are found several obstacles in the implementation of online learning such as smartphones, quotas, and internet networks. The results from this research, that the use of animated video with the learning model of problem-solving was implemented properly. There was an increased inability in the learning process, students actively asked questions and were able to conclude the material presented. In addition, the students' responses were very good, as seen from their enthusiasm and enthusiasm to ask questions without fear of being wrong and embarrassed. Here it appears that there is a change in a very good direction.

From “Patient” to “Activist”: Treatment Experiences, Changing Perceptions, and Resistance of Mental Health Survivors

ABSTRACT The mental health survivors movement, composed of former and current mental health service consumers- turned activists is one of the most promising innovative and subversive phenomenon in the field of mental health (source, year). Although scholarly writing on this movement is slowly cumulating, much more empirical and theoretical work is needed to further our understanding of, and ability to learn from, this pioneering movement. Acknowledging mental health survivors as a population under continuous repression, and recognizing the various benefits of activism and of attempts at resistance, the current study endeavors to promote understanding of the process involved in mental health survivors’ transition from service consumers to activists. To approach this aim, the Present study explored the personal journey of ten Israeli mental health survivors-turned-activists. The findings describe difficult and crushing encounters with the mental health system. Participants describe a process of continuous experiences of dehumanization and humiliation leading survivors to the understanding that the system will not meet their needs and wants, but rather that they must develop their own voice, conceptions, and ways of coping. This understanding stands as a basis for a new look at one’s need and wants, which is manifested as developing more efficient and autonomous ways of coping, including through as social activism. The findings and discussion stress the challenges facing the professional community to confront the harsh and disturbing testimonies provided by mental health Survivors, and call upon professionals, both practitioners and researchers, to search for ways to cooperate with these novel attempts at change.

Movement as a creative language, between functional and technological aspects in internal spaces

Movement is present by nature in all creatures of the Creator, phenomenon or latent within cells, and even the fixed elements change with the passage of time and provide a sense of movement when exposed to factors and influences such as wind or rain, so the movement is a divine gift if it is best used by the designer, it provides an integrated design that carries the characteristics of permanence and flexibility. And sustainability, it is considered the design language of adaptation that enables the designer to reach a realistic design that is functional, aesthetically and technologically aware. Interior design is nothing but an imagination of a set of different and changing scenarios that solve the problems of space to provide the right environment for users. Problem : - The lack of clarity of the correct concept of the movement's design thought and philosophy due to the relative scarcity of reference sources that directly address the movement as a design language, in addition to the lack of clarity of the full impact of its impact on interior design. - Limiting the internal designer to exploiting the movement from the functional and technological aspects and neglecting its aesthetic and psychological impact on the user. Goal: - Shedding light on the correct concept of the movement's thought and philosophy, its value and its relationship to the inner space. - Highlighting the characteristics and value of movement and the importance of its use as a basic factor in designing the internal space from all functional, aesthetic and technological aspects, in addition to its impact on the user. Methodology: The research follows the descriptive method and the analytical method. results: 1- Movement in interior design has two basic types: the moral mental movement and the objective physical movement in the visual field in addition to the movement of linear elements, surfaces, volumes, colors and lighting. The movement is perceived in design through understanding the factors that cause this perception, which are contrast, diversity and unity. And proportion, toning, light and color. 2- Movement in interior design has many philosophical values ​​such as merging, collision, extension, expansion, disassembly ... and others, and those values ​​control movement resulting from linear elements, shapes, surfaces, light and color within the space. 3- Any vacuum that represents an integrated kinematic system that combines formation, functionality and technology.

The Synthesis of an Adaptive Filter for Automatic Detection and Time Localization of Premotor EEG Patterns of the Human Brain

An adaptive low-pass filter has been synthesized for automatic patterns detection of arbitrary mental movements in records of multidimensional electroencephalograms (EEG). The filter is based on the multivariate singular spectrum analysis. The effective bandwidth of the filter corresponds to the spectrum of the sought patterns of mental activity on the observed EEG time interval. The use of the synthesized filter provided a reliable automatic search for patterns and the correct determination of their time boundaries. The correctness of the results has been confirmed in experiments with 24 volunteers.

Logical expressivism as a defense for the necessity of entailment of logical arguments

Introduction In his famous 1985 article “What the Tortoise Said to Achilles”, Lewis Carroll offers a regress that suggests we could never reach the conclusion of a deductive argument. In that story, logical rules are conditional propositions that adding them to an argument never provides enough reason to infer the conclusion. For example, when we are to use modus ponens, “if (if P then Q) and (P) then (Q)”, the rule itself does not justify us in a way that we could follow (Q) from (if P then Q) and (P) as the premises. Here, we follow a path that in Ethics is called non-cognitive moral expressivism. According to logical expressivism, logical inferences are not just mental states without any consequences, but we should consider logical facts and rules of logic as some dispositions that create capabilities for making inferences from premises. Methods and Material The method of research here is based on content analysis and logical inference. First, the main problem is established, and then I tried to apply the solution introduced in Ethics for the same problem in Logic. In the end, I concluded that disposition could serve as a good reason to reach the conclusion in arguments. Results and Discussion It seems as if we should have a principle that makes whoever faces an argument draw the conclusion. In the philosophy of Ethics, these principles are usually expressed by “ought”, so in logic, we should express inferential rules, such as MP, as follow: - Everyone that believes P and if P then Q ought to believes Q too. The normativity of logical rules is defended by some famous philosophers such as Wittgenstein and Ryle. Wittgenstein believes rules of inference cannot be true or false, since they are just like instructions or commands that we must follow like instructions in a handbook. What I added here is that these instructions themselves could make the mind move in a certain direction without any need for other reasons. Ryle believes that logical rules are not some sort of knowledge of facts, but actually, are “how-to-act” or knowledge of performance; in other words, we should explore the issue at hand in practical wisdom rather than theoretical wisdom. When we know a logical rule, we know how to act in a certain way, not that this knowledge is an extra premise that should be added to the argument. Boghossian suggests this idea that passing through one piece of information to another one does not need further belief to justify this move. Logical dispositions, when we try to have a valid inference, make the logical move from premises to the conclusion possible. As Wittgenstein put forward in his Philosophical Investigations, acting according to logic is like following some rules, and our knowledge about these rules is dispositional: “When I obey a rule, I do not choose. I obey the rule blindly”. In this way, logic is internally sufficient and justified. Logical internalism explains this idea as follow: - Beliefs, in their propositional form, do not motivate to act. - Logical rules motivate to act according to them. - Therefore, logical rules are not beliefs in propositional form. The conclusion introduces a simple form of logical non-cognitivism that suggests knowledge of logic is not knowledge about facts, but rather logic contains norms that lead agents to infer properly. Conclusion As the result, the solution for Carroll`s puzzle suggested here is that we should consider logical principles as dispositions that guide us in our mental movements; logical principles, in this way, are not some sort of beliefs that represents facts. In articulating this solution, we use a theory in the philosophy of ethics that considers moral judgments as non-cognitive mental states. In logical non-cognitivism, logic is a handbook for deducing. Also, according to logical internalism, non-propositional rules of logic are enough to entail the conclusion and there is no need to add other premises to the argument. Logical expressivism is an approach in the epistemology of logic that regards logic as a self-sufficient knowledge and as a prerequisite for any rational activity. Basic principles and rules of logic should not be presented as descriptive propositions. The justification of inferential rules is based on their normativity. All our knowledge is not objective and descriptive, but some part of it is normative and how-to-do norms. It is clear that this picture of logic is not realistic and logical expressivism should be considered an antirealist theory and must be interpreted in this way: logic is not trying to paint a picture of the word, rather it is the precondition for any objective knowledge about the world.