Mental Injury Research Articles

Prevalence and Predictors of Posttraumatic Stress and Depression Symptoms Among Syrian Refugees in a Refugee Camp.

Turkey is hosting the majority of Syrian refugees. The current study investigates the prevalence of probable posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression among adult Syrians residing in a camp (N = 781) and potential predictors. The Impact of Event Scale-Revised was used to measure PTSD and the Beck Depression Inventory depression. Probable PTSD prevalence was 83.4%, with predictors being female sex (odds ratio [OR], 4.1), previous mental health problems (OR, 4.5), life threat (OR, 3.0), and injury of a loved one (OR, 1.8). Probable depression prevalence was 37.4%, with predictors being female sex (OR, 5.1), previous mental health problems (OR, 2.9), having a loved one who was tortured (OR, 1.7), and not being satisfied at the camp (OR, 1.7). The current study reveals high rates of probable PTSD and depression among Syrian refugees and highlights vulnerabilities such as great risk for women of having psychopathology.

An Inquiry into the Legal Considerations for Passenger Mental Injuries in International Aviation Laws

The main purpose of the paper is to discuss law application concerning mental damage compensation to air passengers, and to offer solutions. Though Legal Positivism, the paper analyzes the legislative background and purpose of damage compensation to air passengers in Warsaw System; through comparisons, it discusses the legislative and judicial theories and practices concerning mental damage compensation in China and the US. The study finds that, regulations in the Warsaw System concerning mental damage compensation to air passengers have blurred boundaries, leading to difficulties in application. Though as major aviation powers, China and the US also have strong disagreements on this issue in their relevant laws and judicial precedents at home, also leading to difficulties in application. This paper suggests timely amendments to the Warsaw System, so as to avoid forum shopping, which may disturb law application and tarnish the authority of the System.

Augusta Rasmussen - psychiatrist, pioneer and the scientific truths of the time.

In 1934, senior registrar Augusta Rasmussen (1895–1979) published a study of 77 cases involving sexual offences. She found that the women involved had suffered no mental injury from the abuse. In 1947, she published a study of the intelligence level of 310 Norwegian women who had formed relationships with German soldiers during the occupation. She found that nearly all of them were more or less retarded. Her conclusions, however, were not scientifically valid. Here we present Rasmussen’s biography, academic background and scientific activity.

The Development of Resilience of Social Work Services in a State of Political Conflict

Throughout the world, political conflicts lead to violence between countries. In such situations, wars and terrorism result in physical and mental injury to members of the civilian population. The social work services are many times the first to provide assistance in the initial stages of shock and defense. The success of the services depends, among other things, on their organizational characteristics. The present study is based upon qualitative research conducted in Israel with social workers. The point of departure was the knowledge gained from the experience of the social workers. The sample included 46 interviewees from 20 social work services. Thirteen of the services were identified as having organizational resilience and coped effectively with emergencies among the civilian population exposed to war and terrorism, and the other 13 were found to lack resilience. The research findings indicated that the tendency to take action was the most prominent characteristic among the resilient organizations. Other characteristics that contributed to action (in resilient organizations) or deterred action (in unsuccessful organizations) were associated with organizational structure, management and leadership style, the decision-making process, communication, role division, relations with the environment, and nature of the roles of the team members. The study discusses the characteristics of resilience and practical aspects for the development of social work services.

Irene Agyepong: building capacity in Ghana's public health system

As a lead author of the Lancet Commission on the future of health in sub-Saharan Africa, Irene Agyepong's ambition is to make a lasting contribution to health in Africa. “One of my driving passions is building health policy and systems research, policy, and practice capacity in west Africa. To conduct research, to advance research evidence and decision making, and ultimately to improve outcomes”, she says. “I am really interested in transformation and health outcomes, and human development in sub-Saharan Africa. You need a critical cohort—a certain stable capacity, and that is what drives me.” A Specialist of Public Health in the Ghana Health Service (the public provider agency of the Ministry of Health), Agyepong is a Member of the Faculty of Public Health of the Ghana College of Physicians and Surgeons and also undertakes research. Her work combines practical and theoretical strands, always with a view to finding solutions for Africa's health issues informed by her first-hand experience of the health system. The path to longer and healthier lives for all Africans by 2030: the Lancet Commission on the future of health in sub-Saharan AfricaSub-Saharan Africa's health challenges are numerous and wide-ranging. Most sub-Saharan countries face a double burden of traditional, persisting health challenges, such as infectious diseases, malnutrition, and child and maternal mortality, and emerging challenges from an increasing prevalence of chronic conditions, mental health disorders, injuries, and health problems related to climate change and environmental degradation. Although there has been real progress on many health indicators, life expectancy and most population health indicators remain behind most low-income and middle-income countries in other parts of the world. Full-Text PDF

Socially Constructed Hierarchies of Impairments: The Case of Australian and Irish Workers' Access to Compensation for Injuries.

Socially constructed hierarchies of impairment complicate the general disadvantage experienced by workers with disabilities. Workers with a range of abilities categorized as a "disability" are likely to experience less favourable treatment at work and have their rights to work discounted by laws and institutions, as compared to workers without disabilities. Value judgments in workplace culture and local law mean that the extent of disadvantage experienced by workers with disabilities additionally will depend upon the type of impairment they have. Rather than focusing upon the extent and severity of the impairment and how society turns an impairment into a recognized disability, this article aims to critically analyse the social hierarchy of physical versus mental impairment. Using legal doctrinal research methods, this paper analysis how Australian and Irish workers' compensation and negligence laws regard workers with mental injuries and impairments as less deserving of compensation and protection than like workers who have physical and sensory injuries or impairments. This research finds that workers who acquire and manifest mental injuries and impairments at work are less able to obtain compensation and protection than workers who have developed physical and sensory injuries of equal or lesser severity. Organizational cultures and governmental laws and policies that treat workers less favourably because they have mental injuries and impairments perpetuates unfair and artificial hierarchies of disability attributes. We conclude that these "sanist" attitudes undermine equal access to compensation for workplace injury as prohibited by the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities.

The Additive Risk of Criminal Arrest to Physical, Mental, and Social Functioning Post-Traumatic Brain Injury

The Additive Risk of Criminal Arrest to Physical, Mental, and Social Functioning Post-Traumatic Brain Injury

Medical-encounter mental health diagnoses, non-fatal injury and polypharmacy indicators of risk for accident death in the US Army enlisted soldiers, 2004–2009

Accidents are a leading cause of deaths in U.S. active duty personnel. Understanding accident deaths during wartime could facilitate future operational planning and inform risk prevention efforts. This study expands prior research, identifying health risk factors associated with U.S. Army accident deaths during the Afghanistan and Iraq war.Military records for 2004–2009 enlisted, active duty, Regular Army soldiers were analyzed using logistic regression modeling to identify mental health, injury, and polypharmacy (multiple narcotic and/or psychotropic medications) predictors of accident deaths for current, previously, and never deployed groups.Deployed soldiers with anxiety diagnoses showed higher risk for accident deaths. Over half had anxiety diagnoses prior to being deployed, suggesting anticipatory anxiety or symptom recurrence may contribute to high risk. For previously deployed soldiers, traumatic brain injury (TBI) indicated higher risk. Two-thirds of these soldiers had first TBI medical-encounter while non-deployed, but mild, combat-related TBIs may have been undetected during deployments. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) predicted higher risk for never deployed soldiers, as did polypharmacy which may relate to reasons for deployment ineligibility.Health risk predictors for Army accident deaths are identified and potential practice and policy implications discussed. Further research could test for replicability and expand models to include unobserved factors or modifiable mechanisms related to high risk. PTSD predicted high risk among those never deployed, suggesting importance of identification, treatment, and prevention of non-combat traumatic events. Finally, risk predictors overlapped with those identified for suicides, suggesting effective intervention might reduce both types of deaths.

Open house for people facing a chronic disease

“De Kolibrie” (from Dutch to English translated as “the hummingbird”) is literally an open house where people who are facing a chronic disease – as a patient or in their immediate environment – can walk into to find someone to listen to their (life) story. In addition, they are offered the possibility to take part in a range of activities, all witch are organised in function to increase empowerment, improve their quality of life, optimize knowledge about their specific condition, support them through the process of accepting their new found limitations and dealing with the loss of possibilities ( = their personal mourning process). Because we think it is important that this offer is accessible to everyone - regardless of his financial capabilities - are almost all these activities free of charge. These activities (ranging from educational workshops, workshops on healthy nutrition, psychological support, peer support, over -lectures and group sessions to creative workshops) are very approachable, need-driven and person-centred. We operate in the core of society and are meeting all the challenges facing a chronic illness and his/her context. We are also raising awareness towards schools, associations, children ... Dealing with a chronical illness implicates learning how to accept that condition and fitting it into everyday life. Not only is this important at the moment of diagnoses , is a recurring process. We are trying to increase our visitors self-reliance and self-management through good education and customized support. One is not able to influence the fact that a person is ill, therefore many people think that they also can do little to its effects . Patients themselves however, can often achieve more than they think when it comes down to disease or health. The objective also is, to organise twice a year a specific “theme in the spotlight”. This in order to obtain knowledge, understanding and empathy for people who are suffering from a specific condition. One of the subgoals of this approach is the improvement of health literacy. Starting September until December 2016 we covered the dementia theme. This way we were able to reach 93 persons suffering from dementia and/or their family context. We also reached a lot of people who do not live with dementia, but out of interest participate in activities. Spring 2017 is dedicated to the theme of cancer and fall 2017 will be programmed to cover – at the request of the general practitioners - the condition of obesity. In 2018 the attention will go to mental health and non-congenital brain injuries. “ De Kolibrie” opened its doors on February 1st 2016, and has welcomed 2712 visits (counted until December 30th, where many of the guests were referred by doctors and other health care professionals). Since then, 38 volunteers have offered their kindness and knowledge. A total of more than 350 activities took place. Feedback from our guests shows us that we meet our objectives. We are currently performing a measurement to obtain objective data on our social influence.

Africa and health: a Commission to accelerate success

The final results of a 4-year project to analyse the challenges and opportunities for health in sub-Saharan Africa are now published as a Lancet Commission—The Path to Longer and Healthier Lives for All Africans by 2030—led by African physicians, health scientists, and policy makers. 1 Agyepong IA Sewankambo N Binagwaho A et al. The path to longer and healthier lives for all Africans by 2030: the Lancet Commission on the future of health in sub-Saharan Africa. Lancet. 2017; (published online Sept 13.)http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)31509-X Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (113) Google Scholar Their conclusion is one of qualified optimism, grounded in a rigorous appraisal of new evidence and past experience. The vision of the Commission is that Africans should expect the same opportunities for health by 2030 as all other peoples. But that hopeful message is based on a further proposition—that more of the same, in terms of policies and programmes, is not enough. The path to longer and healthier lives for all Africans by 2030: the Lancet Commission on the future of health in sub-Saharan AfricaSub-Saharan Africa's health challenges are numerous and wide-ranging. Most sub-Saharan countries face a double burden of traditional, persisting health challenges, such as infectious diseases, malnutrition, and child and maternal mortality, and emerging challenges from an increasing prevalence of chronic conditions, mental health disorders, injuries, and health problems related to climate change and environmental degradation. Although there has been real progress on many health indicators, life expectancy and most population health indicators remain behind most low-income and middle-income countries in other parts of the world. Full-Text PDF

Safety and Outcomes of the Transoral Endoscopic Thyroidectomy Vestibular Approach

Natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery thyroidectomy is a novel approach to avoid surgical scars. To compare the safety and outcomes of the transoral endoscopic thyroidectomy vestibular approach (TOETVA) with those of open thyroidectomy (OT). This study retrospectively reviewed all TOETVA and OT operations performed from April 1, 2014, through August 31, 2016, at Police General Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand. All patients who underwent TOETVA and patients who underwent OT were included. Exclusion criteria were (1) previous neck surgery, (2) substernal goiter, (3) lymph node or distance metastasis, and (4) suspicious invasion to the adjacent organs. Propensity score matching was conducted to reduce selective bias. Operative time, blood loss, and complications related to thyroid surgery. Of the 425 patients who underwent transoral endoscopic thyroidectomy (mean age, 35.3 [12.1] years; age range, 16-81 years; 389 [92.2%] female), 422 successfully were treated with the TOETVA; 3 patients were converted to a conventional operation because of bleeding. Twenty-five patients (5.9%) had transient recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy, and 46 (10.9%) had transient hypoparathyroidism. None had permanent recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy or permanent hypoparathyroidism. Three patients (0.7%) had transient mental nerve injury; all cases resolved by 4 months. One patient developed postoperative hematoma treated by OT. Twenty patients (4.7%) had seroma treated by simple aspiration. Operative time was longer for the TOETVA compared with the OT group (100.8 [39.7] vs 79.4 [32.1] minutes, P = 1.61 × 10-10). The mean (SD) visual analog scale score for pain was lower in the TOETVA group (1.1 [1.2] vs 2.8 [1.2], P = 2.52 × 10-38). Estimated mean (SD) blood loss (36.9 [32.4] vs 37.6 [23.1] mL, P = .43) and rate of complications (45 of 216 [20.8%] vs 38 of 216 [17.6%], P = .41) were not significantly different in the TOETVA vs OT group. The TOETVA was performed as safely as OT, requires only conventional laparoscopic instruments, and avoids incisional scars; thus, the approach may be an option for select patients.

The Risk of Falling in Elderly Increased with Age Growth and Unaffected by Gender

Elderly people are a group of people with age of 60 and above. Studies in United States showed one-third of elderly people experienced fall in their houses and one-forty of them need bedrest in hospital. Falling can cause physical and mental injury. Physical injury manifests as fracture, hematoma, bruises, and dislocation, and mental injury manifests as lack of self esteem. This study aimed to examine the relation between age and gender on risk of fall on elderly people. This is a cross-sectional analytical study involving 23 elderly people from Tulus Kasih Elderly Home that met the inclusion criteria. Risk of fall were checked with Timed Up and Go Test. The data acquired were analyzed with chi-square with α = 0,05. As results, age significantly affected risk of fall (p=0.019) but gender did not (p=0.265). We concluded the risk of falling is increased with age and unaffected by gender.Keywords : age, gender, risk of fall, timed up and go test

Transoral endoscopic surgery for papillary thyroid carcinoma: initial experiences of a single surgeon in South Korea.

PurposeThe transoral endoscopic thyroid surgery vestibular approach (TOETVA) is one of the newest techniques which do not result in an anterior neck scar. We report herein our initial experience with TOETVA and its short-term outcomes in patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC).MethodsThis case series consisted of all consecutive patients who underwent TOETVA in our institution between August 2016 and June 2017. Indications for TOETVA were an fine needle aspiration-confirmed PTC or follicular neoplasm, an intrathyroidal tumor with a diameter of less than 2 cm, and no clinical evidence of central or lateral lymph node metastasis. A total of 20 patients underwent TOETVA and we retrospectively reviewed clinicopathologic data and short-term postoperative outcomes.ResultsAmong the 20 TOETVA cases, 7 were total thyroidectomy, 12 were lobectomy and 1 was wide isthmusectomy. Mean age was 50.8 years and mean operation time was 152 ± 51.4 minutes. Tumor size ranged from 0.2–1.4 cm and the mean size of harvested central lymph nodes was 2.8 (range, 0–10). Neither mental nerve injury nor surgical site infection occurred. One patient had transient vocal cord palsy and 1 patient developed a neck seroma. Among 7 total thyroidectomy patients, 3 patients developed transient hypocalcemia.ConclusionTransoral thyroid surgery could be an alternative surgical option for some PTC patients.

Transoral robotic thyroidectomy: lessons learned from an initial consecutive series of 24 patients.

Transoral thyroid surgery is an ideal method for minimally invasive thyroidectomy, as there is less flap dissection during the procedure and no postoperative scars. Nonetheless, technical obstacles have precluded the wide dissemination of this procedure. We present the surgical procedures and outcomes of transoral robotic thyroidectomy (TORT). From September 2012 to June 2016, we performed TORT at Korea University Hospital. We used three intraoral ports and a single axillary port for the system's four robotic arms. The surgical outcomes were retrospectively reviewed. Twenty-four female patients (mean age 39.6±11.6years; mean tumor size 1.0±1.3cm) underwent unilateral thyroid lobectomies with or without ipsilateral central neck dissection. Twenty patients had papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTC), three had benign nodules, and one had a follicular thyroid carcinoma. The mean surgical time was 232±41min; the mean hospital stay was 3.3±0.8days. The number of retrieved central lymph nodes in the PTC patients was 4.7±3.2. There were no reports of transient or permanent vocal cord palsy, recurrence, or mortality during the median follow-up period of 16.8months. Paresthesia of the lower lip and the chin due to mental nerve injury was observed in nine of the first 12 patients (six transient, three permanent), but no further reports of paresthesia were recorded after patient 12, when the locations of the intraoral incisions were modified. TORT is feasible and safe for selected patients after technical refinements, and can be a potential alternative approach for scarless thyroid surgery.

Transoral endoscopic thyroidectomy vestibular approach (TOETVA): indications, techniques and results.

The Transoral Neck Surgery (TONS) Study Group was established at the 1st International Thyroid NOTES Conference in February 2016 with the intention of standardizing and refining thyroid NOTES techniques, including both transoral endoscopic and robotic thyroidectomy approaches. Herein, the authors report the modification of indications, preparation, and step-by-step explanations for operative techniques, as well as results and postoperative care for transoral endoscopic thyroidectomy vestibular approach (TOETVA). Between February 2015 and December 2015, a total of 200 patients comprising 8 males (4%) and 192 females (96%) underwent TOETVA using 3 laparoscopic ports inserted at the oral vestibule. Of these patients, 111 presented with single thyroid nodules (55.5%), while 66 patients had multinodular goiters (33%), 12 had Graves' disease (6%) and 11 had papillary microcarcinoma (5.5%). The CO2 insufflation pressure was maintained at 6mmHg. Each surgery was performed using laparoscopic instruments and ultrasonic devices. TOETVA was performed on 200 consecutive patients. No conversion to conventional open surgery was necessary. Average tumor size was 4.1±1.78cm (1-10cm). Median operative time was 97±40.5min (45-300min). Median blood loss was 30±46.25mL (6-300mL). Mean visual analog scale measurements were 2.41±2.04 (2-7), 1.17±1.4 (0-5), and 0.47±0.83 (0-3) on the first, second, and third days, respectively. Temporary hoarseness and hypoparathyroidism occurred in 8 patients (4%) and 35 patients (17.5%), respectively. No permanent hoarseness or hypoparathyroidism occurred. Mental nerve injury occurred in 3 patients (1.5%). One patient (0.5%) developed a post-operative hematoma that required open surgery. No infection was identified. TOETVA was shown to be safe and feasible with a reasonable surgical duration and minimal pain scores. This approach shows promise for those patients who are motivated to avoid a neck scar.

Age-, sex-, and diagnosis-specific incidence rate of medically certified long-term sick leave among private sector employees: The Japan Epidemiology Collaboration on Occupational Health (J-ECOH) study.

BackgroundLong-term sick-leave is a major public health problem, but data on its incidence in Japan are scarce. We aimed to present reference data for long-term sick-leave among private sector employees in Japan.MethodsThe study population comprised employees of 12 companies that participated in the Japan Epidemiology Collaboration on Occupational Health Study. Details on medically certified sick-leave lasting ≥30 days were collected from each company. Age- and sex-specific incidence rate of sick-leave was calculated for the period of April 2012 to March 2014.ResultsA total of 1422 spells in men and 289 in women occurred during 162,989 and 30,645 person-years of observation, respectively. The three leading causes of sick-leave (percentage of total spells) were mental disorders (52%), neoplasms (12%), and injury (8%) for men; and mental disorders (35%), neoplasms (20%), and pregnancy-related disease (14%) for women. Incidence rate of sick-leave due to mental disorders was relatively high among men in their 20s–40s but tended to decrease with age among women. Incidence rate of sick-leave due to neoplasms started to increase after age 50 in men and after age 40 in women, making neoplasms the leading cause of sick-leave after age 50 for women and after age 60 for men and the second leading cause after age 40 for women and after age 50 for men. Pregnancy-related disease was the second leading cause of sick-leave among women aged 20–39 years.ConclusionsThese results suggest that mental disorder, neoplasms, and pregnancy-related disease are the major causes of long-term sick-leave among private sector employees in Japan.

Evaluation of the Vulnerable Factors of Occupational Violence against Practitioner Medical Personnel in the Emergency Units of the Training Hospitals of Arak City

Background and Aim: Occupational violence increasingly has been known as a problem in health care system. Emergency personnel, because of direct contact with patients and their relatives are exposed of the most invasions. Multiple refers to emergency unit than other hospital parts increase threat occurrences, physical and verbal violence and cause to physical and mental injury in medical personnel. In Gerberich et al viewpoint, working in ICU (intensive care unit), psychological and emergency unit is of important factors for exposure of violence. This study aims to determine the vulnerable factors of occupational violence against practitioner medical personnel in the emergency units of training hospitals of Arak city. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive-sectional study, 108 of practitioner medical personnel of the emergency units were studied in verbal and physical violence in 1394. Studied society were practitioner medical personnel of emergency unit of training hospitals of Vali-Asr, Amir- Almumenin and Amir-Kabir of Arak. Entry measures were self-desire of personnel in all educational levels and occupational grades with one year work experience in current unit in turning shift. In order to collect information of violence in work place questionnaire in health units were used which include four parts (demographic information, threat, verbal and physical violence). This questionnaire is derived from standardized questionnaires of international labor office, WHO, international council of nurses, public services international which are balanced based on environmental and social conditions and its reliability and validity were confirmed. Data were analyzed by SPSS software version 21. Ethical Considerations: This paper is a part of issued investigational plan of medical sciences of Arak University, by ethical committee confirmation of IR.ARAKMU.REC.1394.148. The goal of study was explained for participants and secrecy and anonymity were ensured to them. Also, verbal satisfaction was obtained from medical personnel for contribution in study. Findings: Participants had average age of 31.45±6.26 years, total work experience mean 6.85±5.09 years and work experience mean 3.49±3.22 years in emergency unit. 28.7% of medical personnel were exposed of physical violence and 77.1% of them were exposed of verbal violence. 17.9% of participants reported verbal violence very much, 20.2% moderate and 36.9% low or very low. The most motivating reason of violence was crowdedness of unit and the most factors resulted to physical and verbal violence was patient's relatives. The most physical violence factor (856.4%) and verbal (60.5%) were for relatives. Conclusion: Findings showed high prevalence of violence, especially verbal violence against medical personnel. According to occupational characteristics of practitioner personnel in emergency unit, it can be said that violence emergence in work place is inevitable and impossible work. Therefore, the best approach is to identify amount and vulnerable factors in regions violence and to program for reducing its occurrences as low as possible. It should be noted that workplace violence is a multidimensional problem which its destructive dimensions has adverse effects on emergency personnel performance and also on hospital performance. Thus, creating a supportive environment, preparing continual training programs, financial resources and enough human force, restricting visit hours, also observation and answering in patients care are recommended in order to successful performing care programs. In this study, violence was forced from patient relatives more which can be prevented by managing, planning and public training. Please cite this article as: Harorani M, Varvanifarahani P, Yazdanbakhsh SA, Pakniyat AG, Sadeghi H, Norozi M, Golitaleb M. Evaluation of the vulnerable factors of occupational violence against practitioner medical personnel in the emergency units of training hospitals of Arak city. Med Ethics J 2017; 11(39): 55-61.

Análisis De Los Riesgos Mecánicos Y Su Incidencia En La Seguridad Y Salud Laboral En Los Trabajadores. Estudio De Caso: Fundición De Estructuras Metálicas

The analysis of occupational risks within companies, based on civil works, is of great importance in ensuring the safety and the occupational health of its collaborators. The present research work focuses on the analysis of the current situation by means of the methodology of William Fine. The study aims to identify and evaluate the mechanical risks, where the occurrence of these catastrophic events generates multiple consequences. This consequence is both for the employer and the employee, and it ranges from labor absenteeism, physical and mental injuries, and significant economic losses for enterprises by various cases of demands or treatments that must incur due to the lack of procedures of control and prevention. This, however, might be equipment and machinery used in the phase of casting metallic structures, especially in Quintana construction company. The results were obtained through qualitative-quantitative methodology in obtaining the worker’s perspectives. They stated that they are conditioned to high risk mechanical jobs, where the lack of equipment for protection as well as the proper socialization of internal safety guidelines limited the involvement of partners. Consequently, it is essential to mitigate the occurrence of risks at the mention of the company events. As part of the conclusion of this study, there is the need to design a matrix of risks and identify the existing risks. In addition, the proposed control measures were determined.

Comparison of Ozone and Photo-Biomodulation Therapies on Mental Nerve Injury in Rats

This study compared photo-biomodulation (PBM) and ozone therapy (OT) for mental nerve injury by counting Schwann cells (SCs) and fasciculated nerve branches and measuring fascicular nerveareas. The effects of OT and PBM on mental nerve injury were evaluated. Mental nerves of 27 rats were partly sutured and allocated into 3 groups. Group 1 received no treatment, group 2 received OT, and group 3 received PBM. The number of fascicules beyond nerve branches and the number of SCs before and after nerve injury were evaluated histologically. A better healing pattern was observed in the treatment groups. The number of SCs was markedly larger in the OT and PBM groups than in the control group. Oral and maxillofacial surgeons should be familiar with the differential diagnosis, prevention, and management of neurosensory disturbances. This study provides insights into the management of neurosensory disturbances related to mental nerve injury using OT and PBM. This study clearly suggests that OT and PBM are promising novel methods for the treatment of mental nerve injury.

妊婦の安全に向けて—メンタルヘルスとinjury prevention—

妊婦の安全に向けて—メンタルヘルスとinjury prevention—