Mental Health Ideology Research Articles

Nurses' attitude towards patients with mental illness in a general hospital in Kuwait

Introduction:Stigma and discrimination have been reported to cause unnecessary delay in mentally-ill patients seeking help, which adversely affects a patient's outcome. The attitude of health care professionals has been described as being, even more, negative than that of the general public, which worsens the prognosis for patients with a mental illness.Aims:The aim of this study was to describe the attitude of nurses toward mentally-ill patients in a general hospital.Methods:All the nurses in the hospital were administered a 40-item Community Attitudes Toward the Mentally-Ill (CAMI) questionnaire which determines whether the mentally-ill are viewed as “inferior;” deserve “sympathy;” perceived as a “threat” to society or “acceptable” if residing in community dwellings. The analysis of variance was performed to determine association of the four subscales with the individual characteristics, including age, gender, education, qualification type, position held, contact and contact type.Results:Out of a total of 990 nurses, 308 (31%) completed the CAMI questionnaire. The mean scores for the authoritarian (2.85), benevolent (3.66), social restrictiveness (2.97) and community mental health ideology (3.48) subscales reflected a negative attitude of nurses toward mentally-ill patients. The direct or indirect utilization of the mental health facilities resulted in significantly higher authoritarian and lower benevolence scores, indicating a positive attitude change in this group of nurses.Conclusion:Despite the small size and selective nature of the sample, the nurses' negative attitude toward the mentally-ill patients provides useful baseline data for further large-scale studies and underscores the need for psychoeducation of different health care professionals, including nurses.

Attitudes Towards the Mentally Ill: A Study with Health Workers at a University Hospital in Rio de Janeiro.

As there are few studies about evaluation of attitudes of health care workers to people with mental disorders in Brazil, a cross-sectional study was carried out to assess the health professionals' attitudes working in a university hospital in Rio de Janeiro and also examine the proportion of negative and positive attitudes endorsed by healthcare professionals in Brazil towards people with mental illness in comparison with other parts of the world. Data were collected using the Community Attitudes towards the Mentally Ill (CAMI) in a random sampling frame of health professionals (n=246) working in a University Hospital in Rio de Janeiro between April 2013 and June 2013. The CAMI consists of four sub-scales: Authoritarianism, Benevolence, Social Restrictiveness and Community Mental Health Ideology. The results showed attitudes that range from neutral to positive, with the Benevolence and Social Restrictiveness sub-scales showing the least stigmatizing results. The following individual characteristics were associated with negative attitudes: lower levels of education and less clinical experience. In general, health workers attitudes towards service users are characterized as positive when compared with other international studies. However, educational programs for health workers should be reinforced to further promote pre-existing positive attitudes towards people with mental health and the implementation of Brazilian Mental Health Policies.

Different attitudes toward psychiatry and psychiatric patients in nursing students: Can personal experiences reduce stigma?

BackgroundPsychiatric patients often do not receive the same health treatment reserved for patients with no mental disorders. Stigma in mental-health nurses can worsen the patients’ healing time and quality of care.ObjectiveTo explore the different attitudes towards mental illness and psychiatry in nursing students (NS) of the first and the final year of university, and the importance of having visited a psychiatric ward and having known a psychiatric patient.MethodsFifty NS completed the following tests:– Community attitudes towards mental ill (CAMI);– Attitudes towards psychiatry (ATP-30);– Empathy quotient (EQ).ResultsNS of the final year differ significantly from those of the first year in 4 CAMI items, in Authoritarianism subscale (P = 0.041), Social Restrictiveness (P = 0.029) and Community Mental Health Ideology (P = 0.045), indicating a more mature and responsible approach to psychiatric patients, without considering them a threat to be secluded. EQ does not show a significant difference in empathy, not even considering the individual items. Final year NS also have more positive attitudes toward Psychiatry in 3 ATP-30 items and total score (P = 0.01). Those who visited a psychiatric ward have more positive attitudes towards mental illness and Psychiatry, in 6 CAMI items and 3 ATP-30 items. Having personally known a psychiatric patient leads to positive attitudes in only a few CAMI items.ConclusionsLast-year NS, who have had more direct relationships with patients through practical training, have more empathetic and less stigmatizing attitudes. It is also very useful to attend a psychiatric ward during the nursing training.Normal 0 14 false false false IT X-NONE X-NONE.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Community Attitude and Associated Factors towards People with Mental Illness among Residents of Worabe Town, Silte Zone, Southern Nation's Nationalities and People's Region, Ethiopia.

BackgroundMental illnesses worldwide are accompanied by another pandemic, that of stigma and discrimination. Public understanding about mental illnesses and attitudes towards people with mental illness play a paramount role in the prevention and treatment of mental illness and the rehabilitation of people with mental illness.ObjectiveTo assess community attitude and associated factors towards people with mental illness.MethodsCommunity based cross-sectional study was conducted from April 28 to May 28, 2014. Quantitative data were collected through interview from 435 adults selected using simple random sampling. Data were collected using community attitude towards mentally ill (CAMI) tool to assess community attitude towards people with mental illness and associated factors. Multiple linear regression analysis was performed to identify predictors of community attitude towards people with mental illness and the level of significance association was determined by beta with 95% confidence interval and P less than 0.05.ResultsThe highest mean score was on social restrictiveness subscale (31.55±5.62). Farmers had more socially restrictive view (β = 0.291, CI [0.09, 0.49]) and have less humanistic view towards mentally ill (β = 0.193, CI [-0.36, -0.03]). Having mental health information had significantly less socially restrictive (β = -0.59, CI [-1.13, -0.05]) and less authoritarian (β = -0.10, CI [-1.11, -0.06]) view towards mentally ill but respondents who are at university or college level reported to be more socially restrictive (β = 0.298, CI [0.059, 0.54]). Respondents whose age is above 48 years old had significantly less view of community mental health ideology (β = -0.59, CI [-1.09, -0.08]).Conclusion and RecommendationResidents of Worabe town were highly socially restrictive but less authoritarian. There was high level of negative attitude towards people with mental illness along all the subscales with relative variation indicating a need to develop strategies to change negative attitude attached to mental illness in Worabe town at community level.

Effect of Human Rights Sensitivity and Social Distance on Attitude toward Mental Illness in Psychiatric Hospital Orderlies

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of human rights sensitivity and social distance in psychiatric hospital orderlies on attitudes toward mental illness, including authoritarianism, benevolence, social restrictiveness, and community mental health ideology. Methods: Participants were 201 psychiatric hospital orderlies working in one national mental hospital or one of 10 private mental hospitals. Data were collected from May 9 to June 22, 2016. Data were analyzed with descriptive statistics, independent t-test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficients and hierarchical multiple regression using the SPSS/WIN 21.0 program. Results: Human rights sensitivity and social distance were statistically significant predictors for the attitude toward mental illness in psychiatric hospital orderlies. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis revealed that human rights sensitivity and social distance explained an additional 23% of authoritarianism, 16% of benevolence, 35% of social restrictiveness and 29% of community mental health ideology. Conclusion: These findings suggest that education programs to increase levels of human rights sensitivity and reduce the levels of social distance among psychiatric hospital orderlies would improve their attitude toward patients with the mental illness.

The Teachers' Attitudes, Discrimination and Causes of Prejudice Towards People with Mental Illnesses

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the teachers' attitudes, discrimination, and causes of prejudice towards people with mental illnesses. Methods: A cross-sectional study design was used and participants included 158 teachers who were recruited from four schools in S and G cities, Korea. From October to December, 2011, data on general characteristics, attitudes, discrimination and causes of prejudice towards people with mental illnesses were collected using self-administered questionnaires. SPSS/WIN 18.0 version was used for descriptive analysis, t-test, one-way ANOVA, and Pearson correlation. Results: The mean scores of teachers' attitudes towards people with mental illness were, authoritarianism, 3.24, benevolence, 2.96, social restrictiveness, 3.44 and community mental health ideology, 2.75. There were significant differences in benevolence according to age. The experience of meeting people with mental illness contributed to positive attitudes towards people with mental illness in the benevolence subscale. There were significant differences in social restrictiveness according to residence. There were significant differences in discrimination according to age. Subscales of attitudes were significantly correlated with discrimination. Conclusion: These results emphasize a need for continuous education not only of teachers but also of the general population.

정신장애인 고용경험이 있는 고용주의 정신장애인 재고용 의사에 영향을 미치는 요인

The purpose of this study is to explore the factors that influence employer to rehire the mentally disabled. The participants of survey were 121 of employers' in Busan. Data were analyzed using <TEX>${\chi}^2$</TEX>-test, t-test and logistic regression analysis with SPSS/WIN 18.0. According to this analysis, the results show that employer's rehiring intentions for the mentally disabled is a significantly related to gender, relationship with mental disabled person, industrial classification, experience of disabled employees, period of employment with mentally disabled people, subsidy for employment promotion, employment quota system, benevolence, community mental health ideology. Logistic regression analysis showed that relationship with mental disabled person, industrial classification, experience of disabled employees, period of employment with mentally disabled people, subsidy for employment promotion, employment quota system and benevolence. On the basis of results, program for encouraging employer's intention of rehiring the mentally disabled should be development and establish mediate strategies.

Impact of gender and age on attitudes towards mental illness in Sweden

Background: Factors such as respondent's sex, age, experience of mental illness and marital status have been found to impact public prejudices toward persons with mental illness. Aims: The impact of respondents’ sex, age, real-life experience and marital status on their attitudes towards mental illness was the focus of this study. Methods: Altogether, 2391 respondents completed the Swedish version of Community Attitudes toward the Mentally Ill, CAMI-S. Their answers were reduced by principal component analysis into four factors: Open-minded and Pro-integration, Fear and Avoidance, Community Mental Health Ideology and Intention to Interact with Persons with Mental Illness. By Structural Equation Modeling (SEM), the relations between public's sex and age on their attitudes toward mental illness on these four factors were assessed. Impact of experience and marital status on attitudes towards mental illness was assessed by analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results: Females were found to hold a greater open-mindedness and were positive to pro-integration, but they were also fearful and avoidant, more so than males, relative to persons with mental illness. With regard to getting older, as age increased, so did open-mindedness and a pro-integration attitude relative to persons with mental illness; on the other hand as age increased, community mental health ideology decreased. As attitudes of open-mindedness and pro-integration improved, so did attitudes representing community mental health ideology. Furthermore, as fear and avoidance increased, attitudes of open-mindedness and pro-integration increased but also the intention to interact with persons subject to mental illness was improved.

P-835 - Attitude toward mental illnessamong medical students: comparison between basic science and clinical medical students

Introduction and objectives Proper attitudes by medical students can impact on the quality of health care delivered to their patients. Negative attitude toward person with mental illness may form a barrier for patients to receive appropriate care. Aim The aim of this study is to determine the attitudes of medical students toward mentally ill and to investigate impact of medical education on attitude among medical students. Method The study comprised 200 clinical &135 basic science medical students at the medical school of Shiraz university who agreed to participate. Community Attitudes towards the Mentally Ill questionnaire were used to assess attitude toward mental illness The tool focuses on measuring levels of authoritarianism, benevolence, social restrictiveness and community mental health ideology. Result There was little difference in attitudes about mental illness Between basic science- and clinical medical student except for restrictiveness (p value Conclusion Our sample overly have positive attitude about mental illness ,but there is no significant positive correlation between years of studying in medical university and attitude about mental illness . Medical school need to develop new curricula to convey scientific information to students and implementing and evaluating suitable programs leading to appropriate attitude development.

Attitudes of qualified vs. student mental health nurses towards an individual diagnosed with schizophrenia

This paper is the report of a study which sought to compare the attitudes held by student and qualified mental health nurses towards individuals with schizophrenia in the Republic of Ireland. Media portrayals of individuals with schizophrenia often include images of aggression and violence. With global initiatives aimed at reducing the stigma and exclusion associated with mental illness, the attitudes of those who care for people with schizophrenia are of particular interest. A survey was administered to 66 student mental health nurses, and 121 qualified mental health nurses. Participants completed the community attitudes to mental illness scale and the social interaction scale in 2009. Multivariate analysis of variance was used to test for the effects of qualification, work setting, years of experience and education on the measures. Nurses employed in a community setting held more positive attitudes, when compared with colleagues who worked in an inpatient setting, as measured by the community mental health ideology subscale, indicating their desire to promote community care for individuals with schizophrenia. Nurses working in an inpatient setting held more socially restrictive attitudes indicating that they felt individuals with schizophrenia were dangerous and should be avoided. These findings were statistically significant at the P < 0·05 level. Mental health nurses must be alerted to the fact that holding negative attitudes may adversely affect the therapeutic relationship and ultimately lead to stigmatization and its negative consequences.

Staff wellbeing predicting positive attitudes towards mental health recovery

Rationale As a result of recent changes in mental health ideology from illness-based models to consumer driven, person-centered recovery models, many organizations and mental health staff have been required to adopt new work practices and procedures. Evidence suggests, however, that this transition has been a more difficult process than anticipated and as a result, mental health consumers are still not receiving adequate services provision consistent with recovery ideology. Past research has indicated staff attitudes as a possible barrier to successful adoption of new practices and that one factor impacting upon these attitudes is staff wellbeing.Aims and objectives This research is an exploratory investigation aimed at determining if a relationship exists between various measures of wellbeing and staff attitudes to recovery and which of the wellbeing measures are most useful for predicting positive recovery attitudes among mental health staff.Method A total of one hundred and thirty service staff from four different mental health services completed six self-report measures of wellbeing and one of recovery attitudes. Cross-sectional correlation and regression analysis was used to explore the relationship between wellbeing and attitude.Results As predicted, results showed that intrinsic job satisfaction, psychological wellbeing and work hope were all positively related to recovery attitudes whilst burn out and intention to leave were both negatively related. Work hope and burnout measures together provided the most accurate prediction of recovery attitudes. Conclusion These findings indicate that addressing issues related to staff wellbeing will be important if present and future recovery oriented staff training is to be optimally transferred into practice.

Swedish attitudes towards persons with mental illness

Background: Negative and stigmatizing attitudes towards persons with mental illness must be dealt with to facilitate the sufferers’ social acceptance. Aim: The present study aimed at survey Swedish attitudes towards persons with mental illness related to factors impacting these attitudes. Material and Methods: New CAMI-S based on the questionnaire “Community Attitudes to Mental Illness in Sweden” ([CAMI] Taylor & Dear, 1981) was developed with nine behavioral–intention items and thus comprised a total of 29 items. Of 5000 Swedish people, 2391 agreed to complete the questionnaire. Principal component analysis rendered four factors reflecting attitudes towards the mentally ill: Intention to Interact, Fearful and Avoidant, Open-minded and Pro-Integration, as well as Community Mental Health Ideology. The factors were analyzed for trends in attitudes. By MANOVA, the experience of mental illness effects on mind-set towards the sufferers was assessed. By means of logistic regression, demographic factors contributing to positive attitudes towards persons with mental illness residing in the neighborhood were assessed. Results: By New CAMI-S, the Swedish attitudes towards the mentally ill were surveyed and trends in agreement with living next to a person with mental illness were revealed in three out of four factors derived by principal component analysis. Aspects impacting the Swedish attitudes towards persons with mental illness and willingness to have him/her residing in the neighborhood comprised experience of mental illness, female gender, age (31–50 years), born in Scandinavia or outside Europe, only 9 years of compulsory school and accommodation in flat. Conclusion: The New CAMI-S came out as a useful tool to screen Swedish attitudes towards persons with mental illness. Most Swedes were prepared to live next to the mentally ill.

고용주의 정신장애인에 대한 태도조사

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate employer's attitude towards mentally disabled people. Methods: The Lee (1996)'s questionnaire of community people's attitude on perception for mentally disabled people was used to collect data from 208 employers in Busan City. <TEX>${\chi}^2$</TEX>-test and t-test were used to explore related factors of employer's attitude. Results: Employers having experience of hiring physically or mentally disabled people showed higher CAMI scores (p=.002). Especially, employers having experience of hiring mentally disabled people showed higher scores in four components of authoritarianism, benevolence, social restrictiveness, and community mental health ideology than any other groups. In addition, we found differences in employers' attitude on authoritarianism and benevolence according to types of industries and the number of employees. Conclusion: We could suggest that employers experience of employing disabled and mentally disabled people could improve their positive attitude. Therefore, we call for various efforts and programs development to encourage employers to hire mentally disabled people.

Effectiveness of an Education Program to Reduce Negative Attitudes Toward Persons With Mental Illness Using Online Media

The purpose of this study was to develop an educational program to reduce negative attitudes toward persons with mental illness (PMIs) using online media and to test its effectiveness. A nonequivalent control group with a pre-posttest was employed in this study. A total of 143 lay people were enrolled. The study variables were knowledge and attitudes about mental illness, and social distance. The four domains of attitudes were authoritarianism, benevolence, social restrictiveness and community mental health ideology. Phase 1: In an attempt to develop an educational program, the researcher conducted interviews with lay people and families of PMIs, and reviewed the pertinent literature. Three mental health professionals were consulted after developing the program. The program consisted of eight sessions. Phase 2: Community mental health ideology differed significantly between groups after the experiment. Knowledge tended to increase in the experimental group, while social restrictiveness showed a tendency to decrease. However, the changes were not significant in either case. Authoritarianism, benevolence, and social distance were not significantly different between groups. There was a significant difference in the pattern of change over time for both groups regarding authoritarianism, benevolence, and social restrictiveness. The program developed here was partially effective at changing negative attitudes. The online video program can be used by community mental health nurses to enhance general knowledge and help reduce stigma.

Improving responses to depression and related disorders: evaluation of a innovative, general, mental health care workers training program.

BackgroundAustralian General Practitioners have been beneficiaries of extensive training in mental health care delivery over the last few years but less so other workers who support those with mental illness. Training is needed as it is widely recognised that the most effective interventions to prevent and treat mental disorders are often not readily available. The Mental Health Aptitudes into Practice (MAP) training package is a broad, innovative, interdisciplinary, general mental health training aimed at improving responses to individuals with depression and related disorders. The modular structure of this training program meant that such training could be targeted at those with varied backgrounds. Two hundred and seventy one days of free MAP training was delivered across Victoria in 2004/2005. The evaluation reported here assessed whether changes occurred in the trainees' confidence, mental health literacy, attitudes towards effective treatments, mental health knowledge and skills and community mental health ideology following training.MethodsThese elements were assessed using pen and paper tests prior, immediately following, 6 months after and then 12 months after the training. Trainees' confidence, mental health literacy and social distance were measured using scales that have been used in evaluations of Mental Health First Aid Training. Community mental health ideology was measured using a sub-scale of the Community Attitudes to the Mentally Ill (CAMI) scale. The trainees' knowledge and skills were accessed using instrumentation specifically designed for this evaluation.ResultsFollowing training, participants had more confidence in their ability to work with those who have mental health issues and less desire for social distance from them. Participants' knowledge and skills in relation to the treatment of mental disorders increased. These changes were observed immediately after training. The limited existing evidence suggests these changes were sustained six and twelve months later.ConclusionsMAP training can be used to develop the capacity and capabilities of mental health workers.

Effects of Husbands' Migration on Mental Health and Gender Role Ideology of Rural Mexican Women

Our purpose for this study was to investigate the roles of migration in rural Mexican migrant–sending communities. Specifically, we examined the effects of changing gender role ideology on the mental health of wives whose spouses migrated to the United States. The sending group scored significantly higher in egalitarian gender role ideology but lower in general mental health than the nonsending group. We found through mediation analysis that the difference in gender role ideology mediated the difference in mental health between the two groups. Results are contrary to some psychological and feminist literature advocating benefits of masculine or androgynous ideology.

Attitudes towards mental illness in Sweden: Adaptation and development of the Community Attitudes towards Mental Illness questionnaire

The main purpose for the expansion of supported community care for persons with serious mental illness in Sweden was to ensure the right for these persons to live as citizens in the community. However, earlier research shows that negative attitudes towards mental illness present an obstacle for social integration of persons with serious mental illness. The aim of this study, conducted in Sweden, was to evaluate an existing instrument's (Community Attitudes towards Mental Illness, CAMI), validity and reliability. An additional aim was to adapt and develop the questionnaire to Swedish circumstances. After translation and modification of the original CAMI, the Swedish version of the questionnaire (CAMI-S) was distributed to all student nurses at three different universities in Sweden. The overall Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.90 of the original CAMI-S. A corrected inter-item total correlation excluded 20 items because they showed loading <0.43. The overall Cronbach's alpha coefficient on the 20 items (new CAMI-S) that showed loading, >0.43, was 0.903. A factor analysis of these items revealed that the data could be extracted in three factors labelled as: open-minded and pro-integration, fear and avoidance and community mental health ideology. Finally, in order to reach reliable results in attitude research, it is important to measure the respondent's attitude towards the object in common as well as the respondent's attitude to interact with the object. Accordingly, it is important to add behavioural intention items to the 'new CAMI-S'. Statements exemplifying how something 'ought to be' in an impersonal way have a good degree of stability over time and place.

Attitudes of Ward Attendants Towards Mental Illness: Comparisons and Predictors

In India few studies exist that explore attitudes of mental health professionals, especially psychiatric ward attendants, towards psychiatric illnesses. This study aimed to explore attitudes of psychiatric ward attendants since they work closely with psychiatric patients in the hospital ward, and which may differ given their cultural and social background. Five hundred psychiatric ward attendants were targeted and a 100 sample size chosen based on systematic random sampling. A control group from guardians attending the outpatient department of Central Institute of Psychiatry was selected using the same methods. Attitudes of both groups were assessed using Community Attitudes towards Mental Illness (CAMI) after written informed consent. There were no significant differences noted in Authoritarianism and Benevolence domains of CAMI. However, there were significant differences in the domains of Social Restrictiveness and Community Mental Health Ideology with psychiatric ward attendants scoring higher than the general attendants. Among the socio-demographic variables, there was significant correlation between age, duration of contact and educational background and various domains of CAMI. Psychiatric ward attendants had more positive attitudes than general attendants towards psychiatric illnesses. Socio-demographic variables like older age, higher education and longer duration of contact with the psychiatrically ill predicted more favourable attitudes.

The “World Mental Health” Framework: Dominant Discourses in Mental Health and International Development

This paper draws on experiences and research in mental health and international development to explore a dominant "World Mental Health" discourse. This kind of analysis provides a starting place to examine the critiques and ongoing theorizing of a global mental health ideology. Seeing the field as it is socially organized (Smith, 1987, 1990a, 1999) necessitates an understanding of how an ideological "World Mental Health" is discursively arranged as part of a global undertaking to decrease poverty and increase capitalist productivity and trade. Through this exploration of the discourses in use internationally, I argue that rediscovering local truth is possible as researchers pursue and share knowledge that has as its starting place a way of knowing outside these dominant discourses.

Unitas: The clinic of the street—community mental health in practice

Whatever happened to community mental health? It died. Well, almost. The community mental health movement of the 1960s and 1970s represented a radical departure from the conservatism of the traditional medical model which stressed the biological and intrapsychic origins of mental illness. Community mental health ideology emphasized social, cultural, and environmental factors responsible for mental illness and its prevention. Community mental health downplayed the “cult” of the professional and played up the healing power inherent in the social fields and support structures a person is already embedded in. Emphasis was placed on professionals working collaboratively with and through community caretakers in promoting social adjustment for all in a particular social environment. This article describes how community mental health ideology has been operationalized for over 33 years, serving functioning and dysfunctioning youth through developing their capacities to be caretakers to each other and to younger community children in the form of a symbolic family. The impact of such relationships and the place of the “therapeutic community meeting” or “family circle” as vehicles of therapeutic leverage, are profusely illustrated. Yes, community mental health still lives, even in these times of managed care.