Mental Health Consequences Of COVID-19 Research Articles

Anticipated mental health consequences of COVID-19 in a nationally-representative sample: Context, coverage, and economic consequences

The COVID-19 pandemic will have long-term consequences due to social and economic disruption. This study aimed to understand the contextual, media, and economic factors associated with anticipated mental health consequences from the COVID-19 pandemic among Americans. A nationally representative survey of 1001 respondents was conducted in April 2020. Chi-square tests and logistic regressions examined anticipated emotional or psychological effects on respondents or members of their households should social distancing measures continue. Specific analyses focused on: 1) COVID-19 experience - knowing someone or being infected; living in a state with a high death rate; or state social distancing policies; 2) media exposure - source of coronavirus information and time spent on coronavirus news; and 3) economics - current economic effects; and anticipated long-term financial effects. 41% of respondents anticipated mental health consequences. Living in a state with a greater COVID-19 death rate (OR 1.73; 95% CI 1.10, 2.72) and anticipating long-term financial difficulties (OR 2.98; 95% CI 1.93, 4.60) were both associated with greater likelihood of anticipated mental health consequences. Those whose primary news source was television, as opposed to print or online, were almost 50% less likely to anticipate mental health challenges (OR 0.52 CI 0.33, 0.81), while those who reported spending two or more hours daily on COVID-19 news were 90% more likely (OR 1.90; 95% CI 1.27, 2.85). Aspects of community health, media consumption, and economic impacts influence anticipated poor mental health from the COVID-19 pandemic, suggesting each domain is relevant to interventions to address the consequences.

Age-Related Mental Health Consequences of COVID-19: A Global Perspective

Purpose: The Société Internationale d’Urologie (SIU) conducted a survey to determine whether the pandemic has harmed the mental health of practicing urologists worldwide. Methods: Members of the Executive Board of the SIU designed a self-selected survey consisting of multiple-choice questions about the safety and mental health of urologists during the COVID-19 pandemic. The survey was disseminated by email to SIU members worldwide. Results: A total of 3448 SIU members from 109 countries responded to the survey, which sought to determine the extent of mental health symptoms, including depression, anxiety, insomnia, and distress—experienced during the COVID-19 pandemic. Overall, 21% of urologists who responded reported that their mental health was very challenged, with 58% indicating increased stress levels, and 15% indicating greatly increased stress levels. Older urologists were less likely to report any of the negative mental health symptom queried (ie, delirium [rs = −0.06, P = 0.001], psychosis [rs = −0.04, P = 0.019], anxiety [rs = −0.09, P < 0.001], depression [rs = −0.08, P <.001], distress [rs = −0.07, P < 0.001]), except insomnia (P > 0.20). Furthermore, 29% of urologists indicated they were afraid to go to work, while 53% reported being afraid to go home to their families after work. Conclusion: In this worldwide survey of practicing urologists, more than half of the participants reported an increase in insomnia, distress, and other psychological symptoms as they managed patients during the COVID-19 pandemic, although half of respondents did not experience any mental health symptoms. Institutions should provide psychological coping resources to all health care staff, not only for the front-line workers during the pandemic.

Neurological and mental health consequences of COVID-19: potential implications for well-being and labour force.

Recent case studies show that the SARS-CoV-2 infectious disease, COVID-19, is associated with accelerated decline of mental health, in particular, cognition in elderly individuals, but also with neurological and neuropsychiatric illness in young people. Recent studies also show a bidirectional link between COVID-19 and mental health in that people with previous history of psychiatric illness have a higher risk for contracting COVID-19 and that COVID-19 patients display a variety of psychiatric illnesses. Risk factors and the response of the central nervous system to the virus show large overlaps with pathophysiological processes associated with Alzheimer’s disease, delirium, post-operative cognitive dysfunction and acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, all characterized by cognitive impairment. These similarities lead to the hypothesis that the neurological symptoms could arise from neuroinflammation and immune cell dysfunction both in the periphery as well as in the central nervous system and the assumption that long-term consequences of COVID-19 may lead to cognitive impairment in the well-being of the patient and thus in today’s workforce, resulting in large loss of productivity. Therefore, particular attention should be paid to neurological protection during treatment and recovery of COVID-19, while cognitive consequences may require monitoring.

Mental health outcomes among health-care workers dealing with COVID-19/severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Introduction:The psychological impact of COVID-19 on health-care workers (HCWs) has received attention from researchers to understand the extent of the effects of the ongoing pandemic on this population. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to synthesize the currently available literature on the topic to determine the prevalence of mental health problems in HCWs.Materials and Methods:We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis, searching PubMed, PsycINFO, Scopus, and Cochrane Library databases for articles published from December 2019 to August 15, 2020. We identified studies reporting the prevalence of any mental health condition in HCWs involved directly or indirectly in providing services during the COVID-19 pandemic. The prevalence proportion for individual outcome was extracted as an estimate of interest. We performed random-effects meta-analyses evaluated using Q statistic, I2 statistic, subgroup analyses, and sensitivity analyses and assessed study quality. This review was done in adherence to the Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis and Meta-analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology guidelines. The study protocol was registered prospectively at PROSPERO (CRD42020182005).Results:We identified 1958 studies, of which 33 studies including 39703 participants (with a median = 393; range = 88–14825) were finally included for analysis. The estimated overall prevalence were as follows: depression 32.4% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 25.9–39.3, I2 = 99%), anxiety 32.5% (95% CI: 26.4–39.0, I2 = 99%), insomnia or sleep disturbance 36.6% (95% CI: 36.6–48.3, I2 = 99%), and stress 37.7% (95% CI: 24.0–52.3, I2 = 100%).Conclusion:HCWs who are dealing with the COVID-19 pandemic have a significant prevalence of depression, anxiety, insomnia and poor sleep quality, and stress. The health-care workforce needs to practice self-care now more than ever, while health-care managers and policymakers need to factor in the mental health consequences of COVID-19 on their workforce.

Psychological problems in general population during covid-19 pandemic in Pakistan: role of cognitive emotion regulation

Objectives To explore psychological problems (Anxiety, Depression and Stress) in general population during Covid-19 pandemic. To find predictive effects of cognitive emotion regulation on psychological problems. Methodology Convenient sampling technique was used to obtain the sample of 500 participants (Male = 239, Female = 261). Research instrument consists of four parts. First part comprised of consent form, second part was about demographic profile, third part was Depression, Anxiety and Stress scale (DASS-21) while Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire was the last part of the instrument. Results SPSS 23.0 (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) version was used for study analysis. Descriptive statistics used to summarize the raw data. The inferential statistics such as regression, correlation and t-test were used to calculate the findings according to research objectives. Results indicated that 33%, 40% and 27% individuals were experiencing Depression, Anxiety and Stress respectively during Covid-19 pandemic. Among these participants, 48% (N = 242) were experiencing normal level of all these targeted psychological problems while remaining 52% (N = 258) respondents have mild to very severe level of all these disorders. Furthermore, findings of linear regression analysis illustrated that cognitive emotion regulation significantly predicts psychological problems [R 2=.216; F = 51.223, p < .01] and 21% variation in psychological problems is due to cognitive emotion regulation. Conclusion This study recommended that policy makers must develop and implement some necessary programmes to prevent and cure people from devastating psychological and mental health consequences of covid-19 on priority basis.

Bidirectional associations between COVID-19 and psychiatric disorder: retrospective cohort studies of 62 354 COVID-19 cases in the USA

BackgroundAdverse mental health consequences of COVID-19, including anxiety and depression, have been widely predicted but not yet accurately measured. There are a range of physical health risk factors for COVID-19, but it is not known if there are also psychiatric risk factors. In this electronic health record network cohort study using data from 69 million individuals, 62 354 of whom had a diagnosis of COVID-19, we assessed whether a diagnosis of COVID-19 (compared with other health events) was associated with increased rates of subsequent psychiatric diagnoses, and whether patients with a history of psychiatric illness are at a higher risk of being diagnosed with COVID-19.MethodsWe used the TriNetX Analytics Network, a global federated network that captures anonymised data from electronic health records in 54 health-care organisations in the USA, totalling 69·8 million patients. TriNetX included 62 354 patients diagnosed with COVID-19 between Jan 20, and Aug 1, 2020. We created cohorts of patients who had been diagnosed with COVID-19 or a range of other health events. We used propensity score matching to control for confounding by risk factors for COVID-19 and for severity of illness. We measured the incidence of and hazard ratios (HRs) for psychiatric disorders, dementia, and insomnia, during the first 14 to 90 days after a diagnosis of COVID-19.FindingsIn patients with no previous psychiatric history, a diagnosis of COVID-19 was associated with increased incidence of a first psychiatric diagnosis in the following 14 to 90 days compared with six other health events (HR 2·1, 95% CI 1·8–2·5 vs influenza; 1·7, 1·5–1·9 vs other respiratory tract infections; 1·6, 1·4–1·9 vs skin infection; 1·6, 1·3–1·9 vs cholelithiasis; 2·2, 1·9–2·6 vs urolithiasis, and 2·1, 1·9–2·5 vs fracture of a large bone; all p<0·0001). The HR was greatest for anxiety disorders, insomnia, and dementia. We observed similar findings, although with smaller HRs, when relapses and new diagnoses were measured. The incidence of any psychiatric diagnosis in the 14 to 90 days after COVID-19 diagnosis was 18·1% (95% CI 17·6–18·6), including 5·8% (5·2–6·4) that were a first diagnosis. The incidence of a first diagnosis of dementia in the 14 to 90 days after COVID-19 diagnosis was 1·6% (95% CI 1·2–2·1) in people older than 65 years. A psychiatric diagnosis in the previous year was associated with a higher incidence of COVID-19 diagnosis (relative risk 1·65, 95% CI 1·59–1·71; p<0·0001). This risk was independent of known physical health risk factors for COVID-19, but we cannot exclude possible residual confounding by socioeconomic factors.InterpretationSurvivors of COVID-19 appear to be at increased risk of psychiatric sequelae, and a psychiatric diagnosis might be an independent risk factor for COVID-19. Although preliminary, our findings have implications for clinical services, and prospective cohort studies are warranted.FundingNational Institute for Health Research.

Beneficial Effects of Exercise on Depression and Anxiety During the Covid-19 Pandemic: A Narrative Review.

First reported in Dec 2019, the on-going COVID-19 pandemic has become a public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC). The isolation and quarantine during the COVID-19 pandemic limited the physical and social activities of the population, which contributed to the increased prevalence of mental disorder. Depression and anxiety are the most common mental illnesses conferring a serious impact on individuals' life quality. This review summarizes the mental health consequences of COVID-19, especially for depression and anxiety. Exercise as an intervention for anxiety and depression has been demonstrated in both of the animal studies and human clinical trials. The underlying mechanism including the regulation on the production of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), D-β-hydroxybutyrate, synaptic transmission, hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis, tryptophan hydroxylase, GSK3β/β-catenin pathway, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress and PGC-1α1-PPAR axis. In addition, we summarized the exercise strategies to fight against anxiety and depression according to the information from American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM), World Health Organization and recent literatures about physical exercise during COVID-19.

Mental Health Outcomes Among Healthcare Workers Dealing with COVID-19/ SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Introduction: The psychological impact of COVID-19 on healthcare workers has received attention from researchers seeking to understand the extent of the effects of the ongoing pandemic on this population. The aim to this systematic review and meta-analysis was to synthesise the currently available literature on the topic to determine the prevalence of mental health problems in healthcare workers. Methods: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis, searching PubMed, PsycINFO, Scopus and Cochrane register of clinical trials (CENTRAL) databases for articles published from December 2019 to May 31, 2020. We identified cross-sectional, case-control and cohort studies reporting prevalence of any International Classification of Diseases (ICD) or Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) mental health disorders in healthcare workers involved directly or indirectly in providing services during the COVID-19 pandemic. Studies reporting or having extractable prevalence data were also included. The prevalence proportion for individual outcome was extracted as an estimate of interest. We performed random-effects meta-analyses evaluated using Q statistic, I2 statistic, subgroup analyses, sensitivity analyses and assessed study quality. This review was done in adherence to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) and Meta-analysis Of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) guidelines. The study protocol was registered prospectively at PROSPERO, CRD42020182005. Results: We identified 988 studies of which 928 studies were excluded during screening for duplicates and did not meet the inclusion criteria. We further assessed 56 full-texts and finally included 17 studies for analysis with 34021 participants. The overall prevalence estimated were: depression 25.9% (95%CI 18.4-34.1, I2=99.5%), anxiety 24.5% (95% CI 17.9-31.9, I2=99.1%), insomnia or poor sleep quality or sleep disturbance 35.8% (95% CI 28.3-48.1, I2=99.2%), and stress 30.7% (95% CI 13-51.6, I2=99.9%). Conclusion: Healthcare workers who are dealing with the COVID-19 pandemic have a significant prevalence of depression, anxiety, insomnia and poor sleep quality, and stress. The healthcare workforce needs to practice self-care now more than ever, while healthcare managers and policy makers need to factor in the mental health consequences of COVID-19 on their workforce.Funding Statement: None.Declaration of Interests: None.

Psychological Problems in General Population During COVID-19 Pandemic: Role of Cognitive Emotion Regulation

The objective of present research was two folds. First objective was to explore psychological problems (Anxiety, Depression and Stress) in general population during Covid-19 pandemic. Second purpose was to find predictive effects of cognitive emotion regulation on psychological problems. Convenient sampling technique was used to obtain the sample of 500 participants (Male=239, Female=261). Research instrument consists of four parts. First part comprised of consent form, second part was about demographic profile, third part was Depression, Anxiety and Stress scale (DASS-21) while Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire was the last part of the instrument. SPSS 23.0 (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) version was used for study analysis. Descriptive statistics used to summarize the raw data. The inferential statistics such as regression, correlation and t-test were used to calculate the findings according to research objectives. Results indicated that 33%, 40% and 27% individuals were experiencing Depression, Anxiety and Stress respectively during Covid-19 pandemic. Among these participants, 48% (N=242) were experiencing normal level of all these targeted psychological problems while remaining 52% (N=258) respondents have mild to very severe level of all these disorders. Furthermore, findings of linear regression analysis illustrated that cognitive emotion regulation significantly predicts psychological problems [R 2 =.216; F = 51.223, pFunding Statement:None to declare.Declaration of Interests: None to declare.Ethics Approval Statement: This study was approved by the ethical committee at the University of Gujrat, Department of Psychology.

Demographic and health factors associated with pandemic anxiety in the context of COVID-19.

The mental health consequences of COVID-19 are predicted to have a disproportionate impact on certain groups. We aimed to develop a brief measure, the Pandemic Anxiety Scale, to capture the specific aspects of the pandemic that are provoking anxiety, and explore how these vary by health and demographic factors. Data were from a convenience sample of parents (N=4,793) and adolescents (N=698) recruited in the first 6weeks of lockdown. Factor analytic and IRT methods were used to validate the new measure in both parent and adolescent samples. Associations between scores on the new measure and age, gender, household income, and physical health status were explored using structural equation modelling (SEM). Two factors were identified in both samples: disease anxiety (e.g., catching, transmitting the virus) and consequence anxiety (e.g., impact on economic prospects); and unique associations with health and demographic factors were observed. Anxieties due to the COVID-19 are multifaceted, and the PAS is a short, reliable, and valid measure of these concerns. These anxieties are differentially associated with demographic, social, and health factors, which should be considered when developing strategies to mitigate the mental health impact of the pandemic.

Heterogeneous mental health consequences of COVID-19: Costs and benefits.

In this commentary, I argue that the mental health impact of COVID-19 will show substantial variation across individuals, contexts, and time. Further, one key contributor to this variation will be the proximal and long-term impact of COVID-19 on the social environment. In addition to the mental health costs of the pandemic, it is likely that a subset of people will experience improved social and mental health functioning. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

A contextual behavioral approach for responding to moral dilemmas in the age of COVID-19

Prior pandemics and current news stories suggest that a “second pandemic” of potentially devastating mental health consequences will follow the COVID-19 pandemic. Given the changing contextual demands associated with the pandemic for many people, the mental health consequences of COVID-19 are likely to include exposure to a range of moral dilemmas. Such dilemmas may set the stage for the development of moral distress and moral injury in a broad range of contexts from the ER to the grocery store. In the current paper we offer an approach to responding to moral dilemmas presented by COVID-19. We propose a contextual behavioral model of moral injury that is relevant to those experiencing moral pain associated with the COVID-19 pandemic. Based on this model, we offer two different approaches to intervening on COVID-19-related moral dilemmas. First, we propose the use of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for Moral Injury (ACT-MI) among individuals suffering from moral injury. Second, to intervene on moral dilemmas at the level of the group, we propose the use of the Prosocial intervention. We offer case examples describing ACT-MI and Prosocial to highlight how these interventions might be applied to moral-dilemma-related concerns during the COVID-19 pandemic and discuss implications for future research.

The COVID-19 pandemic in Australia: Lessons learnt.

This paper evaluated the unique challenges of Australians in relation to the global novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. The 2019-2020 bushfires and COVID-19 outbreak have increased rates of anxiety and distress in Australia. On the contrary, unprecedented spending by the Australian Government on health care, employment, and housing has potentially lowered anxiety and stress for some Australians. Research is required to monitor the potential long-term mental health consequences of COVID-19 in Australia. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

Mental health ramifications of the COVID-19 pandemic for Black Americans: Clinical and research recommendations.

Mental health clinicians and researchers must be prepared to address the unique needs of Black Americans who have been disproportionately affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Race-conscious and culturally competent interventions that consider factors such as discrimination, distrust of health care providers, and historical and racial trauma as well as protective factors including social support and culturally sanctioned coping strategies are needed. Research to accurately assess and design treatments for the mental health consequences of COVID-19 among Black Americans is warranted. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

The Mental Health Consequences of COVID-19 and Physical Distancing

The Mental Health Consequences of COVID-19 and Physical Distancing