Mental Foramen Research Articles

Management of impacted mandibular second premolars

An impacted tooth is a tooth that fails to erupt completely and is embedded in the alveolar bone due to a physical barrier in the form of bone and adjacent teeth. Mandibular second premolars rank third in frequency of tooth impaction. This article describes the management of impaction treatment of mandibular second premolars by surgical procedures. An 18-year-old male came to RSGMP Unhas with complaints of incomplete eruption of the right back tooth RB. History of pain about 5 months before and no complaints of swelling. There was no history of drug/food allergy and history of systemic disease was denied. Extra oral exa-mination, there was no abnormality with normal mouth opening. Intra oral examination, found partial eruption of tooth 45, palpation pain (-), hyperemia (-), calculus (+) and moderate OH. The treatment performed was odontectomy of tooth 45 under local anaesthesia. It was concluded that odontectomy was performed by creating a flap and reducing some of the bone surround-ing the tooth. The position of the impacted second premolar adjacent to the foramen mentale and the roots of neighbouring teeth is one of the factors that must be considered in performing surgery.

Structural and CBCT analysis of mandibular canal microvessels expressing neurotransmitters in human cadavers.

This study focused on the detailed structure of microvessels of the neurotransmitter-positive vasa nervorum of the inferior alveolar nerve, vein, and artery in the mandibular canal (MC) to obtain information for improved safety in dental treatments. We also observed the detailed structure of the MC from the mental foramen to the mandibular foramen using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). In this study, mandibles from 45 sides of 23 human cadavers aged 76-104years were examined by microscopy, immunohistochemistry, and CBCT analysis. These data were further evaluated by principal component analysis (PCA). The microvessels of the vasa nervorum with calcitonin gene-related peptide- and neuropeptide Y-positive reactions were classified into 5 types: large (4.19%, 28/667); irregular large (7.35%, 49/667), numerous intermediate (29.23%, 195/667),irregular intermediate (29.23%, 195/667), and scattered fine (30.0%, 200/667) microvessels. The MC showed various structures from the 3rd molar to the premolars and was also classified into three types, including complete (57.0%, 228/400), partial (33.8%, 135/400), and unclear (9.2%, 37/400), from the mandibular foramen to the mental foramen. PCA results revealed that developed capillaries were mainly localized in the molar region. Fine microvessels of the vasa nervorum expressing neurotransmitters are present from the molar to premolar region, which is key information for mandibular dental treatments. The different microvessel structures also indicate differences in specific characteristics between dentulous and edentulous cadavers regarding oral surgical and implant treatments.

Anthropometric evaluation of mandibular characteristics in the medieval Kurdish population of Girê Kortikê: Sex-based variations and comparative analysis

IntroductionThis research seeks to develop population-specific standards for skeletal sex determination, focusing on the medieval Kurdish population of Girê Kortikê and the mandible, a skull component presenting the highest degree of sexual dimorphism. This is the first study of its kind for this population. The research's primary objectives were to conduct anthropometric evaluations of several mandibular characteristics within this population, assess sex-based variations, determine relationships between various mandibular sizes, and contrast these findings with other existing studies. Materials and methodsA total of 121 mandibles (55 women, 66 men) were measured using 14 distinct anthropometric techniques, applying Pearson correlation coefficients, student's t-test, and principal component analysis (PCA) for comparison. ResultsThe study examined and discussed disparities between some chosen mandibular measurements and data from other populations. Statistically significant sex differences (p < 0.05) and correlations were identified in 12 of the anthropological measurements. The research found that the greater the height of the symphysis (GNI), the higher the foramen mentale height (FBB). Average measurements significantly deviated from the medieval Kurdish population when compared to populations in Santa Maria Xigui, Mexico (XIG), and Mexico City (MEX). ConclusionNo correlation was found between the height of the mandibular body (HML) and the mandible length (MLT). The study suggested distinct mandibular angle (MAN) sizes between sexes, indicating unique characteristics within the Girê Kortikê population, warranting further research for a more comprehensive evaluation. In conclusion, these findings emphasize the mandible's anatomical, historical, and cultural relevance in sex determination within the Girê Kortikê population.

Determination of critical-sized defect of mandible in a rabbit model: Micro-computed tomography, and histological evaluation

ObjectiveTo evaluate a rabbit model of mandibular box-shaped defects created through an intraoral approach and determine the minimum size defect that would not spontaneously heal during the rabbit's natural life (or critical-sized defect, CSD). MethodsForty-five 6-month-old rabbits were randomly divided into five defect size groups (nine each). Mandibular box-shaped defects of different sizes (4, 5, 6, 8, and 10 mm) were created in each hemimandible, with the same width and depth (3 and 2 mm, respectively). Four, 8, and 12 weeks post-surgery, three animals per group were euthanized. New bone formation was assessed using micro-computed tomography (MCT) and histomorphometric analyses. ResultsBox-shaped defects were successfully created in the buccal region between the incisor area and the anterior part of the mental foramen in rabbit mandibles. Twelve weeks post-surgery, MCT analysis showed that the defects in the 4, 5, and 6 mm groups were filled with new bone, while those in the 8 and 10 mm groups remained underfilled. Quantitative analysis revealed that the bone mass recovery percentage in the 8 and 10 mm groups was significantly lower than that in the other groups (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference in the bone mass recovery percentage between the 8 and 10 mm groups (p > 0.05). Histomorphometric analysis indicated that the area of new bone formation in the 8 and 10 mm groups was significantly lower than that in the remaining groups (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference in the new bone area between the 8 and 10 mm groups (p > 0.05). ConclusionsThe dimensions of box-shaped CSD created in the rabbit mandible through an intraoral approach were 8 mm × 3 mm × 2 mm. This model may provide a clinically relevant base for future tissue engineering efforts in the mandible.

Evaluation of the position of the mental foramen in panoramic radiographs in a radiological center, Lima 2022

Evaluation of the position of the mental foramen in panoramic radiographs in a radiological center, Lima 2022

A Cross-sectional study to analyse the anthropometric measurements of mental foramen of dry human mandibles

A Cross-sectional study to analyse the anthropometric measurements of mental foramen of dry human mandibles

Measurement of Thickness at the Inferior Border of the Mandible Using Computed Tomography Images: A Retrospective Study including 300 Japanese Cases.

Vascularised fibular free flaps are integral to reconstructive surgery for head and neck tumours. We investigated the morphological characteristics of the mandible to improve the incidence of plate-related complications after surgery. Using standard radiological software, thickness measurements of the inferior or posterior margin of the mandible were obtained from computed tomography images of 300 patients at seven sites: (1) mandibular symphysis, (2) midpoint between the mandibular symphysis and mental foramen, (3) mental foramen, (4) midpoint between the mental foramen and antegonial notch, (5) antegonial notch, (6) mandibular angular apex (gonion), and (7) neck lateral border of the dentate cartilage. Relationships between age, sex, height, weight, the number of remaining teeth in the mandible, and the thickness of each mandible were also investigated. Measurement point 1 had the largest median mandibular thickness (11.2 mm), and measurement point 6 had the smallest (5.4 mm). Females had thinner measurements than males at all points, with significant differences at points 1, 2, 3, 4, and 7 (p < 0.001). Age and number of remaining teeth in the mandible did not correlate with mandibular thickness; however, height and weight correlated at all points except point 6. Thickness measurements obtained at the sites provide a practical reference for mandibular reconstruction. Choosing the fixation method based on the measured thickness of the mandible at each site allows for sound plating.

Relationship of Age, Gender, and Height with the Anthropometric Radiographic Indices of the Mandible in 20-50-year-olds of Iranian Race

Background: The mandibular bone, similar to other bones in the human body, has a number of effective anatomical features that the use of radiographic images of these features can be effective in various findings, such as forensic dentistry. The present study aimed to estimate age, gender, and height by measuring the anthropometric radiographic indices of the mandible in 20-50-year-olds of Iranian race. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on 100 people (50 female and 50 male) who were referred to the Orthodontics Department of Ilham Dental School in 2018. The required information was extracted and recorded from patients' panoramic radiographs. Statistical analysis was performed using descriptive statistics, t-test, and SPSS (version 22) software. Results: The results of this study showed no significant difference between any of the studied variables with age (P&gt;0.05). However, a significant difference was observed between mandibular width, mandibular height, gonial angle, mandibular canal, and the superior-inferior position of the mandibular foramen with gender and height (P&lt;0.05). Moreover, no significant difference was found between the location of the mental foramen and the posterior and anterior position of the mandibular foramen with height (P&gt;0.05). In addition, although no significant difference was seen between the antegonial angle and gender, the antegonial angle had a significant relationship with height (P&lt;0.04). Conclusion: There is a significant relationship between skeletal variables and gender and height, and it may be possible to determine the gender and height of individuals by evaluating radiomorphometric indices.

Morphology and Variant Anatomy of the Mandibular Canal in a Kenyan Population: A Cone-Beam Computed Tomography Study

Study Design Descriptive cross-sectional study. Objective The mandibular canal (MC) exhibits surgically significant anatomical variations in its course and terminal segment among different ethnic groups. The aim of this study was to document a surgically relevant position of the MC, its variants, and related anatomical structures in dentate patients from a select Kenyan population. Methods 351 hemi mandibular cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans from 202 patients were used to evaluate the MC and mental foramen (MF) for normal morphology, anatomical variations, and their linear relationship to various reference points. Results The most frequently encountered course of the MC was the progressive descent type seen in 241 (68.7%) scans. Accessory MC were observed in 15 (4.3%) scans. Accessory MF were observed in 29 (8.3%) scans. The mean diameter of the MC was 3.36 ± .39 mm. The orientation of the MC was more lingual towards the angle of the mandible and more buccal towards the MF. The most frequent position of the main MF in relation to the second premolar was anterior (53.3%). The average distance from the MF to the inferior border of the mandible was 12.17 ± 1.91 mm. The anterior loop of the mental nerve was observed in 18 (5.1%) scans and its mean length was 4.83 ± .89 mm. Conclusions Our study revealed significant variations in the position, size, and course of the MC and MF. This knowledge should assist oral surgeons to avoid inadvertent injury to the inferior alveolar neurovascular bundle in the local population.

Evaluation of mandibular cortical and trabecular radiomorphometry in familial Mediterranean fever patients

The objective of this retrospective study was to evaluate the mandibular cortical and trabecular morphology and microarchitecture of patients with familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) and compare them to those of healthy individuals by examining radiomorphometric indices on panoramic radiographs. We examined a group of 56 FMF patients aged 5 to 71 years and an age- and sex-matched control group of individuals with no systemic diseases. We classified the FMF and control groups according to age and sex and the FMF group according to colchicine use. We evaluated the quantitative radiomorphometic indices of gonial index, antegonial index, molar cortical thickness, mental index, panoramic mandibular index, and lacunarity, and the qualitative mandibular cortical index on all panoramic radiographs and performed between and within group analysis. Mean gonial index, antegonial index, and molar cortical thickness values of the FMF group were significantly smaller than those of the control group. Significantly fewer patients in the FMF group were classified as mandibular cortical index type 1 compared to the control group. There were no significant differences in quantitative index values according to colchicine use in the FMF group or regarding the categorical parameters of age, sex, and mandibular cortical index classification. Radiomorphometric values of the mandibular basal cortex posterior to the mental foramen differ significantly in FMF patients compared to healthy counterparts. Dentists should note mandibular morphologic changes indicative of low bone density when examining panoramic images of patients with this disease.

Cone- beam computed tomography study of morphologic and morphometric characteristics of mental foramen in an Eastern Indian population

In light of imaging evidence on the differences in several characteristics of anatomical foramina in the mandible, the current study evaluates the morphologic and morphometric characteristics of Mental foramen (MF) by Cone-Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) in an Eastern Indian population as well as the effect(s) of age and gender on the same. CBCT images of 200 adult individuals aged 18–60 years were examined for the position, opening angle, dimensions of MF; vertical distance from the superior border of the foramen to alveolar crest and inferior border to base of the mandible; and the prevalence of the accessory mental foramen (AMF). The characteristics of MF and AMF were compared across the gender and age groups at p < 0.05 level of significance. The MF was positioned in between the roots of premolars in 48.0% and 44.0% of males and females, respectively. In a higher proportion of females (98.0%, p = 0.006), the vertical position of MF on the left-side was below the root apex. The vertical (3.64 millimeter; p < 0.001) and horizontal (3.64 millimeter; p < 0.001) diameters of MF and occurrence of AMF (16.0%, p = 0.046) on the left-side were higher in males. The opening angle of MF (right-side: 24.13 degrees, p = 0.001; left-side: 24.21 degrees, p < 0.001) was higher in females. Significant variations in certain parameters of the MF across gender were revealed with marked prevalence of AMF that may be of value in forensic investigation.

Evaluation of Position and Symmetry of Mental Foramen on Digital Panoramic Radiographs: A Retrospective Study

Background: The mental foramen is an important anatomical landmark located on the anterolateral surface of the mandible, and it transfers the mental nerve and vessels. Knowledge of the position of the mental foramen is important both when administering regional anaesthesia and performing periapical surgery in the mental region of the mandible. Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the position and symmetry of the mental foramen on a digital orthopantomogram (OPG) among the Nalgonda population. Materials and Methods: A total of 400 digital OPGs taken by the Rotograph evo OPG machine of both genders were analysed retrospectively. The position of the mental foramen was recorded according to criteria given by Wei Cheong Ngeow and Yosuf Yuzawati. The symmetrical or asymmetrical position of the mental foramen was also recorded. Results: The most common position in the current study for the right side was position 4 (n = 202; 50.5%) followed by position 3 (n = 102; 25.5%), position 5 (n = 82; 20.5%), position 2 (n = 8; 2%), position 1 (n = 4; 1%) and the least common was position 6 (n = 2; 0.5%) and the most common position of mental foramen for left side was position 4 (200;50%) followed by position 3 (n = 132; 33%) , position 5 (n = 60; 15%), position 1 and 2 (n = 4; 1%) and the least common was position 6 (n = 0; 0%). The mental foramen was symmetrical in 250 patients (62.5%) and asymmetrical in 150 patients (37.5%). For the symmetrically placed mental foramina, the most common location was position 4 (n = 126; 50.4%) followed by position 3 (n = 76; 30.4%), position 5 (n = 42; 16.8), position 6 (n = 4; 1.6%), position 2 (n = 2; 0.8%), position 1 (n = 0; 0%). Conclusion: In the present study, it was found that the most common position of the mental foramen in the given population in both males and females was below the second premolar, followed by between two premolars. It was symmetrical in 62.5% of OPG’s. The current study was limited to evaluating the position and symmetry of the mental foramen relative to mandibular teeth in a small sample of the Nalgonda population in Telangana state using digital panoramic radiographs. In further studies, utilizing a larger sample size for evaluation of the mental foramen using advanced imaging modalities would be required for a more precise identification of the mental foramen.

Morphometric Analysis of Mandible for Gender determination in adult patients: A Cone Beam Computed Tomography Study

Context: Gender determination is an important component of personal identification. Aims: Assessment of gender using mandible with Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT). Settings and Design: This cross-sectional prospective study was conducted on dental outpatients in the department of Oral Medicine and Radiology. Methods and Material: 148 dental outpatients were selected and subjected to CBCT. Mandibular landmarks such as gonial angle, alveolar ridge to mental foramen distance, mental foramen to the inferior border of mandible distance, mandibular canal to the most anterior tangent point of buccal and lingual mandibular plate distance, mandibular canal border to the lowest tangent point on the inferior border of the mandible, coronoid height, bigonial breadth, minimal ramus breadth and ramus length were assessed on CBCT scan. Statistical Analysis Used: Data was represented as mean and Standard Deviation (SD). Parameters were compared between males and females using Kruskal-Wallis and Student’s independent T-test. A value below 0.05 represented significant results. Results: All parameters except gonial were significantly higher in males as compared to females angle (P&lt; 0.05). The distance from the lowest point of the mandibular canal to the most posterior tangent point of the Mandibular Lingual Plate (MCLM) and bigonial breadth was higher in males than females but the difference was non-significant (P&gt;0.05). The accuracy of CBCT was found to be 89.7% in males and 88.5% in females. Conclusions: Gender determination by morphometric analysis of the mandible using cone beam computed tomography is an effective method and provides higher accuracy as compared to two-dimensional conventional radiographs.

Evaluation of the validity of mental foramen USG measurements by comparison with CBCT and determination of blood flow.

To examine mental foramen (MF) morphology and morphometry in comparison with ultrasonography (USG) and cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT), and to determine the relationship between mental artery blood flow parameters and age, gender, dental status, alveolar crest height, mandibular cortical index (MCI) with USG. A total of 120 MF and mental arteries of 60 patients (21 males and 39 females), including 20 patients in each group, aged 18-39, 40-59, and 60years and above, were evaluated. The horizontal and vertical diameter of the MF and the distance between it and the alveolar crest were evaluated with USG and CBCT. In addition, mental artery blood flow parameters were examined by USG. When the horizontal diameter values of MF were compared in USG and CBCT measurements; the diameter was significantly lower in the measurements obtained by USG (p < 0.05). It was observed that there were no mental arteries whose blood flow could not be recorded, 31 (25.8%) had strong blood flow and 89 (74.2%) had weak blood flow. No significant correlation was observed between gender and blood flow parameters (p > 0.05). Considering that CBCT images are used as gold standard in our study, it may be said that USG is not as reliable as CBCT in evaluating the MF dimensions in the maxillofacial region. Nevertheless, USG is a suitable technique for determining the visualizing and blood flow of the MF.

The inferior alveolar nerve and its relationship to the mandibular canal.

Previous work on the mandibular canal, mental foramen, and mandibular foramen has focused on humans and some other non-primate mammals (with small sample sizes), but little work has investigated the mandibular canal and inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) across primates. However, it is important to understand the relationship between the IAN and mandibular canal due to the IAN's close relationship to the teeth and mastication, and thus dietary adaptations. While it is assumed that most bony canals within the skull grow around and form to pre-existing nervous structures, this relationship has never been validated for the IAN and mandibular canal. MicroCT scans of 273 individuals (131 females, 134 males, and 8 unknown sex) from 68 primate species and three mammalian outgroups, and diceCT scans of 66 individuals (35 females, 23 males, and 8 unknown sex) from 33 primate species and the same mammalian outgroups were used to create 3D models of the IAN and mandibular canal from which cross-sectional areas were taken at various points on the structures. Using qualitative descriptions, phylogenetic generalized least squares analysis, and phylogenetic ANOVAs, we were able to establish three main conclusions: (1) the mandibular canal is most often not a defined canal within the mandible of primates, (2) when the canal can be identified, the IAN does not comprise most of the space within, and (3) there are significant relationships between the IAN and the corresponding canals, with most showing isometry and the mental foramen/nerve showing negative allometry.

Prevalence, length, and patterns of Anterior Loop among the South Indian population: A comparative study between Panoramic Radiography and Cone Beam Computed Tomography.

To assess the prevalence, length, and patterns of the anterior loop of the inferior alveolar nerve by panoramic radiography and cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). A prospective study was conducted on 300 mental foramen regions by exposing them to panoramic radiography and CBCT scan. Two individual observers evaluated the images to assess the presence of an anterior loop, the mean length of the loop, and the most frequent pattern of the loop in our population. The prevalence of the anterior loop for male patients and female patients by panoramic radiography was 34% and 32% on the right side and 30% and 36% on left side, respectively. By CBCT, the corresponding values were 69% and 72% on the right and left side, respectively, for male patients, and 73% and 81% on the right and left side, for female patients, respectively. The results from our study strongly emphasize the need for CBCT imaging before planning for procedures in the mental foramen region because the prevalence, length, and pattern of loop significantly varies with respect to age, sex, and population.

Evaluation of Position of Mental Foramen in Dentulous Population by Digital Panoramic Radiography.

The mental branch of the trigeminal nerve, which supplies sensation to the lower lip, originates in the mandibular canal, making it an essential anatomical structure for dentists and oral surgeons to access. It is not well known that there is a spectrum of normal that includes variants in which there may be more than one nerve entry site, which means that if the mental foramen is not protected, normal feeling in the lower lip may be lost permanently. The diagnostic value of global radiographic landmarks like the mandibular trench and the dental foramen in identifying skeletal problems has been investigated. Four hundred patients over 40 who fit the inclusion/exclusion criteria were chosen. Patients were recruited from Vananchal Dental College and Hospital, Garhwa's Out Patient section for Oral Medicine, Diagnosis, and Radiology. The following patients with their consent are subjected for digital orthopantomography (Cephalometric Device for Rotograph EVOD Ref 930790001, SN 14112930, Villa Sistem Medical) and the captured images are then interpreted for the variations in mandibular canal. The results of our study are as follows: In this study, the mean age of the subjects was 47.27 years, with a range of 40-75 yearsMajority of cases were females (53.75%) and 46.25% were males.The top of the residual ridge, located between the mental foramen and the mandibular canal, is clearly visible to all observers (grade I).Only 1.75% of the people surveyed had a bifid canal, despite the fact that the majority of the people surveyed had a single mandibular canal on both sides (98.25%).Right side mean was 18,682.017, whereas left side mean was 16,331.851; nevertheless, this difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.0860 NS). The dental foramen was located close to where the mandible and the area housing the next premolar met. These findings may be utilized to improve the safety of peri-apical surgical procedures. Therefore, it is therapeutically relevant to get insight into the structural alterations of the mental foramen and locate its location in preoperative radiological scans.

Role of CBCT in Dental Implant Treatment Plan: A Review

Now a days, people want dental implants to replace the missing teeth. Needless to say, a highly accurate alveolar and implant site measurement technique to avoid damage to adjacent vital structures during surgery is essential. Here comes the role of CBCT imaging as a new diagnostic tool for clinical assessment and treatment planning for dental implant practice. Using CBCT scanners, we can visualize the height and width of the available bone for implant placement, root anatomy of adjacent teeth, the exact location of the maxillary sinuses, mandibular canal, mental foramen and incisive canal.

The relationship between Meckel's cartilage resorption and incisor tooth germ in mice.

Our understanding of the initiation and cellular mechanisms underlying endochondral resorption of Meckel's cartilage (MC) remains limited. Several studies have shown that the resorption site of MC and the mandibular incisor tooth germ are located close to each other. However, whether incisor tooth germ development is involved in MC resorption remains unclear. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the spatio-temporal interaction between the initiation site of MC resorption and the development of incisor tooth germs in an embryonic mouse model. To this effect, we developed a histology-based three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction technique using paraffin-embedded serial sections of various tissues in the jaw. The serial sections were cut in the frontal section and the tissue constituents (e.g., MC, incisor, and mineralized mandible) were studied using conventional and enzyme-based histochemistry. The outline of each component was marked on the frontal sectional images and 3D structures were constructed. To assess the vascular architecture at the site of MC resorption, immunohistochemical staining using anti-laminin, anti-factor VIII, and anti-VEGF antibodies was performed. MC resorption was first observed on the lateral incisor-facing side of the cartilage rods at sites anterior to the mental foramen on E16.0. The 3D analysis suggested that: (a) the posterior region of the clastic cartilage resorption corresponds to the cervical loop of the incisor; (b) the cervical portion of the tooth germ inflates probably due to temporal cellular congestion prior to differentiation into matrix-producing cells; (c) the incisor tooth germ tissue is present in close proximity to MC even in mouse with continuously growing tooth and determines the disappearance of MC as the tooth development.

Transverse growth of the mandibular body in untreated children: a longitudinal CBCT study.

Currently available reports on mandibular transverse growth are limited to two-dimensional images and cross-sectional studies. The objective of this study was to examine transverse growth of the mandibular body in untreated growing individuals during the mixed dentition stage using longitudinal three-dimensional imaging. CBCT images of 25 (13 females and 12 males) untreated subjects at two time points were analyzed. The average age was 9.1years at T1 and 11.3years at T2. Mandibular segmentation and superimposition were performed to obtain linear and angular measurements at different axial levels. At the superior (mental foramen) axial level, transverse growth between the buccal surfaces gradually increased from the premolars to the ramus. At the inferior axial level, significant transverse growth differences were detected between the ramus and the dentition regions. In contrast, between the lingual surfaces, both superior and inferior levels showed minimal change in the region under the dentition and a significant amount of resorption in the ramus region. This difference between buccal and lingual surface changes led to a mandibular body angulation change in the premolar and molar regions. In contrast, the overall mandibular body angulation measured from the posterior-most border of the mandible to the symphysis remained the same. Differences were detected between males and females, with males tending to exhibit greater transverse growth in the ramus region at the inferior level. The mandibular body exhibited different transverse growth patterns at different axial levels. Differences were also found between genders. An in-depth understanding of craniofacial growth and development is crucial to diagnosis and treatment planning. The current study provides additional insight into the transverse growth of the mandible.