Mental Energy Research Articles

Multisensory mental imagery of fatigue: Evidence from an fMRI study.

Functional imaging experimental designs measuring fatigue, defined as a subjective lack of physical and/or mental energy characterizing a wide range of neurologic conditions, are still under development. Nineteen right‐handed healthy subjects (9 M and 10 F, mean age 43.15 ± 8.34 years) were evaluated by means of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), asking them to perform explicit, first‐person, mental imagery of fatigue‐related multisensory sensations. Short sentences designed to assess the principal manifestations of fatigue from the Multidimensional Fatigue Symptom Inventory were presented. Participants were asked to imagine the corresponding sensations (Sensory Imagery, SI). As a control, they had to imagine the visual scenes (Visual Imagery, VI) described in short phrases. The SI task (vs. VI task) differentially activated three areas: (i) the precuneus, which is involved in first‐person perspective taking; (ii) the left superior temporal sulcus, which is a multisensory integration area; and (iii) the left inferior frontal gyrus, known to be involved in mental imagery network. The SI fMRI task can be used to measure processing involved in mental imagery of fatigue‐related multisensory sensations.

Too tired for a good deal: How customer fatigue shapes the performance of Pay-What-You-Want pricing

The current research investigates customers’ reactions to exchanges where they are given complete control in determining the final price in retailing contexts. Specifically, the authors seek to understand how participative pricing mechanisms, such as Pay-What-You-Want (PWYW), influence pricing attitudes and customer purchases. We argue that, despite customers’ favorable attitude toward such pricing strategies, the delegation of control to customers in the price-setting process can be costly for firms. In four studies, we demonstrate that PWYW enhances attitudes toward the pricing strategy but decreases purchase intentions and actual purchases. Furthermore, we isolate perceived pricing effort as the key underlying mechanism and identify customer fatigue level as a critical moderator. Our findings suggest that managers should implement PWYW only in situations where customers have the mental energy required to determine what they want to pay. The present research makes important theoretical contributions to existing literatures on participative pricing and customer fatigue.

Co-occurrence of Fatigue and Depression in People With Multiple Sclerosis: A Mini-Review.

Fatigue and depression are common conditions diagnosed in people with multiple sclerosis (MS). Fatigue defined as subjective lack of physical and/or mental energy is present in 35–97% of people with MS, who classify it as one of the most serious symptoms interfering with daily activities and influencing the quality of life. Depression is diagnosed in about 50% of people with MS. Since fatigue and depression frequently coexists, it may be quite hard to differentiate them. Primary fatigue and primary depression in MS are caused by inflammatory, oxidative/nitrosative, and neurodegenerative processes leading to demyelination, axonal damage, and brain atrophy. In people with MS and comorbid fatigue and/or depression there is reported increased serum and cerebrospinal fluid concentration of inflammatory mediators such as tumor necrosis factor, interleukins (IL-1a, IL-1b, IL-6), interferon γ and neopterin. Moreover, the brain atrophy of prefrontal, frontal, parietotemporal regions, thalamus, and basal ganglia was observed in people with MS with fatigue and/or depression. The secondary fatigue and secondary depression in people with MS may be caused by emotional factors, sleep disorders, pain, the coexistence of other diseases, and the use of medications. In some studies, the use of disease-modifying therapies positively influenced fatigue, probably by reducing the inflammatory response, which proves that fatigue and depression are closely related to immunological factors. In this mini-review, the pathogenesis, methods of evaluation and differentiation, and possible therapies for fatigue and depression in MS are discussed.

Resonant approach to coronavirus detection and spiritual protection against it

The human body represents an oscillatory contour. In a physical body there is a hierarchical system of connected standing waves of various quality: electric, magnetic, thermal, light, gravitational, mental. Electromagnetic standing waves form a biofield providing electromagnetic homeostasis. The source of electromagnetic oscillations are cells. The development of the body is under the influence of mental energy. Mental energy affects electromagnetic homeostasis. The quality of mental energy depends on consciousness, feelings and desires. A balanced person produces a mental energy of equilibrium that provides electromagnetic homeostasis, otherwise the mental energy of a disorder that disrupts electromagnetic homeostasis is produced. Man is a complex entity that unites body, mind, soul and spirit. The spirit is the highest beginning in man. The ton co material soul is connected with feelings and desires. The mind is connected with cognition and thinking. Man is connected with the spiritual and physical world. His spirit and soul are connected to the spiritual world. The material part of a person is the body. The soul unites the spiritual and material life of man in these worlds, combining spirit and body. Mind, spirit, soul, and body affect each other. Thoughts, feelings, desires and emotions create our body. Righteous thoughts, good desires support the normal functioning of the body at all levels. Unrighteous thoughts, evil desires disrupt the normal functioning of the body at all levels. In article is considered spiritual needs of the person as fruits of opposition of infection with COVID-19 coronavirus. A resonant approach to the detection of coronavirus COVID-19 is also proposed.

Thriving or surviving: staff health metrics and lifestyle behaviours within an Irish higher education setting

PurposeDue to the international paucity of empirical evidence, this study aimed to investigate the health metrics and lifestyle behaviours of a staff cohort in a higher education institution (HEI) in Ireland.Design/methodology/approachData were collected from 279 (16.4% response rate) HEI staff (academic, management, clerical/support), via a web-based health questionnaire that incorporated validated measures such as the Mental Health Index-5, Energy and Vitality Index, Cohen's Perceived Stress Scale (short form) and the AUDIT-C drinking subscale. A cluster analytical procedure was used to examine the presence of distinct clusters of individuals exhibiting either optimal or sub-optimal health behaviours.FindingsA multitude of concerning patterns were identified including poor anthropometric profiles (64.4% of males overweight/obese), excessive occupational sitting time (67.8% of females sitting for = 4 h per day), hazardous drinking among younger staff (38.2% of 18–34 year olds), sub-optimal sleep duration on weeknights (82.2% less than 8 h), less favourable mean psychometric indices than the general Irish population, and insufficient fruit and vegetable intake (62.1% reporting <5 daily servings). Cluster analysis revealed “Healthy lifestyle” individuals exhibited significantly lower BMI values, lower stress levels and reported fewer days absent from work compared to those with a “Sub-optimal lifestyle”.Originality/valueIn contrast to the abundance of research pertaining to student cohorts, the current study is the first to examine the clustering of health-related variables in a cohort of HEI staff in Ireland. Findings will be used to inform policy at the host institution and will be of broader interest to higher education stakeholders elsewhere. Future longitudinal studies are required to monitor the health challenges experienced by this influential, yet under-researched cohort.

Fetal psychism: neurodynamic and psychoanalytic bases

Backgroung: Neuroscientific research has provided great discoveries regarding the understanding of the brain functioning and its neural circuits. With advances in studies on fetal behavior, new discussions have arisen about the existence of a possible rudimentary psychic apparatus. Questioning the existence of a psychism in the fetus becomes doubly challenging. First, because of the controversy that exists in the field of neuroscience about the studies of epiphenomena. Second, because of the difficulty that psychoanalysis has in accepting the existence of a psychic structure before birth. This study was carried out considering all these controversies and scientific limitations, and for this reason it should be understood as a theoretical hypothesis and an invitation to a broad and transdisciplinary view on the complexity of human behavior. From an extensive review on the development of the nervous system and fetal synaptogenesis, and combining neurophysiological and neurophysical research, it was possible to create a link with the Freudian theory of psychic energy described in the Project for a scientific psychology. From these joints, questions were raised about fetal development, especially in the preterm phase, which would be composed of intense synaptic activities, especially in the somatosensory and thalamocortical regions that would receive exogenous and endogenous stimuli, both acting to generate an accumulation of psychic energy. Thus, it was hypothesized that this intense flow of energy would be the first sign of the development of the primitive psychic apparatus in the fetus. Thus, it was possible to assume that during the preterm period this cathected energy discharge could project directly onto the limbic and motor brain structures and leave unconscious memory traces of intrauterine life experiences. These influences of a psychic nature, together with epigenetic factors, would contribute to the appearance of certain behavioral and neurodevelopmental disorders. Therefore, suggesting an early transdisciplinary approach in at-risk infants exposed to environmental or epigenetic stressors during the gestational period, especially during the synaptic plasticity window, will provide a therapeutic opportunity through psychic reorganization and sensorimotor integration.

The Importance of Physical Activity to Augment Mood during COVID-19 Lockdown.

The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of COVID-19 lockdown on mood and objective physical activity. A sample of 78 college students in Spain completed an assessment of mood using the valid Profile of Mood State (POMS) questionnaire and had their physical activity tracked objectively using a validated wrist-worn accelerometer (Xiaomi Mi Band 2) for one week before being under COVID-19 lockdown (T1) and for one week during COVID-19 lockdown (T2). Paired samples t-tests revealed significantly greater (p = 0.027) POMS Total Mood Disturbance (TMD) Score T2 (mean ± SD) (22.6 ± 28.0) compared to T1 (17.7 ± 22.6) (lower score represents better mood) and significantly lower (p ≤ 0.001) POMS Vigor Score T2 (14.1 ± 5.0) compared to T1 (18.2 ± 4.5) (lower vigor score represents lower mental and physical energy levels). Additionally, Total Objective Steps was significantly less (p ≤ 0.001) lT2 (15,841.9 ± 17,253.2 steps) compared to T1 (64,607.0 ± 50,525.2 steps). Regression analyses demonstrated significant negative relationships of Total Objective Steps and POMS Depression (p = 0.014, Beta = −0.277, t = −2.511), POMS Anger (p = 0.040, Beta = −0.233, t = −2.091), and POMS TMD (p = 0.007, Beta = −0.302, t = −2.754) T2. The regressions also revealed a significant positive relationship (p = 0.012, Beta = 0.283, t = 2.57) of Total Objective Steps and POMS Vigor T2. These data suggest that being in a lockdown due to a pandemic may have negative physical and mental health-related consequences and that engaging in physical activity may reduce these deleterious mental health-related consequences during lockdowns and quarantines.

Trait Energy and Fatigue May Be Connected to Gut Bacteria among Young Physically Active Adults: An Exploratory Study.

Recent scientific evidence suggests that traits energy and fatigue are two unique unipolar moods with distinct mental and physical components. This exploratory study investigated the correlation between mental energy (ME), mental fatigue (MF), physical energy (PE), physical fatigue (PF), and the gut microbiome. The four moods were assessed by survey, and the gut microbiome and metabolome were determined from 16 S rRNA analysis and untargeted metabolomics analysis, respectively. Twenty subjects who were 31 ± 5 y, physically active, and not obese (26.4 ± 4.4 kg/m2) participated. Bacteroidetes (45%), the most prominent phyla, was only negatively correlated with PF. The second most predominant and butyrate-producing phyla, Firmicutes (43%), had members that correlated with each trait. However, the bacteria Anaerostipes was positively correlated with ME (0.048, p = 0.032) and negatively with MF (−0.532, p = 0.016) and PF (−0.448, p = 0.048), respectively. Diet influences the gut microbiota composition, and only one food group, processed meat, was correlated with the four moods—positively with MF (0.538, p = 0.014) and PF (0.513, p = 0.021) and negatively with ME (−0.790, p < 0.001) and PE (−0.478, p = 0.021). Only the Firmicutes genus Holdemania was correlated with processed meat (r = 0.488, p = 0.029). Distinct metabolic profiles were observed, yet these profiles were not significantly correlated with the traits. Study findings suggest that energy and fatigue are unique traits that could be defined by distinct bacterial communities not driven by diet. Larger studies are needed to confirm these exploratory findings.

An overview on Hebephrenia, a diagnostic cornerstone in the neurodevelopmental model of Schizophrenia

Pre-Kraepelinian observations converged in Kahlbaum's and Hecker's description of Hebephrenia. For Kraepelin, Hebephrenia was an 'idiopathic incurable dementia whose onset is in adolescence'. It became the core of 'Dementia Praecox', and then Bleulerian 'Schizophrenia'. In recent decades, the resurgence of the 'late neurodevelopment' hypothesis of schizophrenia has brought into focus Hecker's clinical reports of adolescents who, as a result of a putative loss of psychic energy, showed a rapidly progressive cognitive impairment leading to functional and behavioural disorganization. This paper summarizes the nineteenth-century conceptualization of Hebephrenia as a developmental illness.

Ninjinyoeito exerts an antidepressant‐like effect by enhancing the central noradrenergic system

ABSTRACTAimNinjinyoeito (NYT) is a Kampo medicine prescribed for patients with decreased mental and physical energy. Clinical studies demonstrate that NYT ameliorates depressive symptoms in patients with various diseases. However, the underlying therapeutic mechanisms of action remain unclear. The monoaminergic system has been implicated in the neuropathology of depression. Using immobility in the tail suspension test to evaluate depression‐like behavior, we aimed to examine the effects of NYT and the involvement of the α1‐adrenoceptor and serotonin (5‐HT)1A receptor in its mechanism of action.MethodsImmobility in the tail suspension test was used as an index of depression‐like behavior. NYT (1,000 or 2,000 mg/kg/day, once a day for seven days) was orally administered to mice. Prazosin and WAY‐100635 were administered 30 min and 1 h before the test, respectively. Norepinephrine (NE) and 5‐HT levels in the frontal cortex and amygdala were analyzed using a high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) electrochemical detector.ResultsNYT (2000 mg/kg/day) shortened the immobility time. Prazosin and WAY‐100635 blocked the NYT‐mediated reduction in immobility time. NYT increased NE levels, but not 5‐HT levels, in the amygdala.ConclusionNYT reduced immobility time in the tail suspension test, likely by increasing NE levels. The increased NE levels may activate the α1‐adrenoceptor, thereby ameliorating the depression‐like behavior. NYT may therefore improve depressive symptoms in patients by enhancing the noradrenergic system.

One size does not fit all: A qualitative study exploring preferences and barriers towards the design of a loneliness reduction intervention in patients with coronary heart disease.

AimTo explore preferences and barriers towards the design of a loneliness reduction intervention in patients treated for coronary heart disease who experience loneliness.DesignA qualitative study using patient involvement methodology.MethodsSeventeen patients participated in either focus groups or individual interview sessions. The interview guide was based on patient involvement methodology. Interviews were analysed using deductive content analysis.ResultsFour overall findings emerged as follows: (a) An intervention involving a social network member must comply with patients perceived social norms; (b) An intervention involving a peer provides benefits from reciprocity and shared experiences, but also requires surplus mental energy; (c) The history of an existing relationship can act as both provider and barrier for confidentiality and (d) Start‐up, timeframe and structure of the intervention should be individually tailored to the patient's preferences. Findings illuminated preferences and barriers towards the design of a loneliness reduction intervention in patients with coronary heart disease.

Associations among sleep quality, sedentary behavior, physical activity, and feelings of energy and fatigue differ for male and female college students

ABSTRACT Objective Feelings of fatigue and low energy compromise quality of life in college students and are influenced by sleep quality, sedentary time, and physical activity (PA) in an interactive manner and differentially by sex, warranting further investigation. Method College students (n = 693; 78% female) were assessed for sleep quality (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index), sedentary time (Sedentary Behavior Questionnaire), and PA (Godin Leisure-Time Exercise Questionnaire). State mental and physical energy and fatigue were assessed via the Mental and Physical State and Trait Energy and Fatigue Scales. Structural equation modeling was used to explore associations among variables of interest in the complete sample and by sex after controlling for anxiety, depression, and perceived stress. Results In the complete sample, PA predicted all outcomes in expected directions (β range = −.103 – .119; all p < .05); however, sleep quality and sedentary time were not predictors (p > .05). For males, only sleep quality predicted mental and physical energy and physical fatigue (all p < .05) whereas among females, only physical activity predicted mental fatigue and physical energy and fatigue (all p < .05). Sedentary time did not significantly predict any outcomes in males or females. Conclusions PA is related to mental and physical energy and fatigue among college students. Sex differences were evident with sleep quality for males and PA for females, being more closely related to energy and fatigue outcomes. Research targeting these health behaviors and interactive effects on feelings of energy and fatigue in this cohort are warranted.

Effects of bali yoga program for athletes (BYP-A) on psychological state related to performance of circus artists

Yoga and the practice of mindfulness have gained popularity as performance psychology interventions, by promoting a relaxed state of focus, increasing body flexibility, and improving awareness during performances. Like professional athletes, circus performers invest a great deal of time, resources, and mental and physical energy in their performances. The present pilot project focuses on the effect of the Bali Yoga Program, adapted for athletes (BYP-A), on the general psychological state, quality of life, performance anxiety, and perceived athletic performance of circus artists studying at the National Circus School in Montreal. Over 8 weeks, student circus artists (n= 18) attended 90-min yoga session. Results showed that following the intervention, participants reported decreased depressive and somatic symptoms, decreased cognitive and somatic performance anxiety and enhanced coping abilities (relaxation, mental distractions). BYP-A has initially shown to provide benefits for circus artists, such as factors related to improved psychological health and mental state related to performance. Future avenues for research should explore yoga intervention more thoroughly and pursue to investigate the differences existing between circus arts and other performance fields.

Management of Psychiatric Disorders in Patients with Stroke and Traumatic Brain Injury.

Management of Psychiatric Disorders in Patients with Stroke and Traumatic Brain Injury.

Quantum approach to the curriculum, another perspective on curriculum practice in the third millennium

Background and purpose: The beginning of the 21st century refers to an era that can be called the quantum era from the point of view of technology. Quantum theories have the ability to be useful in explaining complex human behaviors, including teaching and learning, and scientists use this theory in investigating phenomena such as mind, thinking, and subconscious mind. Quantum theory in Iran is especially important in the subject curriculum. It is unknown and it is necessary to explain the relevant concepts and with the help of its capabilities, the shortcomings of the existing curriculum will be resolved and lead to a conscious life in the third millennium. Therefore, with the aim of explaining the quantum concepts and determining the relevant components, this research has pursued this question: What components does the quantum curriculum include? Research method: This research is qualitative in terms of fundamental purpose and data. For this purpose, conceptual structure evaluation and theoretical research were used. The statistical community of research in the qualitative part includes national and international documents and related researches and digital resources in the field of quantum physics and curriculum. Findings: Application of this theory, transdisciplinary approach, contextual, collaborative and negotiation knowledge instead of hierarchical knowledge, readiness to face unexpected developments and situations, lifelong learning, lack of focus in curricula and dealing with all complex human dimensions and It presents his extensive interactions with the universe and the implementation of multicultural curricula. In order to succeed in the implementation of curricula, attention should be paid to the learner's environment and his mental and physical conditions and the injection of mental energy. In the evaluation of curricula, attention should be paid to the variety of tools and resources and it should be done qualitatively, continuously and in different situations. Conclusion: Quantum curriculum with a holistic view of right and left hemisphere interactive learning, by establishing a simple and dynamic model, returns the pleasure of teaching to professors and elevates students to the level of insatiable and knowledgeable learners.

Job Satisfaction and Burnout among Registered Nurses in aPrivate Hospital

Background: The nursing profession is not only physically demanding which deal with the function and human health, but also involve the use of mental energy and contribute to mental exhaustion when one is continuously exposed to stressful events and circumstances. This inevitably lead to burnout and with job dissatisfaction. Objectives: This study aims to identify the levels of job satisfaction and burnout issue among registered nurses and to determine the relationships between demographic variable, job satisfaction and burnout among registered nurse in a private hospital in Kajang, Malaysia. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive with convenient sampling method was used on 167 respondents. The questionnaire consists of Section A: sociodemographic data 6 items, Section B: 22 items on the level of burnout and Section C: 20 items on the level of job satisfaction. Result: The result showed that the level of job satisfaction and burnout among nurses are at high level with mean value are 4.06 and 4.07 respectively. Conclusion: There is moderate to high level of job dissatisfaction and burnout reported by the registered nurses. The findings of this study will provide significant findings to the nursing administrative in addressing the expectation and needs of their registered nurses.

Review of cost and surgical time implications using virtual patient specific planning and patient specific implants in midface reconstruction

Aim: Summarize the available data on midfacial virtual patient specific planning and patient specific implants, highlighting the financial costs and savings, and additionally emphasize the potential cost implications of transitioning to “in-house” virtual 3D modeling and printing. Methods: Review of current literature. Results: Current literature suggests cost benefits of virtual patient specific planning and patient specific implants in the form of improved ischemia time, better boney apposition between flaps, and reduced patient complications. This reduction of complications includes a reduction in blood loss and time spent in the intensive care unit from flap failure. Improved boney apposition results in a higher likelihood of boney union and a further reduction in failure and complications. Subjective benefits of virtual patient specific planning and patient specific implants are shown in the form of improved reconstructive surgeon mental energy. In-house production of 3D models and presurgical planning provides additional cost benefits for providers as they can produce viable models at a fraction of the price of that which is produced by industrial companies. Providers can also construct and use models in an expedient manner compared to industrial models, allowing for the opportunity to be utilized in more acute settings. The foundation of developing an in-house workflow is adequate funding, resources, and clinical volume. Facilities also must focus on appropriate quality and safety measures, as well as appropriate workflow development for adequate production of models. Conclusion: Virtual patient specific planning and patient specific implants show benefits in midfacial reconstructive outcomes, resulting in realized financial and temporal gains for both patient and provider. These gains may be enhanced by moving to in-house planning and printing.

Detrimental effects on executive function and mood following consecutive days of repeated high-intensity sprint interval exercise in trained male sports players

ABSTRACT Intensified periods of competition are common in many team sports, potentially leading to increased fatigue and reduced performance. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of repeated high-intensity sprint interval exercise on cognitive function, mood and perceptions of energy and fatigue. Twenty-four trained rugby players completed multiple bouts of repeated sprints across two consecutive days. Prior to and following each set of maximal effort sprints or equivalent control duration, a battery of cognitive tasks assessing simple and choice reaction time, visuo-spatial working memory and inhibition were completed as well as visual analogue scales that assessed mood, energy, and fatigue. Accuracy of incongruent Stroop responses was significantly lower across day 2 compared to day 1 and the control condition. Four-choice reaction time was slower across day 2 whilst feelings of alertness, contentedness, and physical and mental energy were reduced while ratings of physical and mental fatigue increased. These findings suggest that intensified periods of high-intensity sprint interval exercise have detrimental effects on executive function, mood and perceptions of physical and mental energy, and fatigue. These deleterious effects have the potential to impact performance and may increase the propensity for injury/accidents in certain sporting and non-sporting contexts.

Re-enchanting urban play-parks

In the secular, rationalistic worldview, ancient ideas of magic and enchantment are seen as primitive illusions. Banishing magic and mystery from the cultural tradition leads to the disenchantment of the world. It can be argued further that the world's disenchantment ultimately manifests as disengagement, boredom, apathy and depression. The concept of re-enchantment suggests a countermove to the process of disenchantment. What are the practical methods of re-enchantment?In 2018, I worked as a community artist in Helsinki City Play-parks. In my work, I conducted a series of art projects with children that focused on imagination and material play. The artistic process is not confined by the borders of the rational mind but advances through imaginative and intuitive insight. Working artistically with images, sounds, and movements opens us to the creative life forces. Communal art allows us to become the active creators of our collective environment and may lead to the re-enchantment of our lives.If the dominance of the rigidly rational mind is the cause of disenchantment, re-enchantment must find new ways of acting beyond the rational. The origin of the word enchantment suggests a casting of a magical spell through chanting. From the perspective of deep psychology, the spellbinding effect of enchantment can be seen as an unconscious projection of mental or emotional energy to a person, object or idea.My research draws upon the work on imagination done by Carl Gustav Jung and Gaston Bachelard. Jung developed the idea of the archetypes that are expressed in the images of the collective unconscious. Bachelard's work on material imagination reveals how poetic and artistic imagery rises from our relationship to different states of matter. The paper shows how the activation of the imaginative unconscious can lead to a re-enchanted view of ourselves and the world around us.

Identification of potential accessions of Bacopa monnieri L. for herbage yield and bacosides A content

Bacopa monnieri is well recognized medicinal herb for promoting mental strength, longevity, life energy, and sleep. Conservation and cultivation of overexploited species like Brahmi are the key factors for the restoration of diversity. The diversity in species can be implied to screen the elite accessions. Morphological, chemical, and genetic parameters of five elite accessions were studied and evaluated for sustainable cultivation as well as industrial uses. The evaluated accessions varied in quantitative, qualitative, and molecular characters. Accession DBM-5 (Directorate Bacopa monnieri-5), exhibited maximum herbage yield, while the accession DBM-4 was rich in Bacoside A content. DBM-2, DBM-4, and DBM-5 accessions were most diverse, therefore, can be used in crop improvement programs. Overall, DBM-4 is suitable accession for commercial cultivation as an alternative to traditional rice-wheat cropping system under low-lying conditions. The accession DBM-4 is also suitable for product development or pharmaceutical industries due to rich quality parameters viz., total chlorophyll, carotenoids, bacosides A content, low in drying/ash, and high in water and alcohol extractive.