Mental Capabilities Research Articles

Enhancing athletes performance: the impact of Perhutani honey on cognitive function and lactic acid levels

Introduction: Cognitive function and lactic acid levels are crucial determinants of athletic performance, impacting both physical and mental capabilities during training and competition. Objective: This study aims to evaluate the effects of Perhutani Honey administration during Special Preparation Stage (SPS) on cognitive function and lactic acid reduction among male athletes from Student Education and Training Center (PPLP) at Riau Province in Indonesia. Methodology: The study procedures were carried out using 45 male athletes, who were divided into 2 groups, namely control and Perhutani Honey supplementation. In addition, cognitive function and lactic acid levels were measured at each phase. The data obtained were analyzed using ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) to determine statistical significance, with a significance level set at p<0.05. Results: These results suggested that Perhutani Honey supplementation during SPS training significantly enhanced cognitive function and reduced lactic acid accumulation in male athletes. ANOVA test results showed that there were significant improvements in cognitive function and reductions in lactic acid levels among athletes who received the intervention. Conclusions: Future studies are advised to explore the long-term sustainability of the recorded benefits while controlling for additional variables, such as diet, sleep patterns, and other forms of exercise, to further isolate the specific effects of Perhutani Honey and SPS.

Secure at all cost: An assessment of the competencies of southern police district task group diplomatic

The study assessed the competency levels of the Southern Police District Task Group Diplomatic across embassies, residences, and schools, in terms of; knowledge of work, training, physical and mental capabilities, and work etiquette. This is important to address the gaps in implementing protective security for the diplomatic corps, Embassy, and residence of diplomats in the Philippines. Using the descriptive method, data was gathered using an online survey questionnaire among one hundred fifty (150) personnel. The result indicates that embassy personnel demonstrated higher competency levels compared to those stationed at residences and schools. It was further discovered the significant differences in the competency assessments of the three groups of respondents—embassies, residences, and schools. These differences highlight that each group faces distinct challenges. The frequency of problems encountered varied across the key areas related to inadequate knowledge of work and ineffective training, Problems with physical and mental capabilities were also noted, Work etiquette was less frequent. Significant differences were observed in the frequency of problems encountered by the three respondent groups, indicating that each group faces unique operational challenges. Based on the study findings, a set of targeted policy recommendations has been proposed to bolster the competency of the Southern Police District Task Group Diplomatic. The study contributes to identifying their strengths and areas for improvement, enabling them to enhance their competencies in providing security and diplomatic protection within their Jurisdiction.

The Effect Of Suggested Exercises On Developing Some Mental Abilities For Children Aged 4-6 Years

The purpose of the current article lies in determining the impact of the suggestive exercises on the development of the mental capabilities of children. The researchers used the experimental method with a single-group design, which was appropriate for the core of the current article . The study samble has been specified as children aged 4-6 years in Umm Al-Rabi'een Kindergarten, with a total of 95 children. The study samble (15 children) was randomly selected. . After the exercises were completed, the post-tests have been carried out on the sample with similar circumstances as that of pre-tests. Researchers used statistical methods in the SPSS program. After the results were presented, analyzed, and discussed, The researchers concluded that the exercises conducted for the children had a positive effect on how to use and improve the children's mental abilities.

Субъективность сознания как возможное теоретическое обоснование психологического формирующего контекста у детей в сниженном сознании (Formative context in disorders of сonsciousness, FcDоC)

<p><strong>Relevance. </strong>Currently, the issue of restoring consciousness after severe brain injury is a very acute one.<strong> Purpose. </strong>To present a new practical psychological technique, based on modern theoretical concepts of consciousness — Formative context in disorders of consciousness (FcDоC), which allows to dynamically change and form mental processes in decreased consciousness in children after severe brain injury.<strong> Material and methods</strong>. 4 children (aged 5-10 y.o.) with decreased level of consciousness after severe traumatic brain injury were enrolled in the pilot study at early stages of rehabilitation. Each child was shown a video about him/her which was shot a few days earlier. The film was accompanied by psychological comments, and child's reactions were simultaneously video recorded. Results were assessed with quantitative (SCAB) and qualitative techniques (visual observation, video recording).<strong> Results. </strong>All children demonstrated an emotional response after watching the film; there were marked positive changes in their psychic activity (less latent response time, better emotional and motor reactions).<strong> Conclusion. </strong>A new technique of psychological work with children in lowered level of consciousness after brain injury, which allows to form and restore child's mental capabilities, has been called «Formative context in disorders of consciousness (FcDоC)». The present study combines theoretical prerequisites of new knowledge on human consciousness formation with true practical experience.</p>

ДЕТЕРМИНАНТЫ ЭМОЦИОНАЛЬНОГО ВЫГОРАНИЯ ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНЫХ КОНТИНГЕНТОВ МЧС РОССИИ

In modern labor conditions, the problem of timely diagnosis, prevention and correction of negative psychological consequences associated with the performance of a person's official duties is acute. The source of negative factors are various traumatic events (accidents, catastrophes, military operations, etc.), chronic (mental and physical) stress associated with professional activities, including in extreme conditions. The professional activity of rescuers is one of the most stressful (psychologically) types of social activity and is included in the group of professions with a large presence of stress factors. The uncertainty of the current situation, the constant expectation of danger, the need for continuous comprehension and analysis of rapidly changing situations, increased attention, collision with human grief have a powerful and ambiguous effect on the human psyche, require the mobilization of all its physical and mental capabilities to effectively solve the tasks. As a result, the consequences of emerging negative conditions can affect both the specialist himself and his professional activity: the quality of work deteriorates, the number of professional errors increases, the number of conflicts in the service and at home increases, a change of job and even a profession is possible. Thus, it is relevant and important to observe the dynamics of the functional state of such specialists, the development and change in psychological properties and qualities occurring in the process of performing an employee's official tasks. Such observation is aimed at preventing the negative impact of occupational stress, maintaining the productivity of professional activities and preserving the psychological health of a person.

ESP AS A HOLISTIC APPROACH TO EDUCATION - CLASSROOM PRACTICE ILLUSTRATION

The authors advocate major change in the conceptualisation of English for Specific Purposes courses. While the foundational premise of any ESP instruction is highly focused on a particular professional/scientific field and thus narrow as opposed to the concept of language as an ontology, we hereby claim that an ESP course can be successful in its preset outcome and at the same time significantly upgraded towards the notion of language as a tool for not only expressing the fullness of being, but also as a language instruction methodology that significantly improves mental capabilities and social awareness in students. ESP understood and practiced as a narrow, focused approach to language teaching does not necessarily pay attention to the development of any other intellectual or psychological aspect of a student. Authors disagree with the educational policies that proclaim particularised knowledge output of language studying process. We show that with appropriate teaching methodology the teaching of ESP can be (re)turned to holistic education that is the innate nature of language.

Patterns of intrinsic capacity trajectory and onset of activities of daily living disability among community-dwelling older adults.

Global population ageing has brought about new challenges for elderly care. Exploring intrinsic capacity (IC) over time, which is designed as a composite measure of an individual's physical and mental capabilities, is essential for promoting healthy ageing and preventing dependency, such as that emerging from disability in activities of daily living (ADL). We aimed to identify and examine the differences between classes of IC trajectory and onset of ADL disability. We conducted an observational study using data from three waves (2011-15) of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study, comprising 2609 participants with 6034 observations. IC was measured by five domains, including locomotion, cognition, psychological, sensory capacities, and vitality. We used joint latent class modelling to identify distinct classes with similar patterns of IC trajectory and onset of ADL disability, as well as to explore the variation in IC trajectory and predict five-year risks of ADL disability considering the heterogeneity in the elderly population. The average baseline IC score was 7.15 (range: 0-15). We observed that IC scores slowly decreased with age, with 17.25% of participants developing ADL disability. We identified three classes of IC, which could be described as moderate health (class 1: n = 1634, 62.63%), at-risk (class 2: n = 716, 27.44%; had the highest risk of ADL disability), and optimal health (class 3: n = 259, 9.93%; had the lowest baseline risk of ADL disability). The probability of being in the moderate health class was decreased the most by emotional problems (odds ratio (OR) = 0.219; P < 0.001). Having a self-rated poor standard of living substantially reduced the chances of moderate (OR = 0.308; P = 0.001) and optimal health (OR = 0.110; P < 0.001). Observing IC trajectories and the onset of ADL disability can stratify the elderly into heterogeneous groups, as well as provide data for implementing person-centred care plans to reverse the trend and delay the adverse outcomes in clinical practice.

Navigating the Paradoxes of Real-Time Leadership

Abstract: This article examines the challenges of real-time leadership in today's fast-paced global business environment. Real-time leadership requires making decisions quickly with imperfect information, adapting plans on the fly, and motivating teams amid uncertainty. However, human cognition and organizational structures often inhibit real-time agility. Cognitive biases, limited working memory, and dual-processing systems make objective analysis difficult under pressure. Additionally, siloed functions, bureaucracy, and risk-averse cultures constrain flexibility and dynamism. The article explores these barriers and provides strategies for developing mental, structural, and compassionate capabilities to overcome them. It analyzes examples of effective and ineffective real-time leadership responses to COVID-19. The conclusion emphasizes that while real-time leadership will always pose difficulties, focused development in key areas can enhance adaptability during crises.

2168 A survey of non-consultant hospital doctors’ perspectives, knowledge, and practices towards delirium in a large Irish hospital

Abstract Background Delirium is a common condition in hospitals, especially among older people. This refers to a dramatic decline in mental capabilities marked by diminished concentration and consciousness. Aims The purpose of this study is to assess the views, knowledge, and behaviour of non-consultant hospital doctors about managing delirium in a large Irish hospital. Methods Questionnaires were given to 28 healthcare professionals from various departments according to Davis and MacLullicin (2009). It was conducted between July and September 2023 with emphasis on finding out its prevalence rate, diagnostic criteria, and management strategies for delirium. Results The study established that majority of the respondents recognised the importance of delirium but there appears to be a gap in practical management of this clinical syndrome. Although many doctors agreed that delirium was significant, most lacked confidence in diagnosing as well as managing it. The use of standardised assessment tools like the 4AT was limited. Conclusions This study highlights the disparity between what is known and practiced by hospital doctors concerning delirium care. It implies increased training for delirium management with frequent use of assessment tools and ongoing education aimed at enhancing patients’ outcomes during cases of delirium. Keywords: Delirium Management, Hospital Doctors, Medical Training, 4AT, Clinical Practice, Elderly Care.

Aging as Online Faculty: Attitudes Toward Work and Retirement

Aging, an often-neglected aspect of diversity in universities, is an important issue, as the rate of people working who are 75 and older is growing faster than the rate for any other age group. The present sequential explanatory mixed-method study explored 129 older online faculty’s attitudes and opinions on work and retirement in an online survey and in 13 faculty interviews. Data were examined cross-sectionally to assess differences by decade: 50s, 60s, and 70s and above. The results indicated that while older faculty were collecting some form of retirement payment, money was not a primary motivator for working. These individuals enjoyed their work and saw it as providing mental stimulation and giving their lives meaning. Older faculty indicated they did not want traditional retirement, but instead planned to work part time as long as they physically and cognitively were capable. Further, they indicated that online faculty’s retirement should be based on their own judgment of their mental and physical capability to do the job adequately. Results may be used by academic institutions to better serve their aging faculty.

Aversion against machines with complex mental abilities: The role of individual differences

Theory suggests that robots with human-like mental capabilities (i.e., high agency and experience) evoke stronger aversion than robots without these capabilities. Yet, while several studies support this prediction, there is also evidence that the mental prowess of robots could be evaluated positively, at least by some individuals. To help resolving this ambivalence, we focused on rather stable individual differences that may shape users’ responses to machines with different levels of (perceived) mental ability. Specifically, we explored four key variables as potential moderators: monotheistic religiosity, the tendency to anthropomorphize, prior attitudes towards robots, and the general affinity for complex technology. Two pre-registered online experiments (N1 = 391, N2 = 617) were conducted, using text vignettes to introduce participants to a robot with or without complex, human-like capabilities. Results showed that negative attitudes towards robots increased the relative aversion against machines with (vs. without) complex minds, whereas technology affinity weakened the difference between conditions. Results for monotheistic religiosity turned out mixed, while the tendency to anthropomorphize had no significant impact on the evoked aversion. Overall, we conclude that certain individual differences play an important role in perceptions of machines with complex minds and should be considered in future research.

Character Education in Korean Military

Purpose: This article is intended as a suggestion for the direction that the military character education system should pursue, which is suitable for changing the values of the young generation to the essential values of the military while respecting democratic values. The existing understanding and approaches to the military character education, which has been limited to solving the problems related to interpersonal relationships and military service adaptation within the group he or she belongs, must now be converted into a consistent system that meets the original purpose of military. The new military culture must respect the individuality of its members while integrating individual capabilities into the goals of the military organization. The changes of military culture should begin with changes in the aim and the methods of character education implemented in the military. Method: In that the concept of a soldier's character itself implies intersubjective universality, we would like to examine this article through Weber's ideal type (Idealtypus), which is a social scientific research methodology concepts, a standard concept established based on intrinsic values and universal standards to recognize the diverse and fluid social and cultural phenomena. Taking some into account the Weber’s assertion, the objective validity of all empirical knowledge is based solely on the fact that a given reality is in a certain sense ordered by subjective categories, this study will be conducted by a qualitative approach with literature analysis and materials review. Ideals are subjectivity, but the causality of those Ideals can be objective. Objectivity is the “intersubjective universality,” which refers to whether one's logical process can be valid or not. Objectivity can only be achieved when a value-neutral attitude is maintained, which Weber calls “value freedom (Werfreiheit).” Results: Despite the fact that the mental attitude based on an individual' value system and the externally manifested behavior are not independent of each other, there has been little interest in the relationship between the character of an individual soldier and his will to fight, to the extent that character and mental power are treated separately in military character education. In order to build a soldier's character with mental combat capabilities, the reason and purpose of the military's existence, or the functional characteristics and attributes of the military, must be reflected in military character education. The fact that, while the behavior pursued by a military organization should be purpose-rational, the desirable behavior required of individual soldiers who are members of the military organization is value-rational behavior must be taken into consideration when constructing a character education system. Conclusion: If the purpose of military character education is presented in line with the legitimate and essential values for which the military must exist, military character education will directly and indirectly contribute to improving military efficiency. For a soldier, his or her character is not simply a way of necessary for the adaptation in his or her barracks life and a kind of good interpersonal relationships in it, but also a moral competency that is demonstrated in the battle or the war he or she may carry out. As Weber defined society as a means/end rationality, military organizations also perform their unique functions and use the most efficient and rational means to achieve their specific end. Just as the means/end rationality destroys old traditions, military character education consistent with military identity can most effectively change military organizations.

The chameleon in consumers: Development and validation of a scale to measure Consumers' Cognitive Flexibility

AbstractThis paper introduces a new scale, the Consumers' Cognitive Flexibility Scale (CCF‐Scale). Consumers' Cognitive Flexibility (CCF) is conceptualized as the adaptation to changes in the environment and to product options by exhibiting flexible thoughts, feelings, and actions. This scale is a new measure of consumers' mental capabilities to understand and evaluate unknown products. Especially, really new products (RNPs) are highly innovative and different from well‐known products in the market. A flexible mindset can help integrate RNPs into existing knowledge structures. The CCF‐Scale was developed and tested with four prestudies and four representative studies with 1057, 696, 494 German, and 506 US consumers. The prestudies were used to ensure face and content validity and to select products for criterion validity. The findings demonstrate a reliable and valid scale in both countries consisting of 14 items with three CCF‐facets: Coping (with consumption problems), Perspective (change for product/information evaluation), and Alignment (to changes in the environment). Results show that the CCF‐facets help explain RNP‐acceptance across different categories (e.g., food, furniture, and digital services). One limitation is the article's focus on RNPs. Still, marketers can use these findings to adjust instructions on how to use RNPs and to communicate more effectively, for example by using analogies.

Profiling and assessing the risks of image- and performance-enhancing drugs use during the COVID-19 lockdown.

Image and Performance-Enhancing Drugs (IPEDs) can enhance mental and physical capabilities and impact one's overall health. Initially confined in sport environments, IPEDs use has become increasingly widespread in a high-performing society. The present study was aimed at profiling IPEDs use during the COVID-19 lockdown among an international sample of young adults. A cross-sectional observational study was carried out in eight countries (United Kingdom, Italy, Lithuania, Hungary, Portugal, Spain, Brazil, and Japan) between April and May 2020. The survey questionnaire included validated measurements such as Exercise Addiction Inventory (EAI), Appearance Anxiety Inventory (AAI), and Self-Compassion Scale (SCS) as well as questions about the type of IPEDs, purchasing methods and socio-demographic information. A total of 736 IPEDs users were included in the survey. Their mean age was 33.05 years (±SD = 10.06), and 64.2% were female participants. Overall, 6.8% were found at risk of exercise addiction (EAI >24), 27.6% presented high levels of appearance anxiety, and 24.9% revealed low levels of emotional regulation's self-compassion. Most participants (55.6%) purchased IPEDs through pharmacies/specialized shops, while 41.3% purchased IPEDs on the Internet. Online IPEDs buyers were mainly men who had higher scores on the Exercise Addiction Inventory. One or more IPEDs classifiable as "potentially risky" were used by 66.3% of the sample. Users of "potentially risky IPEDs" were younger and primarily men. They showed higher scores both on the Exercise Addiction Inventory and Appearance Anxiety Inventory. This study profiled users of IPEDs when the most restrictive COVID-19 lockdown policies were implemented in all the participating countries. More targeted post-COVID 19 prevention strategies should be implemented according to the emerged socio-demographic and psychopathological traits and cross-cultural differences emerged. Longitudinal studies will also be needed to determine the long-term effect of the COVID-19 lockdown on IPEDs consumption.

Entropy Weight Method Based Assessment of Mental Health in Middle School Students

With the progress of education and social development, mental health issues among middle school students are increasingly gaining attention. This study employs the entropy weight method to assess the mental health of middle school students, establishing a mental health capability index system and quantifying relevant data. Case data analysis reveals that social activities and parental relationships have the greatest impact on students' mental health, while study time, academic burden, and school atmosphere have relatively smaller effects. The research helps understand the mental health status of students and provides a basis for formulating reasonable educational strategies, thus promoting the comprehensive development of students.

A case for using methods from natural science in advancing the field of cognitive neuroscience.

Cognitive neuroscience seeks to pinpoint the neural basis of cognitive function. Application of scientific methods can be credited for its advancement within the field of psychology. Past approaches such as phrenology, that linked bumps on the skull to mental capabilities, initially gained popularity, but the lack of experimental testing contributed to its demise. Research in neuropsychology and the use of the double dissociation experimental technique subsequently emerged. Objective measurements of behaviour following selective damage within the brain led to a paradigm shift. More recently, application of the subtraction technique, coupled with the emergence of cognitive neuroimaging tools, has allowed psychologists to isolate and measure specific functions such as language, vision, memory, and recognition of emotion. Importantly, these approaches enable reliable prediction of behaviours, given parameters of brain integrity, a key goal within the field of psychology.

A phenomenological understanding of the intersectionality of ageism and racism among older adults: Interpersonal experiences

Summary This qualitative, phenomenological study explored the lived experience of the intersectionality of ageism and racism among older adults, with a focus on interpersonal experiences. Fifteen participants 60+ years of age (M = 67, SD = 7.45) in the U.S. Mountain West identifying as Black, Latino(a), Asian-American/Pacific Islander, or Indigenous engaged in a 1-hour interview. A three-cycle, inductive coding process involved five coders who independently coded interviews and engaged in critical discussion to resolve disagreements. An audit trail, member checking, and peer debriefing enhanced credibility. Findings The results detail four umbrella themes and nine subthemes. The subthemes demonstrate experiences of the intersectionality of ageism with racism reflected through (1) increased disrespect, (2) cultural differences in respect for elders, (3) tokenization, (4) physical appearance, (5) being ignored or discriminated against due to others’ discomfort, (6) intersecting experiences of pity, hate, and violence, (7) unspoken bias (including racial profiling), (8) microaggressions: questioning intelligence/ability, and (9) microaggressions: slurs. Multiple themes highlighted how ageism may be racialized through stereotypes related to mental (in)capability. Applications Social work practitioners and researchers can apply the findings from this study to explore interventions aimed at reducing interpersonal, racialized ageist microaggressions related to mental incapability. At the community level, anti-racism and anti-ageism initiatives should collaborate by applying an enhanced understanding of the ways ageism and racism intersect through pity, hate, and violence particularly in public settings such as shopping centers. The findings from this study can also help shape policies aimed at reducing racial profiling and hate crimes toward older adults of color.

Population normative data for OxCAP-MH capability scores.

The study aims to establish the first set of normative data for OxCAP-MH capability instrument and to examine its association with sociodemographic and anxiety/depression severity variables. A large-sample cross-sectional online survey was conducted among the Hungarian adult general population in 2021. OxCAP-MH standardized mean scores were compared across age, sex, education level, residence, employment, and marital status. Linear regression analysis was employed to determine the impact of sociodemographic and anxiety/depression severity on the OxCAP-MH score. In total, N = 2000 individuals completed the survey. The sample mean age was 47.1, with female majority (53.4%). Most respondents had completed primary education (51%), were active on labour market (52.4%), lived in larger cities (70.0%), and were married/in relationship (61.1%). Nearly half of the participants reported experiencing depression (48.5%), anxiety (44.3%), and 38.6% reported having both. The mean OxCAP-MH score for the total sample was 67.2 (SD = 14.4), the highest in the non-depressed (74.4) and non-anxious (73.6) subgroups, the lowest among those with extremely severe depression (45.0) and severe anxiety (47.7). Regression results indicated that older individuals (by β = 0.1), males (β = 2.3), those with secondary or higher education (β = 2.7 and 4.5) and students (β = 6.8) had significantly (p<0.01) higher mental capabilities. Respondents with mild, moderate, severe, or extremely severe depression (β = -6.6, -9.6, -13.8, -18.3) and those with mild, moderate, or severe anxiety (β = -4.1, -7.7, -10.3) had lower capability scores. The OxCAP-MH instrument effectively differentiated capabilities across sociodemographic groups and highlighting the impact of depression and anxiety severity on general population's mental capability.

Alzheimer's Disease: A Journey Through Causes, Symptoms, and Current Challenges

Alzheimer's Sickness (Promotion), an ever-evolving neurodegenerative confusion, remains as the most common type of dementia. It tirelessly disintegrates mental capability, taking recollections and disturbing the capacity to perform regular undertakings. Notwithstanding critical exploration endeavors, the specific reason for Promotion stays a conundrum. This article digs into the trademark side effects that arise as the infection grabs hold, divulging the significant weight it puts on people and medical services frameworks the same. While current treatment choices give some indicative help, they miss the mark concerning offering a fix or even successfully ending the tenacious movement of Promotion. Nonetheless, ongoing headways in understanding the sickness' pathophysiology have touched off an encouraging sign. Analysts are currently taking apart the complex instruments fundamental Promotion, making ready for the advancement of additional designated helpful techniques. This recently discovered information highlights the basic requirement for proceeded with research tries to battle this crippling condition. By unwinding the secrets encompassing Promotion, we can make progress toward a future where viable medicines oversee side effects as well as forestall or try and opposite the course of this staggering infection. Keywords: Neurodegenerative disorder, Dementia, Cognitive function, Symptomatic relief, Pathophysiology, Therapeutic strategies

Revisiting the Motivated Denial of Mind to Animals Used for Food: Replication Registered Report of Bastian et al. (2012)

Bastian et al. (2012) argued that the meat paradox—caring for animals yet eating them—creates a tension between people’s moral standards (caring for animals) and their behavior (eating them) that can be resolved via mechanisms of motivated moral disengagement. One disengagement mechanism that is thought to play a central role is the denial of food-animal minds and therefore their status as moral patients. This idea has garnered substantial interest and has framed much of the psychological approach to meat consumption. We subjected Studies 1 and 2 of Bastian et al. (2012) to high-powered direct replications and found support for the target article’s hypotheses, concluding a successful replication. Perceptions of animals’ minds were negatively related to their perceived edibility (original: r = –.42 [–.67, –.08]; replication: r = –.45 [–.69, –.12]), positively related to moral concern for them (original: r = .77 [.58, .88]); replication: r = .83 [.68, .91]) and positively related to negative affect related to eating them (original: r = .80 [.63, .90]; replication: r = .80 [.62, .90]). Learning that an animal will be used for food led people to deny its mental capabilities (original: d = 0.40 [0.15, 0.65]; replication: d = 0.30, 95% CI [0.24, 0.37]), with the affect slightly weaker than the original. Our findings support the idea that the meat paradox is resolved through people’s motivated denial of food animals’ minds. Materials, data, and code are available on the OSF: https://osf.io/h2pqu/. This Registered Report has been officially endorsed by Peer Community in Registered Reports: https://doi.org/10.24072/pci.rr.100545.