Mental Alertness Research Articles

Strategic Impact (D.C.A.A.T.A) In Mental Alertness Among Fourth Year Middle School Students In Chemistry

The eresearch aim.s too iidentify the impact of the strategyy [(D.C.A.A.T.A) in mental alertness among fourth-year middle school students in chemistry].The quasi-experimentall design wass adopted for thee experimentall and controll groupss withi the posttest, where the sample size was (73) students, distributed among (36) forr thee experimentall groupp andd (37) forr thee controll groupp, and too achieve Objective of the research: The researchers built a measure of mental alertness consisting of (28) items according to Langer’s four dimensions. After applying the measure too thee twoo researchh groupp, the researchers analyzed thee results. It became clear thatt thee studentss of thee experimentall groupp were superiorr too thee studentse thee controll groupp according to thee (D.C.A.A.T.A) strategy in the measure of mental alertness, and that The size of the effect of the (D.C.A.A.T.A) strategy was very large on the mental alertness scale, and in light of this, the following conclusion was reached that teaching according to the (D.C.A.A.T.A) strategy contributed to improving thee levell off mental alertness off fourthh-yearr middlee schooll studentss inn chemistry.

Development of Trp-AuNPs-rGO based electrochemical active biosensing interface for dopamine detection

Neurotransmitters are essential for learning, mental alertness, blood flow, and emotions. An imbalance of neurotransmitters in the human system causes neurological disorders. An imbalance of dopamine, a neurotransmitter, can cause severe diseases such as Parkinson's disease, restless legs syndrome, depression, schizophrenia, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Dopamine detection is essential but requires high sensitivity, temporal resolution, and favorable electrochemical techniques for the sensing mechanism. The ultrasensitive and selective real-time diagnosis of dopamine depends on the fabrication of a brain-on-a-chip model. Prior to fabrication of this device, it is very essential to develop a novel metal nanomaterial that exhibits biocompatibility and fast detection and is capable of improving the quality of the device. In this respect, we prepared amino acid-reduced gold nanoparticles that were supported by reduced graphene oxide. The prepared composite has been characterized by various techniques for internal and external morphology. The electrochemical behavior was examined on a glassy carbon electrode via various electrochemical techniques by a potentiostat instrument towards the diagnosis of dopamine at a micromolar level in the presence of its interference. Finally, as expected, we found 43.59 μAμM−1cm-2 sensitivity toward DA in the linear range of 1-11 μM. Trp-AuNPS-rGO shows promising results toward the diagnosis of dopamine in the presence of its interference and proves that this nanomaterial will be very promising toward the fabrication of a brain-on chip.

Quantified Ataxic Breathing Can Detect Opioid-Induced Respiratory Depression Earlier in Normal Volunteers Infused with Remifentanil.

Ataxic breathing (AB) is a well-known manifestation of opioid effects in animals and humans, but is not routinely included in monitoring for opioid-induced respiratory depression (OIRD). We quantified AB in normal volunteers receiving increasing doses of remifentanil. We used a support vector machine (SVM) learning approach with features derived from a modified Poincaré plot. We tested the hypothesis that AB may be found when bradypnea and reduced mental status are not present. Twenty-six healthy volunteers (13 female) received escalating target effect-site concentrations of remifentanil with a low baseline dose of propofol to simulate typical breathing patterns in drowsy patients who had received parenteral opioids. We derived respiratory rate (RR) from respiratory inductance plethysmography, mental alertness from the Modified Observer's Assessment of Alertness/Sedation Scale (MOAA/S), and AB severity on a 0 to 4 scale (categories ranging from none to severe) from the SVM. The primary outcome measure was sensitivity and specificity for AB to detect OIRD. All respiratory measurements were obtained from unperturbed subjects during steady state in 121 assessments with complete data. The sensitivity of AB for detecting OIRD by the conventional method was 92% and specificity was 28%. As expected, 69 (72%) of the instances not diagnosed as OIRD using conventional measures were observed to have at least moderate AB. AB was frequently present in the absence of traditionally detected OIRD as defined by reduced mental alertness (MOAA/S score of <4) and bradypnea (RR <8 breaths/min). These results justify the need for future trials to explore replicability with other opioids and clinical utility of AB as an add-on measure in recognizing OIRD.

Magnesium-L-threonate improves sleep quality and daytime functioning in adults with self-reported sleep problems: A randomized controlled trial

Objective/BackgroundSleep problems challenge overall wellbeing. Magnesium has been implicated to benefit sleep, although the clinical evidences varied based on the magnesium source used. Magnesium L-threonate (MgT) is a promising intervention due to its brain bioavailability and effects on cognition, memory and mood. We investigated MgT supplementation on sleep quality and daily function. Patients/methodsEighty 35–55-year-olds with self-assessed sleep problems participated in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-arm study, taking 1 g/day of MgT or placebo for 21 days. Sleep and daily behaviors were measured subjectively using standardized questionnaires including the Insomnia Severity Index, Leeds Sleep Evaluation Questionnaire, and Restorative Sleep Questionnaire, and objectively using an Oura ring. The Profile of Mood States questionnaire and a daily diary were used to evaluate mood, energy and productivity, and record any safety concerns. ResultsThe MgT group maintained good sleep quality and daytime functioning, while placebo declined. From objective Oura ring measurements, MgT significantly (p < 0.05) improved vs placebo deep sleep score, REM sleep score, light sleep time, and activity and readiness parameters activity score, activity daily movement score, readiness score, readiness activity balance, and readiness sleep balance. From subjective questionnaires, MgT significantly (p < 0.05) improved vs placebo behavior upon awakening, energy and daytime productivity, grouchiness, mood and mental alertness. MgT was safe and well tolerated. ConclusionsThis showed MgT improved sleep quality, especially deep/REM sleep stages, improved mood, energy, alertness, and daily activity and productivity. These are consistent with how MgT works in neuron cells and animal models, suggesting broader positive impacts on overall brain health.

Alert and on task: decoding how mental alertness and workload influence maritime operators task performance using task network modeling

Alert and on task: decoding how mental alertness and workload influence maritime operators task performance using task network modeling

Energy drink consumption among medical students in Jordan - prevalence, attitudes, and associated factors: a cross-sectional study.

Energy drinks (ED) are popular beverages that contain high levels of caffeine, sugar, and other supplements, such as vitamins, which are marketed to enhance mental alertness and physical performance. Studies have shown that energy drink consumption is prevalent among medical students. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the prevalence, attitudes, and factors associated with energy drink consumption among medical students in Jordan. A cross-sectional study was conducted among medical students from six public universities in Jordan. A total of 307 students were included in the study, and data were collected using an expert-validated questionnaire. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS version 25. The study found that 50% of the sample had consumed ED, half of them started consuming them at the age of 16-18, and learned about them from friends. The primary reasons for consuming ED were to stay awake at night and the majority of them increase their consumption during exams to increase alertness. Regular energy drink consumption was significantly associated with being a student at the university located in the south governorate of Jordan (P=0.021), living alone (P=0.000), drinking alcohol (P=0.049), drinking coffee daily (P=0.043), and consuming more than 10 cans of soft drinks weekly (P=0.001). However, sex, age, academic achievement, and smoking status had no significant association with regular energy drink consumption. Students with regular energy drink consumption experienced daytime sleepiness, decreased concentration, fatigue, and reduced performance more than students with no regular energy drink consumption. The prevalence of energy drink consumption among medical students in Jordan is high, with factors such as social influences, lifestyle behaviors, and academic pressure being significant contributors. This study highlights the need for interventions to promote healthy behaviors and raise awareness about the potential harms of ED among medical students.

Effect of Pranayama on Breath Holding Time of College Students

Context: Pranayama is a method for regulating and manipulating breath and meditation. It enables individuals to achieve a state of profound relaxation while maintaining mental alertness. Recent research on the effects of yoga on the respiratory system over the long term has shown promising results. Aim: This study's primary objective was to assess pranayama's impact on breath holding time. Settings and Design The present investigation entail the examination of a group of 25 male participants who exhibited good health and fell within the age range of 21 to 26 years. Methods and Material: The participants who met the specified inclusion and exclusion criteria were subjected to a 15-minute pranayama session facilitated by a yoga instructor over a period of 12 weeks. Respiratory functioning before and after yoga was assessed using measurements of breath-holding duration. The parameters were analyzed using the student t-test. Results: The breath-holding duration have shown a notable increase compared to the period before engaging in yoga practice. Conclusions: The findings of this study demonstrate the positive impacts of consistent engagement in pranayama on respiratory functioning.

A COMBINED STUDY OF GIRIKARNI PHALADI NASYA AND NETIKARMA IN MANAGEMENT OF ARDHAVABHEDAKA (MIGRAINE)

Introduction: Migraine is one of the most common neurovascular disabling disorders. Migraine can be defined as a paroxysmal affection having a sudden onset accompanied by usually unilateral severe headache. In Ayurve-da, migraine is described as Ardhavabhedaka, which is a significant health issue among people of the age group 30-50 years. According to WHO, migraine is the third most common disease in the world, with an estimated global prevalence of 14.7%. Chronic migraine affects about 2% of the world's population. Female and male ratio 3:1. It is a widespread chronic and intermittently disabling disorder characterised by recurrent headaches with or without aura. Neti Karma and Nasya, one of the five types of Shodhana therapy, is the most effective Chikitsa for treating Urdhvajatrugata Roga (Eye, ENT and head diseases). Methodology: A single arm open randomised clinical study was conducted on 40 clinically diagnosed patients with Ardhavabhedaka (Migraine) for the proce-dure (Nasya karma and Neti karma) in the Postgraduate Institute of Ayurved, DSRRAU, Jodhpur. The study evaluates their role in the management of Shirahshoola (Headache), Shirobhrama (Confusion), Phonophobia (Sensitivity of sound), Shirajala (Pulsating vessels), Netra hani (Loss of Vision), Anorexia (Aruchi). Result: The result of the study depicts that Nasya karma and Neti karma have significantly helped reduce the Ardhavabhedaka (Migraine). Conclusion: The study concluded that Nasya and Neti karma have a role in man-aging Migraines, giving internal medication dosages, increasing their level of physical and mental alertness, and preventing complications. Both therapies are effective in Vata &amp; Vata-Kapha disease. Results should be validat-ed in larger sample sizes and multicentric models to establish it as a well-known treatment.

Ketogenic diet has a positive association with mental and emotional well-being in the general population

ObjectivesA ketogenic diet reduces pathologic stress and improves mood in neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental disorders. However, the effects of a ketogenic diet for people from the general population have largely been unexplored. A ketogenic diet is increasingly used for weight loss. Research in healthy individuals primarily focuses on the physical implications of a ketogenic diet. It is important to understand the holistic effects of a ketogenic diet, not only the physiological but also the psychological effects, in non-clinical samples. The aim of this cross-sectional study with multiple cohorts was to investigate the association of a ketogenic diet with different aspects of mental health, including calmness, contentedness, alertness, cognitive and emotional stress, depression, anxiety, and loneliness, in a general healthy population. MethodsTwo online surveys were distributed: cohort 1 used Bond-Lader visual analog scales and Perceived Stress Scale (n = 147) and cohort 2 the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale and revised UCLA Loneliness Scale (n = 276). ResultsA ketogenic diet was associated with higher self-reported mental and emotional well-being behaviors, including calmness, contentedness, alertness, cognitive and emotional stress, depression, anxiety, and loneliness, compared with individuals on a non-specific diet in a general population. ConclusionThis research found that a ketogenic diet has potential psychological benefits in the general population.

Impacts of connections to the outside on underground space occupants’ psychophysiological health: A virtual reality-based experimental approach

Underground space occupants tend to face more psychophysiological health risks than their aboveground counterparts. Enabling a certain level of connection (e.g., physical, visual, or a mixture thereof) to the outside environments has been recognized as a way to mitigate the risks. However, their impacts on occupants’ psychophysiological health have not been known with any precision. This research, therefore, aims to improve our understanding of the impacts of connection to the outside on occupants’ psychophysiological health. In reality, it would be too expensive to build the physical connections and test their impacts. Virtual reality (VR) can circumvent this problem by bringing a person to immersive environments to carry out experiments. This study firstly developed four VR scenes with different connection designs. Then, it recruited forty-seven participants randomly assigned to the four scenes for the experiments. The participants’ psychophysiological responses, including mental workload, alertness, and mental fatigue, were measured continuously using electroencephalogram (EEG) signals. A series of tests, including Wilcoxon signed-rank and Kruskal-Wallis tests, were performed. The results indicate that i) physical connection to the outside environments has no significant impact on underground space occupants’ psychophysiological states under stress, and ii) while visual connection has no significant impact on occupants’ mental workload and fatigue, it buffers the increase in their alertness levels under stressful situations. Low alertness levels are associated with creativity and novelty. Thus, visual connection to the outside environments is recommended for underground spaces for creative purposes (e.g., art studios and creative media production). This research provides a significant reference for better harnessing underground space by considering their connection to the outside environments.

Common Transition Metal Oxide Nanomaterials in Electrochemical Sensors for the Diagnosis of Monoamine Neurotransmitter‐Related Disorders

AbstractMonoamine neurotransmitters are essential for learning, mental alertness, emotions, and blood flow, among other functions. Fatal neurological disorders that signal the imbalance of these biomolecules in the human system include Parkinson's disease, myocardial infarction, Alzheimer's disease, hypoglycemia, Schizophrenia, and a host of other ailments. The diagnosis of these monoamine neurotransmitter‐related conditions revolves around the development of analytical tools with high sensitivity for the four major monoamine neurotransmitters namely dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine, and serotonin. The application of electrochemical sensors made from notable metal oxide nanoparticles or composites containing the metal oxide nanoparticles for the detection of these monoamine neurotransmitters was discussed herein. More importantly, the feasibility of the application of the ZnO, CuO, and TiO2 nanoparticle‐based electrochemical sensors for a comprehensive diagnosis of monoamine neurotransmitter‐related conditions was critically investigated in this review.

CLINICAL STUDY OF YOGASANA AND PATHYAAHARA IN MANAGEMENT OF MADHUMEHA (DIABETES MELLITUS-2)

Introduction: About 422 million people worldwide, most of whom reside in low and middle-income nations, have diabetes (metabolic lifestyle disorder), according to the World Health Organisation, contributing to 1.5 mil-lion deaths annually. Aahara (diet) and Yoga asanas are essential for controlling and preventing lifestyle disor-ders. Thus, this study assessed how yoga techniques and the Aahara contribute to managing diabetes mellitus. Methodology: A single arm open randomised clinical study was conducted on 30 clinically diagnosed patients with diabetes mellitus 2 for Yoga asanas (Mandukasana, Kurmasana, Vakrasana, and Ardhamatsyendrasana) and Ayurvedic Aahara plan in the Postgraduate Institute of Ayurved, DSRRAU, Jodhpur. The study evaluates their role in the management of Prabhoot Mutrata (Polyuria), Avila Mutrata (Urine turbidity), Pipasadhikya (Polydipsia), Kshuda Adhikya (Polyphagia), Sweda Adhikya (The excessive sweating) The, Dourbalya The (Weakness The/Tiredness The), The Alasya (The Laziness) The, Atinidra (Excessive sleep), Karpada Daha (Burning sensation in hands and feet) and blood sugar level (i.e. FBS and PPBS, HbA1c). Result: The result of the study depicts that Yoga asanas and Ayurvedic Aahara have significantly helped in reducing the Prabhoot Mutrata, Avila Mutrata, Pipasadhikya, Kshuda Adhikya, Sweda Adhikya, Dourbalya, Alasya, Atinidra, Karpada Daha and blood sugar level. Conclusion: The study concluded that Yoga therapy and the Aahara plan have a role in managing diabetes mellitus by lowering medication dosages, increasing physical and mental alertness, and preventing complications. Results should be validated in larger sample sizes and multicentric models to es-tablish it as a well-known treatment.

Assessment of happiness among ASHAs, the grass root level health workers in post-COVID era in Eastern India: a cross-sectional study

Background: The happiness of healthcare professionals is said to be positively affecting the quality of health care and the services provided by them. Presently, our country and its health care has been recovering from the brunt of COVID pandemic. Amid these changing circumstances, this study intends to assess the happiness among the key grassroot level workers, ASHAs in the post-COVID era and the factors affecting their happiness, as happiness is often put forward as one of the driving forces to peoples’ choices and actions. Methods: A modified short version of Oxford happiness questionnaire was used to assess the happiness among the ASHAs selected through multistage sampling and interviewed to assess the facilitators and barriers to their happiness. Results: Of the 112 ASHAs interviewed, 61.6% were happy, while 38.4% were unhappy. The variables like having commitment to work, mental alertness and ability to find beauty in many natural things had universal agreement, while not feeling healthy, or whether they find time for everything wanted have disagreement. Almost 87.5% felt they were not especially control of their lives and 41% were not being well satisfied with everything in life. The factors facilitating happiness were professional pride, altruism, quality of life, and major barriers identified were inadequate rest, imbalance in work-life, family issues, etc. Conclusions: Positive reinforcement in terms of better workplace environment, time management skill enhancement, to strike a better work-life balance to ensure a happier version of themselves.

EXPLORING THE ASSOCIATION OF SLEEP WITH COGNITIVE DOMAINS AMONG PEOPLE LIVING WITH DEMENTIA

Abstract People living with dementia (PWD) commonly experience sleep disruptions, which impacts mental alertness, increases daytime sleepiness, and results in poorer quality of life. While sleep preserves cognitive function among PWD, the relationship between sleep and different cognitive domains is unclear. Our objective was to explore the association between sleep and cognition domains among PWD. Twenty-three PWD completed a battery of cognitive tests (global cognition: Montreal Cognitive Assessment; executive function: Trail-Making Test (TMT), Digit Span Forward Test; perception and orientation: Benton Judgement of Line Orientation Test (BJLO); language: Boston Naming Test; learning and memory: Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test; complex attention: Digit Symbol Substitution Test) at two residential care facilities. Participants wore a motion watch on their wrist for 7 days to monitor sleep. Participants were primarily male (74%), white (87%), and 48% had unspecified dementia. The average number of hours of sleep per night was 4.6±1.2 hours. The overall regression model for sleep was significant (R2=0.80, F(10,12)=4.68, RMSE=42.32, p&amp;lt; 0.05). More sleep was associated with better perception and orientation (BJLO:β=0.57, p=0.03), greater sleep efficiency (β=0.93, p=0.01), longer wake after sleep onset (β=1.19, p 0.002), and there was a trend for better executive function (TMT:β=-0.34, p=0.09). PWD have inadequate sleep. Greater amounts of sleep seem to preserve perception and orientation and may play a protective role for executive function, but more evidence is needed. Regularly assessing sleep may be useful in screening and monitoring cognitive changes among PWD in residential care facilities.

The Effectiveness of the Innovative Matrix Strategy on the Mental Alertness of Fourth Grade Female Students in Biology

استهدف البحث معرفة فاعلية الإستراتيجية ألمصفوفة الابتكارية في اليقظة ألذهنية لدى طالبات ألرابع العلمي في مادة الاحياء، تراوحت عينة البحث (60) طالبة، وتم أعداد مِقّياساً لليقظة ألذهنية من (35) فقرة توزعت على إبعاد سبع، واستخرجت الخصائص السايكومترية له. عولجت البيانات إحصائيا، وكانت النتائج تفوق طالبات المجموعة التجريبية اللواتي يدرسن بالمصفوفة ألابتكارية على طالبات المجموعة الضابطة اللواتي يدرسن بالطريقة الاعتيادية في اليقظة الذهنية، وفي ضوء النتائج وصت البّاحَثة بضرورة اعتماد إستراتيجية المصفوفة الابتكارية في تدريس مادة الاحياء ومتابـعـة والاهتمام باليقظة ألذهنية لدى طالبات الرابع ألعلمي، وإجراء دارسات مماثلة للبحث على مراحل ومواد دراسية أخرى.

Work, retirement, and post-retirement employment among older adults in India

Older adults in India, particularly those in Goa, where there is a high elderly population, have been insufficiently researched. Some older adults are financially vulnerable in their old age and must continue working, while others choose to work to stay active. Although some studies have examined the health and social issues faced by the elderly, this study contributes to a previously unexplored area in Goa. 400 Goan seniors were surveyed using multistage sampling to investigate their occupations before and after retirement, determine reasons for voluntary retirement and associated factors, and assess variables predisposing them to work. Binary Logistic Regression, Chi-square, and Fisher's Exact Tests were used. The findings showed that many were former government and private sector employees, farmers, and educators. 73 participants retired voluntarily due to factors such as health issues, family commitments, stress, and leisure. Among them, 20.5% are currently employed after retirement. Significant correlations were observed between post-retirement work and age groups such as the young-old and old-old. Factors that attracted the participants to engage in post-retirement work include insufficient income, education, experience, good physical health, and mental alertness. The study found that individuals categorized as young-old, with low household income, financially dependent, and having fewer comorbidities, were more likely to continue working after retirement. These findings highlight the need to end age discrimination and provide equal opportunity for older adults to contribute to society. Policymakers must focus on improving the wellbeing of vulnerable older adults who have inadequate resources and poor health. There is potential for further research in various states of India to understand the labor market decisions of older adults and implement necessary improvements where they are lacking.

Neural correlates of the sound facilitation effect in the modified Simon task in older adults.

The ability to resolve interference declines with age and is attributed to neurodegeneration and reduced cognitive function and mental alertness in older adults. Our previous study revealed that task-irrelevant but environmentally meaningful sounds improve performance on the modified Simon task in older adults. However, little is known about neural correlates of this sound facilitation effect. Twenty right-handed older adults [mean age = 72 (SD = 4), 11 female] participated in the fMRI study. They performed the modified Simon task in which the arrows were presented either in the locations matching the arrow direction (congruent trials) or in the locations mismatching the arrow direction (incongruent trials). A total of 50% of all trials were accompanied by task-irrelevant but environmentally meaningful sounds. Participants were faster on the trials with concurrent sounds, independently of whether trials were congruent or incongruent. The sound effect was associated with activation in the distributed network of auditory, posterior parietal, frontal, and limbic brain regions. The magnitude of the behavioral facilitation effect due to sound was associated with the changes in activation of the bilateral auditory cortex, cuneal cortex, and occipital fusiform gyrus, precuneus, left superior parietal lobule (SPL) for No Sound vs. Sound trials. These changes were associated with the corresponding changes in reaction time (RT). Older adults with a recent history of falls showed greater activation in the left SPL than those without falls history. Our findings are consistent with the dedifferentiation hypothesis of cognitive aging. The facilitatory effect of sound could be achieved through recruitment of excessive neural resources, which allows older adults to increase attention and mental alertness during task performance. Considering that the SPL is critical for integration of multisensory information, individuals with slower task responses and those with a history of falls may need to recruit this region more actively than individuals with faster responses and those without a fall history to overcome increased difficulty with interference resolution. Future studies should examine the relationship among activation in the SPL, the effect of sound, and falls history in the individuals who are at heightened risk of falls.

Fast Pace Sun Salutations (FPSS) Yoga Postures Influence Brain waves Activity in Addition to Heart Rate Variability Pattern: A Pilot Study

ABSTRACT Background: Sun salutation (Surya namaskar) is an ancient yogic exercise, which is a combination of 12 different postures rhythmically. Yoga practitioners perform this procedure in a slow as well as fast pace manner. Aim: We undertook this study to find out the immediate changes in heart rate variability (HRV) and brain waves spectrum after the practice of fast pace sun salutation (FPSS). Settings and Design: This prospective interventional observational study was conducted on 30 male healthy subjects in the 30–45 years age group from September 2021 to December 2021 after approval from the Institutional Ethics Committee. Participants gave their written consent in the prescribed format. Materials and Methods: Fourteen rounds of FPSS were performed in approximately 10 min under the guidance of a yoga expert. Brain Tap Dinamika Machine (Advanced HRV Test System, Moscow, Russia) was used to assess different HRV and brain waves parameters before and after FPSS. Statistical Analysis Used: Statistical analysis was done by Student’s paired t-test using GraphPad online software. Results: All independent variables of time and frequency domain analysis of HRV were found to be increased after the intervention. A significant upsurge in low frequency (LF)% as compared to high frequency (HF)% and very low frequency (VLF)% showed a relative increase in sympathetic activity. In brain waves, delta, theta, and alpha were decreased, whereas activities of beta and gamma waves were found to be increased. Conclusions: Increase in both LF and HF components showed that both sympathetic and parasympathetic components have increased. Brain wave analysis suggested increased mental alertness after FPSS.

Violence in Iraqi Theatrical Performance Silk play - a model

Violence paints an iconic image associated with blood, cruelty, and darkness. Furthermore, the theatrical performance requires diverse performances to sublimate the iconic references to violence. The research touches on the forms and means by which the philosophy of performative violence is communicated, based on the textual environment in activating physical and vocal abilities and supporting scenography, avoiding violence on the recipient or implicating him emotionally in order to maintain his mental alertness.

Uv-spectroscopic and iodometric back titration analysis of total caffeine content of energy drinks available in markets in cross river state, south-south, nigeria

Caffeine is an active ingredient of energy drinks that is often consumed to improve cognizance and physical cum mental alertness. This research aims to quantitatively analyze the caffeine content in serving volumes of energy drinks by spectrophotometric and iodometric back titration methods. In the spectrophotometric method, the determination of caffeine content was carried out using a maximum wavelength of 270 nm. The results show that the caffeine contents of the energy drinks were 37.40 mg/200 mL (Passion) &lt; 64.73 mg/250 mL (Bullet) &lt; 82.70 mg/355 mL (Power Horse) &lt; 86.30 mg/400 mL (Predator) &lt; 114.68 mg/500 mL (Fearless) while the iodometric back titration method showed 57.50 mg/250 mL, 165.00 mg/500 mL, 160.00 mg/400 mL, 117.15 mg/355 mL and 40 mg/200 mL respectively for Bullet, fearless, Predator, Power Horse and Passion. The labeled claims on the energy drinks were 78.75 mg/250 mL, 157.50 mg/500 mL, 120.00 mg/400 mL, 133.60 mg/355 mL and 50 mg/200 mL respectively for Bullet, fearless, Predator, Power Horse and Passion which indicates that manufacturers reported higher values of caffeine content in their product possibly to make it attractive to consumers.