Ment Levels Research Articles

Evaluation of Depression levels using the SPSS Method

Depression is deep sadness and by a sense of indifference A mood disorder classified as is Depression is moderate or severe When recurring in severe severity, It is a serious health condition May be. Depression is is a common and serious medical disease, his is the way you think and the way you are How do you feel, are negative that you are acting Affects. For tunately, it is treatable Depression Sadness or you once You will be interested in activities enjoy edcauses loss. It is diverse Lead to emotional and physical problems and at work and at home May reduce your ability to function. Depression is mild, moderate or Can be described as severe; Depression or mental illness. Depression is a severe and defined as prolonged de pression. Recession is economic activity Decreasing state. Falling Economic activity is production and by falling employ ment levels classified. Generally, a Economy for two or more Recession for more than four quarters When experienced con tinuously, it is called depression is called for Social Sciences SPSS Statistical Package is complex in various fields for quan titative analysis of data Used by researchers A software program. The input parameter is depression levels, stress levels, an xiety levels

Interest rate uncertainty, Investment and their relationship on different industries; Evidence from Jiangsu, China

The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of real interest rate on invest- ment level on different industries of Jiangsu, China over the period of 10 years from 2003 to 2012. The effect of interest rate on investment in different industries is tested by using static and dynamic panel-data model. The empirical evidences indicated that interest rate and investment are positively correlated. However, interest rate uncer- tainty has small impact on rate of investment in different industries. Industries like manufacturing, power, gas, and water industry, finance and real estate are more sensi- tive to interest rate fluctuation. Furthermore, evidence indicated that sensitivity of interest rate on investment is also low. It is suggested that government should accelerate the pace of interest rate liberalization and improve the sensitivity of investment to interest rate. The government should encourage rate sensitive industries in province.

Non-invasive estimation of relative water content in soybean leaves using infrared thermography

Infrared thermography is a useful technology for examining water status in terres- trial vegetation. This research was focused on assessing the water status of soybean plants (Glycinemax (L.) Merrill) using high resolution thermal infrared images. The plants were subjected to a range of moisture stress treatments in order to evaluate the water content in sampled leaves. The plants were irrigated with 8 different treat- ment levels (control (i.e., fully irrigated) and 1 to 7 days of water being withheld). One specific trifoliate was segmented from each of the thermal images for every plant sample, and both mean temperature and Crop Water Stress Index (CWSI) were computed for each plant. Leaf discs were taken from the same trifoliate to gravi- metrically measure relative water content (RWC). RWC had statistically significant correlation coefficients with both CWSI (r = -0.92, n = 56; p�< 0.001) and raw mean temperature (r = -0.84, n = 56; p�< 0.001). Two separate regression models were developed to predict RWC using mean raw trifoliate temperature and CWSI. Our results document that a CWSI-based regression model was better in predicting RWC than a model based on mean raw trifoliate temperature.

The Effects Of 2005 Elementary Mathematics Education Curriculum On The Elementary Seventh Grade Students’ Conceptual And Procedural Knowledge And Skills

The aim of this study is to examine whether the 2005 Elementary Mathemat- ics Education Curriculum (2005-EMEC) affects to seventh grade students’ concep- tual and procedural knowledge and skills. A mixed-method explanatory approach allowing both qualitative and quantitative research methods was used in the study. The data were collected with a Mathematics Achievement Test (MAT) and Struc- tured Interviews (SI). The study included 91 randomly selected seventh grade stu- dents and their two mathematics teachers, in the academic year 2009-2010, and took place in the eastern Anatolia region of Turkey. In this study the achievements of the students' procedural knowledge and skills were significantly higher than the concep- tual achievements first found. But in a nearly 4-month period, while the achieve- ment levels of students’ procedural knowledge and skills did not change signifi- cantly, the conceptual achievement levels increased significantly. Accordingly, practices emphasizing conceptual understanding but not neglecting procedural knowledge and skills were recommended.

Möglichkeiten und Grenzen einer integrativen Metaanalyse in der Soziologie

?Opportunities and limits of integrative metaanalysis in sociology?. Integration of qualitative and quantitative data allows for a well-grounded analysis in social science research. Methods of metaanalysis are especially im portant in integrating data from different samples and research designs. One possible method of metaanalysis is the correspondence analysis (CA). CA is helpful for the task of integration in three ways: It harmonizes the measure ment level, makes data comparable through translation of data into percentages and visualizes the data through graphical output. This paper discusses CA as one possibility for a qualitative-quantitative metaanalysis and uses mobile te lephony as an empirical example. We are aware of the fact that qualitative analysis faces more methodologically problems than do quantitative analysis. For example, there is no standard method for checking the quality of qualita tive studies. Instead of these problems, the aim of integrating qualitative and quantitative data should be followed in the future. Descriptive qualitative analysis and confirmative quantitative analysis seem to integrate empirical data pretty well.

Canola Meal as an Alternative Protein Source in Diets for Fry of Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

Canola meal was used to replace fishmeal protein in diets for fry of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L. 1758) at rates of 0 (control), 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50%. The diets contained approximately 30% crude protein and 3000 kcal/kg digestible energy. The fry were fed 90 days and the growth, feed conversion ratio, protein efficiency ratio, hepatosomatic index, reno- somatic index, and body composition were determined. The final weight (5.12 g) and feed intake (7.99 g) of fry fed the 10% diet did not significantly differ from those of the control. Weight gains declined beyond this replace- ment level, probably because of increased levels of antinutritional factors, particularly glucosinolates. Whole body percentages for moisture, crude lipid, crude protein, and ash were unaffected by the dietary treatment. Re- sults indicate that protein from canola meal can replace up to 10% of protein from fishmeal in diets for tilapia fry.

7α‐Methyl‐19‐Nortestosterone (MENT) vs Testosterone in Combination With Etonogestrel Implants for Spermatogenic Suppression in Healthy Men

Testosterone with a progestogen can suppress spermatogenesis for contraception. The synthetic androgen 7alpha-methyl-19-nortestosterone (MENT) may offer advantages because it is resistant to 5alpha-reduction and is therefore less active at the prostate. This study aimed to investigate MENT implants in combination with etonogestrel on spermatogenesis, gonadotropins, and androgen-dependent tissues in comparison with a testosterone/etonogestrel regimen. Healthy men (n = 29) were recruited and randomized to receive 2 etonogestrel implants with either 600-mg testosterone pellets repeated every 12 weeks or 2 MENT implants for up to 48 weeks. Testosterone concentrations in the testosterone group remained in the normal range. Subjects with 2 MENT implants showed peak MENT levels at 4 weeks with testosterone concentrations of 2 nmol/L. Sperm concentrations fell rapidly to less than 1 x 10(6)/mL at 12 weeks in 8 of 10 subjects in the MENT group and 13 of 16 subjects in the testosterone group with equally suppressed gonadotropins. Thereafter, suppression was not maintained in the MENT group, and 6 men noted loss of libido. Fourteen men completed 48 weeks of testosterone treatment, and all became azoospermic. Hemoglobin concentrations rose, and high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) fell in both groups. The MENT group showed a fall in prostate-specific antigen with no change in bone mass. MENT with a progestogen can achieve rapid suppression of spermatogenesis similar to testosterone, but this promising result was not sustained due to a decline in MENT release from the implants. This dose of testosterone, compared with previous studies using a lower dose with a higher dose of etonogestrel, had nonreproductive side effects without any increase in spermatogenic suppression. These data indicate the importance of the doses of progestogen and testosterone for optimum spermatogenic suppression while minimizing side effects.

Deposition of terrigenous sediment on subtidal marine macrobenthos: response of two contrasting community types

Changes in patterns of land-use associated with human population growth throughout the world have altered the regime of terrigenous material export from catchments to rivers and, sub- sequently, to estuarine and marine communities. Although terrigenous sediment is now widely recognised as a disturbance agent in estuarine and marine communities, experimental studies on its impacts in subtidal habitats are rare. Terrigenous deposits in the intertidal zone de-water at low tide and are subjected to erosion by waves during emersion, so experimental results in spatially wide- spread subtidal habitats where these processes are muted may differ substantially. We deposited ter- rigenous sediment into replicate experimental plots at 6 m depth at 2 subtidal sites, creating 3 treat- ment levels (magnitudes of terrigenous material addition) inside and outside a small harbour in northern New Zealand. We tracked the persistence of the terrigenous deposits (3 and 7 mm thick- ness) over time and sampled macrobenthic communities at both sites on Days 7, 14 and 30, to com- pare and contrast their responses relative to controls. The diverse coarse sand community outside the harbour (Site MI) was more sensitive to terrigenous materials than that which lived in muddier sedi- ments inside the harbour (Site TK), as indicated by multivariate and univariate analyses: both the 3 and 7 mm treatments caused significant change at Site MI, whereas only the more severe 7 mm treat- ment caused significant change at Site TK. The terrigenous sediments we added matched the grain size of Site TK sediments better, and macrobenthic animals living in turbid tidal estuaries are proba- bly better conditioned to cope with high suspended sediment concentrations and sediment deposition rates. However, beyond a critical threshold, terrigenous sediment had a negative influence on com- munities at both sites, and they had not recovered by the time the experiment was terminated 30 d later.

A Clinical Trial of 7α-Methyl-19-Nortestosterone Implants for Possible Use as a Long-Acting Contraceptive for Men

Several preparations of testosterone and its esters are being investigated alone or in combination with other gonadotropin-suppressing agents as possible antifertility agents for men. We studied the effectiveness of 7 alpha-methyl-19-nortestosterone (MENT) as an antispermatogenic agent in men. MENT has been shown to be more potent than testosterone and to be resistant to 5 alpha-reduction. For sustained delivery of MENT, we used a system consisting of ethylene vinyl acetate implants containing MENT acetate (Ac), administered subdermally. Thirty-five normal volunteers were recruited in 3 clinics and were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 doses: 1 (12 men), 2 (11 men), or 4 (12 men) MENT Ac implants. The initial average in vitro release rate of MENT Ac from each implant was approximately 400 micro g/day. Implants were inserted subdermally in the medial aspect of the upper arm under local anesthesia. The duration of treatment was initially designed to be 6 months. However, in 2 clinics the duration of treatment was extended to 9 months for the 2-implant group and to 12 months for the 4-implant group. Dose-related increases in serum MENT levels and decreases in testosterone, LH, and FSH levels were observed. Effects on sperm counts were also dose related. None of the subjects in the 1-implant group exhibited oligozoospermia (sperm count, <3 million/ml). Four subjects in the 2-implant group became oligozoospermic, 2 of whom reached azoospermia. Eight subjects in the 4-implant group reached azoospermia, with 1 exhibiting oligozoospermia, whereas 2 were nonresponders. Side effects generally seen with androgen administration, such as increases in erythrocyte count, hematocrit, and hemoglobin and a decrease in SHBG, were also seen in this study and were reversible. Changes in lipid parameters were moderate and transient. Liver enzymes showed small changes. This study demonstrates that MENT Ac, when administered in a sustained release fashion via subdermal implants, can inhibit spermatogenesis over a prolonged period after a single administration and has the potential to be used as a male contraceptive.

Feeding supply of suckling Martinik ewes reared in intensive conditions: effects of supplement levels and litter size

Experiments were carried out to determine the effects of supplementation upon milk pro- duction and growing performances of Martinik hair sheep. Ewes weighing 49 kg LW were used in a 2-season experimental study. In the first trial, 3 energy supplement levels were offered to ewes suck- ling single lambs. The adjusted level (A, 8 ewes) was supplied to ensure that the litter had a daily weight gain (DWG) of 250 g. High (H, 8 ewes) and low (L, 8 ewes) levels were 150% and 75% of level A, respectively. In the second trial, comparative use of the H level was studied with 3 animal require- ment levels: ewes suckling single lambs (SI, same ewes as H ewes), twins (TW, 8 ewes) and triplets (TR, 6 ewes), respectively. The experimental design was replicated in a second lambing season. The basal diet was chopped Digitaria decumbenshay (0.6 UFL, 4.6% CP) offered ad libitum. Sup- plements were composed of maize (65%), soya bean (3%), fish meal (8%) and dehydrated alfalfa (24%). The milk production (MP) of ewes on the L diet was lower (P < 0.05) than that of ewes on the A and H diets: 1142, 1415 and 1518 g.d -1 , respectively. H-fed ewes fattened during the lactating period while A and L ewes respectively maintained and lowered their body condition score (BCS). Differ- ences recorded for lamb DWG were low, but this trait reached a maximum of 248 g.d -1 . MP varied significantly (P < 0.05) according to the litter size. Individual DWG was different for single, twin and triplet lambs (P < 0.001): 261, 188 and 143 g.d -1 , respectively. In intensive breeding conditions, recommended daily energy allowances taking into account a good BCS of ewes for successive repro- duction are 1.47 UFL for single-suckling ewes and 2.17 UFL for twin-suckling ewes, in order to obtain a DWG of the litter of 250 and 400 g .d -1 , respectively. Martinik ewes / supplementation / milk production / pre-weaning growth

Pharmacokinetics of 7α-methyl-19-nortestosterone (MENT™) delivery using subdermal implants in healthy men

We studied the pharmacokinetics of 7α-methyl-19-nortestosterone (MENT), a potent synthetic androgen, administered by subdermal implants. The implants contained 112 ± 4 mg of MENT acetate in a polyethylene vinyl acetate copolymer. MENT acetate released from the implants is rapidly hydrolyzed to MENT in vivo. Fifteen healthy Finnish men were randomized to have either one, two, or four implants inserted in the medial aspect of the upper arm. The implants remained in place for 4 weeks. Blood samples were obtained before implant insertion, 1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks after insertion, and 1 and 2 weeks after removal. Serum MENT concentrations were determined by gas chromatography with mass selective detection. The MENT levels attained in each implant group remained at a steady level during the 4 weeks of implant use. The mean steady state MENT concentrations in the one, two, and four implant groups were 0.6, 1.4, and 2.3 nmol/L, respectively. Serum MENT concentrations during implant use were clearly dose dependent; the between-subject effect of implants as well as the differences between each pair of groups were all statistically significant. The release rate of MENT from one, two, and four implants was calculated to be approximately 0.3, 0.8, and 1.3 mg/day, respectively. This study suggests that MENT acetate implants are a promising method for long-term androgen administration in hypogonadism and male contraception.

Effects on Hemostasis After Two-Year Use of Low Dose Combined Oral Contraceptives with Gestodene or Levonorgestrel

We studied 67 healthy women who were randomly allocated to receive third generation gestodene (Gynera) or second generation levonorgestrel (Microgynon 30) combination of low-dose estrogen oral contraceptives (OCs) for their hemostatic effects over 2 years. Hemostatic changes were apparent within 3 months of OC use. Hematocrit (Hct) was not affected, but hemoglobin (Hb) concentration decreased by 18 months. Shortened prothrombin time (PT) and activated plasma thromboplastin time (APTT) were associated with elevated fibrinogen within the 12-month use of both OCs. Factor VII was reduced only in Micro 30 during the 18 months of use. Enhanced thrombin-antithrombin (TAT)-complex level was seen at 18 months of Gynera use. Prothrombin fragment1+2 (F1+2) rise was seen at 3 months with Micro 30. Reduced antithrombin III (ATIII) activity was seen at 18 months with Gynera and at 24 months with Micro 30. Increased protein C activity was seen at 3 months and reduced protein S occurred at 18 months of Gynera use. Tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) activity was enhanced for 6 months in both OCs with raised D-dimer levels for 12 months with Gynera and 6 months with Micro 30. Decreased t-PA antigen was seen at 18 months and decreased urokinaselike plasminogen activator (u-PA) antigen occurred throughout the 24 months of both OCs use. Enhanced u-PA activity was only seen in Gynera users. Elevated plasminogen levels were apparent throughout both OCs use. PAI-1 levels were significantly decreased with Micro 30. With Gynera, the decreased PAI-1 activity was seen only at 18 months and PAI-1 antigen at 12 months. No change in platelets and von Willebrand factor (vWF) were seen in long-term OC use except that beta-thromboglobulin (beta-TG) showed decreased trends reaching statistical significance by 18 and 24 months of Micro 30 use and by 24 months of Gynera use. A further significant decrease in beta-TG, u-PA antigen, ATIII, and protein S levels were seen 3 months after pill stoppage compared with pretreatment levels. Activated protein C resistance (APCR) was negative in all subjects before and during OC use. The study indicated dynamic balance between coagulation and fibrinolysis with no endothelial activation. However, because some hemostatic markers showed wide fluctuations during OC use, a longer term study is warranted to investigate any adverse hemostatic changes that might enhance the risks of venous thromboembolism in Asian subjects known to be less prone to thrombosis.

Pharmacokinetics of 7 alpha-methyl-19-nortestosterone in men and cynomolgus monkeys.

Testosterone and its esters are widely used for androgen replacement therapy. In the prostate, testosterone ins 5 alpha-reduced to dihydrotestosterone (DHT), which leads to an amplification of its stimulatory activity in this and other tissues that have significant 5 alpha-reductase activity. While this amplification is essential during fetal development, it has potentially undesirable consequences during adult life. 7 alpha-Methyl-19-nortestosterone (MENT) is a potent synthetic androgen that does not undergo 5 alpha reduction and is therefore being investigated for long-term clinical use because it is expected to be less stimulatory to the prostate. Since we anticipate using MENT acetate (MENT Ac) rather than MENT as the form of this androgen in humans, the bioavailability of MENT following the administration of MENT and MENT Ac was investigated in cynomolgus monkeys. Equimolar concentrations of MENT or MENT Ac were administered as a continuous subcutaneous infusion via Alzet osmotic pumps. Serum MENT levels were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in blood samples collected daily for 4 days during steady state. The serum MENT levels were not significantly different in the two groups (11.3 +/- 1.6 vs. 13.1 +/- 1.2 nmol/L). This suggested that MENT Ac was rapidly converted to MENT in circulation. The hydrolysis of MENT Ac to MENT was confirmed by the in vitro incubation of MENT Ac with blood or plasma and the demonstration of MENT in products following separation by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Following the demonstration of the safety of MENT Ac in subchronic toxicity studies in rats and rabbits, a pharmacokinetic study was performed in men. In normal men, a single intravenous bolus of 500 micrograms of MENT led to peak serum MENT levels at 3 minutes after dosing (when the first samples were collected), followed by an exponential decline, reaching undetectable levels by 180 minutes. The average terminal half-life and the metabolic clearance rate (MCR) were calculated to be 40 minutes and 2,360 L/day, respectively. The results of the pharmacokinetic studies show that in both men and monkeys, the MCR of MENT is much faster than the values reported for testosterone. The faster MCR can be attributed, in part, to the finding that, in contrast to testosterone, MENT showed no binding to sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG).

Parameter Estimation of Structures from Static Strain Measurements. I: Formulation

A method for structural parameter identification utilizing elemental strain me~surements is pre­ sented. By using a subset of applied static forces and a subset o~ mea.sured su:ains, element stiffness parameters of all or a portion of a finite element model of the structure are Identified. This method preser:ves the structural connectivity and determines changes in cross-sectional properties at the el~ment level, mcludmg large. changes or element failures for stable structures. Strain measurements do not require a frame of reference; this ~akes them superior to static displacement measurements. Strain measurements are also more accurate than. ordl~ary displacement measurements and can easily be used on bridges, buildings, and spac~ structures. The Identified cross-sectional element properties can be used for damage assessment and load ratmg of structures. Two nu­ merical examples, including two-dimensional (2D) truss and frame structures, are presented and the element stiffnesses are successfully and accurately evaluated.

Cost of Capital Under Local Constraint on Debt Financing:

A unique constraint on financing of direct foreign investment by MNCs IS a total or partial prohibition on debt financ- ing in many Islamic countries. This paper analyzes the implications of such a conslraint for an MNC's financing and investment deci- sions. The comparative investment levels under alternative financing instruments based on profit and loss sharing (PLS) contracts are examined considering the effects of market imperfections and secu- rity related differences with reference to the existing literature on capital structure. The analysis shows that when debt financing is constrained the cost of capital to a firm will be higher and the invest- ment levels lower.

Elderly Parents as Caregivers for Their Adult Dependent Children

the area of parental caregiving with the aim these families. ents, and ambivalence about conflicts be of sensitizing those in the helping profes- tween duty to parents and duty to children, sions to a group of neglected families. First, In addition, providing care for individuals the essential role of elderly parents as the ——requires changes and adjustments in life major resource and support for their adult styles. Studies have found that caregivers disabled children and the stresses asso- the early 1940s with the development and are most likely to give up activities that have ciated with the responsibility will be widespread use of sulfonamide drugs, peni- some elasticity and are more marginal to described. Second, the limited knowledge cillin, and other antibiotics.3 Approximately personal and family equilibrium and sur and services available to elderly parents four million Americans are developmentally vival. Adjustments frequently occur in the and their children will be discussed. Third, disabled, with an estimated 50,000 to areas of free time for oneself, socializing with some implications for research and practice 315,000 elderly retarded persons, and the friends, taking vacations, having leisure that will enhance the functioning of these number is growing because of improve- time pursuits, and running one's own families as they age will be suggested. Be- ments in health care that contribute to home.9 For spouses and children who pro cause the families are neglected, their prob- longevity.4 While some of the individuals vide care, the caregiving generally starts lems are undefined and their needs unmet, may be placed in institutions, many live at later in life, but parents have had the care For effective practice with these families, home. For most of these individuals, family of their children from birth or very early in social workers need to know about them members are the primary caregivers, who the child's life, and their unique needs. provide most of the necessary assistance or In this article, dependency refers to any supervision. The Report to Congress by the cottdz-itc nv ctdpcc condition that interferes to some degree Comptroller General in 1977 found that oUUKlyB^ U* S1KLSS with a person's ability for normal role per- family and friends provide more than 50 Parents of adult dependent children face formance, limits mobility, or prevents the percent of the services received by develop- many demands for continuing their role as mastery of some self-help skills. The mentally disabled persons at all impair- parents. These demands extend far beyond disability also is lifelong or of extended ment levels and more than 70 percent of the time when such caregiving is termi duration. Individuals in this group may be the services received by the severely im- nated or greatly reduced for parents of mentally retarded, developmentally handi- paired.5 Many of the caregivers likely are nondependent children. The parents of capped, or mentally or physically impaired, parents, who themselves may be frail and adult dependent children deal with the issue The marked increase in the number of need some level of care as they cope with of perpetual parenthood, which becomes disabled persons in this country began in the stresses associated with providing care, more a reality as the parents and child age.

Predicting Weight Loss From Smoldering Combustion in Cellulosic Insulation

A mathematical model was developed which predicted the weight loss that would occur under smoldering conditions when the test was conducted according to Federal Specification HH-I-515D. Also a smoldering propagation parameter was identified that was sensitive to various treat ment levels.

Analysis Reliability Reports: Replication Unit Number 4

This article summarizes the results of the fourth study of analysis re liability based on current file production at the Human Relations Area Files.1 A total of 3,190 pages from 226 sources was analyzed for this repli cation study. The average absolute coding agreement for this unit was sixty percent. Major category agreement, measured in terms of absolute agreement, was eighty-seven percent; when mutual cross-references and adjacent categories were taken into consideration, the adjusted major agree ment level reached ninety-one percent. As noted in the previous paper in this series (Beierle and Levinson 1978), a number of specific OCM cate gories have been found to be especially difficult to apply consistently. These particular categories are identified and the inherent difficulties of applying them in analysis are discussed.

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

lishes the diagnosis. However, when these criteria were examined crit¬ ically,2 they were found wanting on a number of counts. Even in the ab¬ sence of SLE, a number of these crite¬ ria may be met by Sjogren syndrome or Behcet syndrome, not to mention Reiter syndrome and other oculomucocutaneous syndromes. The diag¬ nosis may be supported by the dem¬ onstration of antinuclear antibodies in high titer, especially in the ring and nuclear patterns, antibodies against DNA and RNA, and the dem¬ onstration of reduced creatinine clearance and biopsy evidence of re¬ nal involvement even in the absence of abnormal urinalysis. Cryoglobulins, Clq precipitins, lowered comple¬ ment levels, and grossly abnormal salivary scans (employing sodium pertechnetate Tc 99m) also character¬ ize this disease. Therapy, as with corticosteroids, may alter or suppress some of the manifestations. Twenty years ago, a patient could look forward to severely limited life expectancy once the diagnosis was es¬ tablished. Fortunately, circumstances have changed, probably because less severe cases are being detected and because better treatment methods have been evolved. For most patients, at least ten-year survival rates, and longer, can be predicted.'

Marching rule and the missions

British and Australian?World War II is of crucial importance. It marks the beginning of a positive, though scarcely spectacular, process of reinvest ing Solomon Islanders with responsibility for their own affairs. There have been two main parts to this process. Internationally, there was pro duced an ethos of decolonization which was to be influential at the govern ment level; locally, among the islanders, it sparked a powerful proto nationalist movement, the origins and forms of which will be discussed in this article.1