Menstrual Function In Women Research Articles

Dietary and Lifestyle Management of Functional Hypothalamic Amenorrhea: A Comprehensive Review.

Functional Hypothalamic Amenorrhea (FHA) is a condition characterized by the absence of menstruation, which is increasingly affecting young women. However, specific recommendations for treating and preventing this condition are lacking. Based on a review of the available literature, this article provides practical and feasible dietary management recommendations for healthcare professionals and researchers in women's health and nutrition. It answers the question of what interventions and nutritional recommendations are necessary to restore menstrual function in women struggling with FHA. Physicians recommend an energy availability threshold of 30 kcal/kg FFM/day to prevent FHA. Also, energy availability below and above this threshold can inhibit LH pulsation and cause menstrual disorders. In addition, the risk of menstrual disorders increases with a decrease in the caloric content of the diet and the duration of the energy deficit, and women with FHA have significantly lower energy availability than healthy women. It is essential to ensure that adequate kilocalories are provided throughout the day (regular meals that are a source of proper glucose) to avoid a negative energy balance, as glucose has been proven to affect LH pulses and T3 and cortisol concentrations in the body. Dietary intervention should focus on increasing the caloric content of the diet, thus increasing energy availability and restoring energy balance in the body. Treatment and diagnosis should also focus on body composition, not just body weight. An increase in body fat percentage above 22% may be required to restore menstrual function. In women with FHA, even an increase in body fat mass of one kilogram (kg) increases the likelihood of menstruation by 8%. It is advisable to reduce the intensity of physical activity or training volume, while it is not advisable to give up physical activity altogether. It is also important to ensure adequate intake of micronutrients, reduce stress, and incorporate cognitive-behavioral therapy.

CLINICAL PROFILES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF MENSTRUAL DYSFUNCTION IN WOMEN AFTER SUFFERING FROM COVID-19 OR VACCINATION.

The aim: To investigate changes in the characteristics of menstrual function in women after suffering from Covid-19 or vaccination against SARS-CoV-2. Materials and methods: After the retrospective analysis of 378 medical records patients were divided into: Group 1 (177 women) with menstrual function disorders (MFD) after COVID-19, Group 2 (121 women) with MFD after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination, Group C (80 women) without MFD after COVID-19 or vaccination (controls). The study focused on the clinical and hormonal menstrual cycle characteristics and factors influencing MFD. Results: Dyshormonal thyroid disorders were observed in 63.0% of Group 1 and 45.7% of Group 2 patients; hyperprolactinemia - in 31.0% and 39.4%, hyper¬estrogenia - in 50% and 21%, and hyperandrogenism - in 39% and 20%. MFD was associated with hyperandrogenism with concurrent hyperprolactinemia, in the context of thyroid dysfunction; and with changes of gonadotropin production, along with normal and elevated estrogen concentrations and worsening of mental health that suggest disruption of central regulatory and feedback mechanisms in the pituitary-thyroid-ovarian system under the stressors influence. Conclusions: There are changes in the menstrual cycle associated with disruption of the hypothalamus-pituitary-ovary system and thyroid function in women after suffering from Covid-19 or vaccination. To reestablish reproductive homeostasis, employing a personalized diagnostic strategy is recommended, encompassing the evaluation of thyroid gland status, hormonal profiling, and the consideration of psychosocial facets.

Influence of organ­preserving operations on ovaries on the menstrual function of women

Frequency of violations of menstrual function for women after operations on ovaries is conditionedby both violations to the operation and consequence of operative interference. High percent ofchanges of menstrual cycle to the operation (46,0% – with mature teratoma and 54,0% withoutage of serosal cystadenoma), in obedience to our information, direct proportion correlates withthe level of change of ovarian reserve.In a postoperative period the increase of number of patients is marked with violation of menstrualfunction in 1,3–1,4 time in a greater degree after the resection of ovary. Shortening of cycle andoligomenorrhea prevailed among all types of violations of menstrual cycle.Findings must be taken into account at development of algorithm of diagnostic, treatment-andprophylacticand rehabilitation measures.

Clinical and ultrasound characteristics of the health status of fertile aged women, who smoke and have metabolic syndrome

Objectives: to identify clinical and ultrasound indicators that can determine the need for further examination of fertile aged women who smoke and have metabolic syndrome (MS) regarding the risk of developing somatic pathology or diseases of the reproductive system.Materials and methods. 2 groups of women of fertile age were examined: the first group consisted of 20 women who smoked with MS, the second group included 20 women who smoked without MS. All women were interviewed using a specially designed general and reproductive health questionnaire. Ultrasound examination of the abdominal cavity and pelvic organs was performed using convex and transvaginal sensors according to existing examination protocols.Results. Women of the first group had a higher body mass index and other obesity parameters, which is typical for MS. Women of the second group smoked more cigarettes per day. The identified early onset of menstrual function in women with MS may be a manifestation of hormonal homeostasis disorders at the end of puberty with a predominance of estradiol secretion and insufficient progesterone synthesis in the second phase of the menstrual cycle. A significant amount of blood loss during menstruation and painful menstruation in women of the first group may be a manifestation of adenomyosis, which confirms by echo-positive and echo-negative inclusions in the myometrium and thickening of the uterine walls. In most patients with MS ultrasound showed multifollicular ovaries, which may point at polycystic ovary syndrome, given changes in body mass index and ovarian structure as a response on hyperestrogenemia. Prolonged manifestation of MS also negatively affected the abdominal organs, as evidenced by echo-positive inclusions in the liver and pancreas parenchyma, which is a manifestation of inflammatory diseases of these organs.Conclusions. The combination of prolonged smoking and metabolic syndrome leads to more pronounced changes in the reproductive system and abdominal organs, which in turn expands the range of recommended methods of instrumental examination for such women.

Влияние COVID-19 на менструальную функцию женщин в репродуктивном периоде

Aim: to assess the effect of the COVID-19 infection on the menstrual function in women of reproductive age. Patients and Methods: the study group included 20 women who experienced COVID-19 and presented with menstrual disorders after infection. The study group was divided into two subgroups, i.e., women with mild (n=10) or severe (n=10) COVID-19 infection (subgroups 1 and 2, respectively). The control group included ten women without a history of COVID-19 infection and menstrual disorders. Hormone levels and hemostasis were evaluated, Doppler ultrasound (US) of basal and spiral arteries and ovarian arteries was performed in all women. Results: the mean age was 28.5±1.28 years in both groups. The period duration was 28.3±1.21 days in the control group and 53.1±0.84 days in the study group (i.e., 1.9-times greater, p<0.05). The rate of ovulatory cycles was 100% in the study group. The rate of anovulatory cycles was 25.8% in subgroup 1 and 77.8% in subgroup 2. Endometrial thickness (by US) was 10.64 [10.4; 11.1] mm in the control group, 6.31 [6.12; 6.87] mm in subgroup 1 and 3.20 [3.12; 3.45] mm in subgroup 2 (p<0.05). Significant abnormalities in hormone levels, endometrial hemodynamics, and hemogram parameters were detected in the study group compared to the control group. Moreover, in women with severe COVID-19 infection, these abnormalities were much more significant. Conclusion: in women of reproductive age who experienced COVID-19 infection, menstrual disorders were revealed based on hormone levels, hemostasis, and pelvic hemodynamics. KEYWORDS: coronavirus infection, COVID-19, menstrual function, reproductive period, Doppler ultrasound, hemodynamics, thrombosis, hemostasis. FOR CITATION: Mal’tseva A.N. Effect of the COVID-19 infection on the menstrual function in women of reproductive age. Russian Journal of Woman and Child Health. 2022;5(2):112–117 (in Russ.). DOI: 10.32364/2618-8430-2022-5-2-112-117.

Features of menstrual function in women with morbid obesity

The objective: a study the features of the course and onset of menstrual function in patients with morbid obesity (MO). Materials and methods. A survey of 97 patients of reproductive age with MO, who were included in the main group, and 60 healthy women, who were included in the control group, was performed. All women were comparable in age. The average age of the examined patients was 34.7±2.6 years. The body mass index of women in the main group was 38.8±4.2 kg/m2, the control group – 22.6±2.8 kg/m2.All patients gave informed consent to the processing of personal data. The obtained digital data were processed using licensed statistical programs Microsoft Office 2007 and Stata 12 by variational statistics methods. Results. The early menarche was observed in 35 (36.08%) patients of the main group versus 4 (6.67%) of the control group (p<0.05), late menarche – 38 (39.17%) and 7 (11.67%) women, respectively (p<0.05), menstrual dysfunction – 65 (67.0%) and 12 (20.0%; p<0.05), oligomenorrhea – 54 (56.67%) and 5 (8.33%; p<0.05), respectively, and hypermenorrhea – 38.14% of women in the main group. Often, patients with MO had menstrual irregularities in the form of shortened and heavy menstruations. In women with MO polycystic ovary syndrome – 21 (18.55%) patients, abnormal uterine bleeding – 37 (38.14%), endometrial hyperplasia – 18 (19.14%), uterine leiomyoma – 27 (27.83%), endometriosis – 22 (22.68%), infertility – 28 (28.86%) and benign breast diseases – 36 (37.11%) persons were diagnosed significantly more often compared to the healthy womenConclusions. In women with morbid obesity, a high frequency of disorders of the ovarian menstrual function was found, which may indicate the existence of a close relationship between the presence of obesity and the development of hormonal changes in the female reproductive system.

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ МЕНСТРУАЛЬНОГО ЦИКЛУ ЖІНОК ФЕРТИЛЬНОГО ВІКУ, ЩО ЗАЗНАЛИ КОНТУЗІЇ ПІД ЧАС БОЙОВИХ ДІЙ

The article presents an analysis of literature data and the results of our own retrospective studies of the characteristics of the menstrual cycle in female combatants who have undergone concussion. Clinical and anamnestic factors have been identified that negatively affect the menstrual function of women of reproductive age, who received contusions during hostilities. The relationship between the state of mental health of women and menstrual irregularities has been established. Aim: to identify and evaluate changes in the menstrual function of women - veterans of reproductive age. Also, to establish the relationship between menstrual irregularities in women - veterans of reproductive age who have undergone contusion, and the state of their somatic and mental health.Materials and method: The research was conducted at the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductology of the National University of Health of Ukraine named after P.L. Shupika. To achieve this goal, a comprehensive clinical and laboratory examination was performed in 567 women of reproductive age (main group and comparison group) who participated in hostilities and suffered contusions, the average age of the subjects was 27.08 ± 4.23 years.The period of stay in the combat zone is 29.34 ± 9.21 months, the time from the moment of receiving a mild traumatic brain injury (contusion) is 18.8 ± 9.2 months. Group I - 399 fertile women who suffered contusions during the fighting with PKS. Group II - 168 women of childbearing age who suffered contusions during hostilities without PKS (mean age 32.21 ± 7.32 years).Results: The results of the studies revealed statistically significant deviations in the characteristics of the menstrual cycle of women who participated in hostilities who were injured with PKS, compared with women without PKS. It has been proven that women-viskovosluzhvits more often develop menstrual irregularities, namely a decrease or increase in the number, lengthening or shortening of the menstrual cycle by 7 days. Taking into account the revealed menstrual irregularities in the women under study, it can be argued that the detected changes are due to the influence of both craniocerebral trauma and stress factors associated with military service. This justifies the need to develop a program for monitoring and supporting the reproductive health of women-viyskovoservices, as well as medical and psychological rehabilitation of veterans, aimed at their full adaptation to a peaceful life.

Analysis of menstrual and reproductive function in women with infertility and varicose gonadic veins

The problem of reproductive health in Ukraine over the last decade has become very important. The greatest clinical interest is infertility, which is accompanied by a violation of the ovulatory function of the ovaries due to hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian failure. Sustained anovulation for a long time, as well as the lack of adequate correction of menstrual disorders, lead to the development of endocrine-dependent gynecological diseases, the manifestation of which is primary or secondary infertility. Increased flow of venous blood through the ovarian veins is accompanied by phlebostasis and phlebohypertension in the venous sector of the internal genital organs. Increasing the viscosity and rheological properties of blood that occurs at the same time leads to a deterioration of transcapillary metabolism and transport of oxygen to tissues. In the ischemic ovary, degenerative changes in the follicular apparatus, yellow bodies, followed by spreading to all the ovarian structural elements, which leads to its atrophy and reduced functional properties. Considering the importance of venous blood flow in the development of hormonal imbalance as a result of a violation of the endocrine function of the ovaries, the purpose of our study was to assess the menstrual and reproductive function of infertile women against the background of varicose veins. The reproductive function of women with infertility and varicose changes in ovarian veins is represented by a significant percentage of unauthorized miscarriages (41.9%) in the period of pregnancy after 6 weeks (30.6%). In patients with varicose veins in the ovaries, there was a tendency to increase the duration of infertility compared with patients without varicose dilatation of ovarian veins, which may indirectly indicate more significant functional and structural changes in the reproductive organs. In women, both the primary and the comparator groups are predominantly the late and early menarche, but the rates in groups differ slightly in their direction in women with infertility and varicose veins in the ovaries, although they do not reach statistically significant values. The menstrual function of women in the main group is characterized by a regular menstrual cycle (77.5%), regular duration (43.6%) with excessive blood loss during menstruation (54.8%) and a duration of more than 6 days (50.1%) with acyclic uterine bleeding (37.1%), dysmenorrhea (56.4%) and premenstrual disorders (51.6%), which significantly impairs the quality of life of women. At the same time, the violation of the menstrual cycle in the form of its shortening of 16,1% and acyclic uterine bleeding — 6,5%, was gradually increasing with age and was statistically significant against women from the comparison group. Conclusion in the analysis of clinical characteristics, the more significant percentage of changes in the menstrual cycle, reproductive function in women with functional infertility and varicose veins of the ovary compared with patients with infertility without structural changes in ovarian veins indicates the significant importance of venous hemodynamics in the functional properties of the ovary.

Additional sanogenetic effect of topiramate in the treatment of epilepsy in women of childbearing age

A relationship of epilepsy and a used antiepileptic drug (AED) with the menstrual cycle, overweight, and reproductive disorders in women has been studied in recent years. In this connection, topiramate engages attention as one of the AEDs that contribute to weight loss, but not gain.Objective: to investigate the efficacy/tolerability of topiramate in reproductive-aged women with menstrual disorders.Patients and methods. An analysis was made in a group of 58 patients of fertile age (18–35 years) with a long history of focal epilepsy (FE) (n = 44) or idiopathic generalized epilepsy (IGE) (n = 14) who received mainly combined therapy with 2 AEDs. Different degrees of overweight was observed in 82.8% of the patients; 51.7% had one or another menstrual cycle disorders; however, the women had been followed up by a gynecologist in exceptional cases. Switching from one of the parent AEDs to topiramate or its incorporation into a treatment regimen as an additional drug substantially improved the course of the disease: remission at 12 months was achieved in 59.1% of the patients with FE and in 78.6% of those with IGE.Results. 29.3% of the patients receiving dual therapy, the second medication of which was topiramate, were noted to have lost weight not only if those had a high baseline body mass index (BMI), but also if those had normal BMI at baseline. 8.6% of all the patients and 16.7% of those with menstrual cycle disorder achieved normalization of menstrual function. Topiramate was discontinued only in 1 (1.7%) patient because of critical weight loss (BMI<15).Discussion. The use of topiramate that has a wide spectrum of action in different types of seizures and forms of epilepsy in patients with a long history of the disease could achieve seizure remission in 59.1% of the patients with FE and in 78.6% of those with IGE for a period of more than 12 months. One-third of all the cases were observed to have lost 3–13 kg (median, 6 kg) of weight during monotherapy or dual therapy with topiramate. The latter resulted in the normalization of menstrual function in 5 patients, which was 8.6% of all the patients and 16.7% of those with menstrual cycle problems.Conclusion. In addition to a significant improvement in the disease course, the use of topiramate in monotherapy or dual therapy for FE or IGE can contribute to the normalization of body weight and the menstrual cycle. The authors draw the attention of epileptologists to the need to monitor menstrual function in women with epilepsy.

The menstrual function in women with autoimmune thyroiditis before and after infrared laser therapy

The menstrual function in women with autoimmune thyroiditis before and after infrared laser therapy

Менструальна функція у жінок з аденоміозом у поєднанні з гіперпластичними процесами ендометрія на тлі гормонотерапії

The objective: to study the effect of hormone therapy on menstrual function of women with adenomyosis in combination with endometrial hyperplasia. Patients and methods. We evaluated the effects of hormone therapy in 160 women of reproductive age with adenomyosis in combination with endometrial hyperplasia: I group – 60 women used the progestogen (6 months); II – 60 women, took an agonist of gonadotropin-releasing-hormone – а-GnRH) (6 months), III – 40 women who received the complex therapy including а-GnRH during the first 6 months and immunomodulator intramuscularly every other day No. 20, with subsequent use of tablets of 0.15 g of 1 times a week (course - 6 months), then for the next 6 months was used progestogen in the second phase of the menstrual cycle from 16 to 25 day. Evaluation of indicators of health status were performed after 3, 6 and 12 months of therapy. Assessment of volume of menstrual blood loss was performed using maps of menstrual blood loss and were assessed on a special scale. The total rating for the month, which exceeded 100 points, consistent with menstrual blood loss greater than 80 ml. Results. The influence of hormonal monotherapy progestogen and а-GnRH on menstrual function of women with adenomyosis in combination with endometrial hyperplasia during the follow-up throughout the year. The assessment of indicators of volume of blood loss with the help of monitoring charts. Developed a comprehensive hormone therapy for women of reproductive age with combined benign uterus pathology and the evaluation of its impact on indicators of volume of blood loss and menstrual function of women. Conclusions. Monoterapia by the progestogen and а-GnRH for 6 months of treatment normalizes the indicators of volume of blood loss and menstrual function of women, and the 12-month follow-up in women of these groups also increased the volume of blood loss and each 3 women is marked polimenorea. Developed a comprehensive phased hormone therapy for women with adenomyosis in combination with endometrial hyperplasia normalizes on the 3rd month of treatment indicators of blood loss and has a tendency to decrease during the 12 months of observation (the volume of menstrual blood loss has decreased in 4 times from initial). Key words: complex therapy, adenomyosis, endometrial hyperplasia, gestagene, а-GnRH, menstrual function, volume of blood loss.

Menstrual function in women with cushing's disease (CD)

Menstrual function in women with cushing's disease (CD)

The local hormonal environment of tumor and perifocal zone in patients with breast cancer: data and prospects of their application

The expression of androgen receptors is maximal in the luminal subtypes of breast cancer (BC) and increases with patient age, except triplenegative cancer cases. In reproductive age and perimenopause, the local hormonal environment of breast tumor is characterized by a 1.3– 2.0-fold predominance of androgens over estrogens (p < 0.05), but in postmenopause it depends on the biological subtype of BC. Only in the reproductive period, local hyperandrogenism is associated with the low expression of androgen receptors. As reproductive function fades away, androgen receptor expression increases and, even in perimenopause, relative hyperandrogenism in the tumor is associated with the high level of their expression. Thus, in addition to the standard immunohistochemical panel, it is also necessary to take into account other determinants of tumor biological behavior and menstrual function in women, in particular the local hormonal status of the tumor in combination with the expression of sex hormones, including androgen receptors, which allows consideration of anti-androgen therapy in treating a certain category of patients with BC.

The features of endometrium receptor apparatus in women with missed abortion

A new complex of modern methods of investigation, both the endometrium and immune system changes in local and hormonal status is developed in this article, rehabilitation of reproductive function in patients with the missed abortion is proposed. Methods. The study involved 124 women, including 64 women with diagnosed missed abortion. The comparison group included 30 women with physiological pregnancy who were performed artificial abortion. 30 healthy women in pregravidae period were examined. The clinical and anamnestic, histological and immunological features of the endometrium and its functional activity were investigated. Results. Pathogenetic mechanisms of menstrual dysfunction were defined in women with the missed abortion. The changes in the secretory transformation of the endometrium, a sharp decrease in its receptor and functional activity, confirming the lack of development of the luteal phase are observed. Based on the research, an algorithm for the restoration of menstrual function in women in the postgravidae period is developed and implemented in practice. Conclusions. The data confirmed the feasibility of implementing the proposed examination and treatment of women with the missed abortion

Hormonal support of menstrual function and features of the balance of sex hormones in women of childbearing age with changes of reproductive health and autonomic homeostasis disorders

The results of the study of hormonal menstrual function in women of childbearing age with autonomic homeostasis disorders and various changes in reproductive health are shown. Studies concluded 360 women with disorders of autonomic homeostasis such as autonomic dysfunction syndrome and somatoform dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system. Hormonal support of menstrual function and features a balance of sex hormones was studied in women with disorders of autonomic homeostasis and various changes in reproductive health (women after artificial abortion, infertility women and women with uterine leiomyomas).It was found that the combination of changes in reproductive health with such disorders of autonomic homeostasis syndrome as somatoform autonomic dysfunction and autonomic nervous system dysfunction is accompanied by significant changes in the regulatory mechanisms of menstrual function of women and relationships of stress-associated hormones, that is enhances the reproductive health of surveyed women.

Hormonal characteristics of menstrual function of women with violations of autonomic homeostasis and mutations both of reproductive health

The article presents data from a study of the relationship of autonomic nervous system disorders in women of fertile age, depending on the hormonal provision of the menstrual cycle. Hormonal homeostasis (concentration of luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, estrogen, progesterone, prolactin, testosterone, and cortisol) were measured in 90 women with somatoform manifestations of dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system (the main group). The control group consisted of 30 healthy women of reproductive age. The results indicate that the impact of dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system to changes in gonadotrophic regulation of menstrual function and level of sex hormones.

Lifestyle intervention up-regulates gene and protein levels of molecules involved in insulin signaling in the endometrium of overweight/obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome.

Does lifestyle intervention aiming at weight loss influence endometrial insulin signaling in overweight/obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)? Lifestyle intervention up-regulates, both at the mRNA and protein levels, components of insulin signaling in the endometrium of overweight/obese PCOS women, in relation to an improved menstrual pattern. PCOS is a multifactorial endocrine disorder diagnosed by two of the following three criteria: chronic anovulation, hyperandrogenism and polycystic ovaries. Many women with PCOS also have insulin resistance and obesity. The syndrome is furthermore associated with endometrial cancer and possible alterations in endometrial function and receptivity. This study assessed the effects of a combined diet and exercise lifestyle intervention for 3 months. A group of 20 overweight/obese PCOS women with anovulation, hyperandrogenism and polycystic ovaries were subjected to a combined diet and exercise program for 3 months. Ten body mass index (BMI)-matched regularly menstruating overweight/obese controls, nine normal-weight PCOS women and ten normal-weight controls were also included in the study. In an academic clinical setting, women were examined in mid-follicular phase for endocrine assessment and determination of endometrial levels of mRNA and immunohistochemical staining of insulin signaling molecules (the insulin receptor, insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS1) and glucose transporter (GLUT) 1 and 4). Women with PCOS exhibited lower levels of IRS1 (P < 0.01) and GLUT4 (P < 0.01) mRNA in their proliferative endometrium than BMI-matched controls. After lifestyle intervention, weight loss averaged 4.7% and the menstrual pattern improved in 65% of the overweight/obese women with PCOS. Levels of IRS1 (P < 0.01) and GLUT1 (P < 0.05) mRNA were significantly up-regulated in the endometrium of those women with improved menstrual function, as were the protein expression levels of pY612IRS1 (the activated IRS1 form, P < 0.05), pS312IRS1 (the inhibitory form of IRS1, P < 0.05) and GLUT1 (P < 0.05). Improvement in the menstrual function of women in the obese/overweight group following the lifestyle intervention was positively correlated with the increase in the endometrial level of IRS1 mRNA (r = 0.63, P < 0.01) and negatively correlated with the change in BMI (r = -0.50, P < 0.05). The number of women in each group was limited, although the power calculation indicated that the number of patients subjected to the lifestyle intervention was sufficient. We propose that up-regulation of endometrial IRS1 and GLUT1 in overweight/obese women with PCOS following lifestyle intervention improves the glucose homeostasis and thereby restores the functioning of the endometrium in these women. This study was supported financially by the Swedish Research Council (A.L.H., 20324), Karolinska Institutet and the Stockholm County Council. None of the authors has any conflict of interest to declare.

Menstrual function in women of reproductive age with acromegaly

Menstrual function in women of reproductive age with acromegaly

The role of body weight reduction and treatment with metformin in the recovery of the menstrual function in women presenting with polycystic ovary syndrome and excessive body weight

A total of 40 women presenting with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and excessive body weight/obesity were randomly allocated to 3 groups. The patients in group 1 were advised to change the life style (including consumption of a low-calory diet and regular physical exercises), those making up group 2 had to change the life style and take metformin (850 mg twice daily), the patients of group 3 used metformin without modifying their life style. Thirty three patients completed the study. Those in groups 1 (n=14) and 2 (n=10) experienced a similar significant reduction of both the body weight and the HOMA index. In group 3 (n=9), these characteristics remained virtually unaltered. The fraction of women displaying the positive menstrual response during the treatment was not significantly different in groups 1 and 2 (50 and 60% respectively; p=0.77) whereas none of the patients in group 3 showed the positive menstrual response (the difference between this and the two previous groups was significant; p=0.035). A significant decrease in the testosterone level was documented in the women of group 2. The authors conclude that it was the reduction of the body weight rather than regular intake of metformin at a daily dose of 1700 mg that contributed to the improvement of the menstrual function in women with PCOS and the excessive body weight.

Features of changes of menstruation function in the various periods of ontogenesis at the working women of an instrument-making industry

The object of the study was to study the nature of changes in menstrual function in women at different periods of ontogenesis, taking into account the degree and duration of contact with lead in industrial conditions. At the same time, a statistically significant increase in the frequency of menstrual dysfunctions was revealed.&#x0D; With the duration of contact with lead, the toxic effect of lead increases both on the central and peripheral link of the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian system, which is the reason for the formation of premature menopause in radio installers.