Menstrual Data Research Articles

Effects of sterilization on menstruation.

We surveyed 551 women more than a year after they or their husbands had had a sterilization operation. According to menstrual data from before and after the operation, a much greater proportion of women who had been sterilized had longer periods after the operation than before, but so did women whose husbands had had a vasectomy. Women who had taken an oral contraceptive before operation, had more days of bleeding and heavier bleeding than women who had been using other methods of contraception; those who had an intrauterine device removed had fewer days of bleeding after the sterilization operation. Discontinuing the previous contraception probably had a greater effect on menstruation than had the operation, for the effect was the same for those who had sterilization and the women whose husbands had an operation.

Evaluation of the dating of gestation via the growth adjusted sonographic age method.

We compared the actual delivery dates of 248 normal pregnant women to the estimated dates of confinement (EDC) calculated from one biparietal diameter measurement (BPD) between 18 and 26 weeks of gestation and to the EDCs corrected by the growth adjusted sonographic age ( GASA ) method. The dating of gestation by those two ultrasound methods also was compared to the calculation of the gestational age from the last menstrual period in a subgroup of 61 women with highly reliable clinical data. The GASA method had no advantage over the dating of gestation using one single BPD measurement obtained before 26 weeks, nor over the dating of gestation using reliable menstrual data.

Menstrual flow duration and spotting following Multiload Copper 250 intra-uterine device insertion.

As part of a wider evaluation of the Multiload Copper 250 IUD, bleeding patterns were studied longitudinally during the 1st year following insertion in 150 women. The women were menstruating regularly and had not been pregnant or on hormone or intrauterine contraception in the preceding 2 months. Detailed counseling was given, including instruction on collection of menstrual data. The mean age of the patients was 28 years (19-35) and mean parity was 2-3; none was nulliparous. 12 subjects could not be contacted after insertion and were not considered further. At 12 months, there were 11 terminations: pain and/or bleeding, 2; other medical reasons, 1; accidental pregnancy, 1; planning pregnancy, 5f other personal reasons, 1; and lost to follow-up, 1. Following device insertion menstrual duration was initially increased, followed by a fall to levels which were not significantly different from preinsertion values after about 6-9 months of use. Similar trends were noted when menstrual bleeding and spotting were separately analyzed. The mean number of bleeding days decreased from 4.5 during the first 90 days to 4.2 and then 3.9, respectively, in the last 2 segments; the corresponding figures for menstrual spotting were 3.5, 2.8, 2.7, and 2.8 days. Intermenstrual bleeding and spotting were common after insertion but their frequency rapidly decreased with time. To a large extent, bleeding disturbances determine IUD acceptability. Thus, its perceived improvement would tend to encourage continued use and suggests that the potential risk of anemia in longterm users need not necessarily be serious.

Chimpanzee reproductive senescence: A possible model for evolution of the menopause

Reproductive senescence was studied in 2 female Pan troglodytes and one Pan paniscus over 40 yr old. Menstrual cycle data for these animals, in the last 3 yr, when compared to that of the same animals in previous years and to records obtained between 1967 and 1980 on 51 Pan troglodytes between 18–39 yr old, demonstrated increased length of menstrual cycles, as shown by decrease in frequency of menses. Oestrone glucuronide and pregnanediol glucuronide were measured in 24-h urine samples by radioimmunoassay. The pattern of excretion differed only slightly from that of younger animals. One Pan troglodytes had reduced oestrogen levels, but normal gonadotropin levels. The single ovulatory peak of LH normally seen in younger animals was replaced by multiple peaks in the Pan troglodytes. Menopause was observed in the Pan paniscus as documented by cessation of menstrual cyclicity, elevation of gonadotropin levels, and exaggerated response to injection of 100 μg of gonadotropin-releasing hormone. The FSH: LH ratio was reversed in this animal. Histology of the ovaries of the Pan paniscus revealed a paucity of primary and developing follicles, and an increase in fibrous tissue. The Pan troglodytes appear to be peri-menopausal. This data suggests that the chimpanzee may serve as a model for certain phases of reproductive senescence in the human.

The estimated age of staged human embryos and early fetuses

The appearance of anatomic features during embryogenesis relative to menstrual history is not well established. The 621 staged human embryos and fetuses in the Carnegie Embryological Collection were examined, and morphologic features were recorded in 494 specimens in good condition, from 382 intrauterine, 49 ectopic, and 55 pregnancies of other or unknown source. There were menstrual data on 276 specimens, and for 10 the date of a single coitus was known. The embryo develops to 1 mm at the twenty-eighth menstrual day, after which its crown-rump length increases by 0.7 mm per day. Coital ages and postovulatory ages estimated from menstrual data correlated significantly (p < 0.001) with crown-rump length and Carnegie stage, but estimated postovulatory age was highly variable (standard deviation, 10.5 days). Morphologic features appeared within a narrow interval (standard deviation, 0.0 to 1.5 Carnegie stages). Normal human embryogenesis is a stereotyped sequence with little statistical variation, but menstrual data in individual cases may be unreliable in dating this sequence.

Abortion choices in the Philippines.

SummaryAlthough abortion is still illegal in the Philippines it appears to be increasing. This article reviews the methods to which women wanting to terminate a pregnancy resort, in spite of the health risks attached to them; these traditional practices include the use of herbal and pharmaceutical preparations supposedly with abortifacient properties, catheter insertion, abdominal massage and dilatation and curettage. It then goes on to discuss menstrual data from the records of two doctors in one ciry who are amongst the relatively small number of people in the country who are using the technique at the present time.

A Procedure for Combining Menstrual Cycle Data*

A procedure is presented which overcomes most of the conceptual and statistical problems associated with the combining of data from heterogeneous menstrual cycles for graphical or statistical analyses. This procedure is based upon an initial normalization of the raw data to eliminate extraneous between-cycle variability, followed by the assignment of the data to a set of discrete cycle phases using a weighted-average technique. The efficacy of this procedure is compared to that of seven other published categorization methods by examining the proportion of variance accounted for and the P values from analyses of variance computed for 17 beta-estradiol and olfactory sensitivity measures. A major advantage of the proposed procedure is that it allows for the grouping of data from entire cycles (including menses) on the same figure without exhibiting points from heterogeneous sectors of individual cycles and without changing the sample size as distance from the midcycle LH surge increases. Thus, this procedure provides equal sample sizes for all phases of the cycle, allowing repeated-measures parametric statistical analyses to be performed. Data are presented which suggest that the categorization of menstrual cycle data without carefully established cycle phases can lead to quite erroneous conclusions.

Perimenstrual aggression in groups of female rhesus monkeys.

The pioneer study of Carpenter (1942) characterized oestrous behaviour in rhesus monkeys by criteria related to increased sexual behaviour and by `increased aggressiveness . . and wounds'. Subsequent studies of rhesus monkeys by Bernstein (1963) and Lindburg (1971) have confirmed a mid-cycle increase in behavioural arousal which appears to coincide with ovulation (as judged from subsequent pregnancy data). Loy (1970) now reports an increase in so\x=req- called `estrous behavior' both perimenstrually and at mid-cycle in free\x=req- ranging rhesus monkeys. Rowell (1963) has observed increased perimenstrual aggressive interaction, but differentiates increased aggression received during the premenstrual week from increased aggression exerted on cage mates during the week after the onset of menstruation. The present study is an attempt to relate bite wounds and menstrual cycle data for groups of rhesus, Macaca mulatta, females maintained in groups caged in the breeding colony of the California Primate Research Center. This is a retrospective analysis of routine laboratory records over the 16-month period from July 1967 to November 1968, representing 2638 'female months', i.e. 6 months' records for thirty-six cages with an average monthly total population of 208+15 (S.D.) plus an additional 10 months' records for eighteen of these cages with an average monthly total population of 123+10. Each female was inspected daily for signs of menstruation (blood in vulva), fresh bite wounds, and illness. At the time of observation, only menstruation data were utilized for breeding purposes. In the course of these records, a total of 130 bite wounds was recorded, apparently resulting from the most severe aggressive encounters occurring under the conditions of relatively high crowding stress in the caged group. Bite wounds represent a rather constant proportion of total agonistic interaction in a social group (T.E. Rowell, unpublished observations) and thus can serve as a crude indicator of behavioural changes. The wounds recorded here appeared to

Searches for ova in the human uterus and tubes: II. Clinical and laboratory data on nine successful searches for human ova

This work was undertaken in an effort to determine the postovulatory age of human ova based on morphologic criteria. Nine ova, recovered from 132 patients, are described. Case reports include menstrual data, time of operation, basal body temperature, location of ovum in the female tract, and histology of the corpus luteum and the endometrium. Ovular morphologic characteristics are no better than other criteria of time of ovulation.

Relationship of Forced Vital Capacity (FVC), Forced Expiratory Volume in First Second (FEV&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;)and FEV&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;/FVC% with Plasma Progesterone Level during Different Phases of Normal Menstrual Cycle

The present study was carried out to observe the correlation of some lung function parameters with the endogenous plasma progesterone level during different phases of menstrual cycle. The study was conducted on 30 healthy young female volunteers with age range of 20-25 years in the department of Physiology of BSMMU, Dhaka, during July 2005- June 2006. All the subjects were studied in 3 phases of menstrual cycle for 2 consecutive cycles. FVC, FEV1 , FEV1/FVC% for assessing lung function and plasma Progesterone level during each phase of menstrual cycle were measured by a portable spirometer and by ELIZA method in auto analyzer respectively. Comparison of the values between different phases were done by paired ‘t' test considering menstrual phase data as baseline due to negligible amount of progesterone detected in this phase. Correlation of FVC , FEV1 and FEV1/FVC%with Progesterone level in each 3 phases were analyzed by Pearson's correlation- coefficient test. Plasma progesterone level was much higher during luteal phase compared to those of follicular phases of both cycles (24.54ng/ml vs1.41 ng/ml; 26.56 ng/ml vs. 1.48 ng/ml). Both FVC and FEV1 were significantly higher (p&lt;0.001) during luteal phase than those of follicular phases in both the cycles. FVC, FEV1 and FEV1/FVC%were positively correlated with plasma progesterone level but these relationships had failed to show any statistical significance. Similar to others, this study also observed increased ventilation and high endogenous progesterone level during luteal phase. Therefore increased ventilation might be related to high progesterone level during luteal phase owing to increased inspiratory muscle endurance and bronchial relaxation effect. Key words: Plasma Progesterone; Forced Vital Capacity; Forced Expiratory Volume; Menstrual cycle. DOI:10.3329/jbsp.v2i0.976 J Bangladesh Soc Physiol. 2007 Dec;(2): 7-12.

The Use of Attendance Records in Studying the Effects of the Menstrual Cycle on Absenteeism and Lateness

SUMMARY SUMMARY The use of a simple calendar is suggested as an appropriate means for analysing the absenteeism of women workers to determine any periodic aspects. A pilot study suggests that these studies can only be of value if menstrual data is available.

THE USE OF ATTENDANCE RECORDS IN STUDYING THE EFFECTS OF THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE ON ABSENTEEISM AND LATENESS

SUMMARY SUMMARY The use of a simple calendar is suggested as an appropriate means for analysing the absenteeism of women workers to determine any periodic aspects. A pilot study suggests that these studies can only be of value if menstrual data is available.

Contribution to the etiology of placenta previa

1.1. After having compared the characteristic features of ectopic gestation and placenta previa, it has been concluded that these two conditions are similar in all important respects including their relation to infertility and their tendency for recurrence.2.2. On the basis of an analysis of the menstrual age:birth weight ratio in 214 cases of placenta previa, it has been shown that, in contrast to the general belief, the average birth weight is significantly higher than in normal pregnancies; about 40 to 50 per cent of all cases being quite incompatible with the menstrual data.3.3. It has been suggested that the bleeding following a conception—which may be subclinical (“placental sign”), irregular, or may simulate a normal menstrual period, is responsible for the displacement and low insertion of the fertilized ovum.4.4. It has further been suggested that delayed ovulation and inadequate development of the endometrium in the luteal phase resulting in failure of the implantation are important predisposing factors for placenta previa.5.5. It has been concluded that placenta previa and ectopic pregnancy are closely related pathologic entities and have a common etiology.

Contribution to the Pathological Mechanism of Ovarian, Abdominal, and Cervical Pregnancies

Following a summary of this individuals views on the etiology of ectopic pregnancy and a review of the literature on the physiology of conception migration and implantation the time of fertilization in cases of tubal ovarian abdominal and cervical pregnancies were compared and analyzed. The main conclusions of analysis on the etiology of ectopic pregnancy can be summarized as follows: ectopic embryos and fetuses found at operation are almost always bigger than the menstrual data suggest; the development of the products of conception in ectopic pregnancy indicates that the conception precedes or coincides with the patients last period in this condition; and the embryonal development suggests that the week preceding a menstrual bleeding is the most favorable time for ectopic conception. In a figure the time of conception of 35 tubal 15-15 ovarian and abdominal and 6 cervical pregnancies is diagrammatically represented on the basis of case reports published by the authors. The time of conception has been calculated by the development of early fetuses adopting the criteria given by Streeter Scammon and Calkins and Wood-Jones. In cases of very early embryos or productions of conception the data of Arey Greenhill and Johnstone and Whillis have been adopted taking the average values into account where their data differ. The distribution of calculated conceptions appears to be similar in all represented groups indicating that the time of fertilization is about the same in different types of ectopic gestation. Comarison and analysis of the time of fertilization in cases of tubal ovarian abdominal and cervical pregnancies led to the following conclusions: the development of embryos recovered on operations for ovarian pregnancy proves that as in tubal gestation the conception occurred before the patients last period and this fact indicates that the ovum only secondarily attaches itself to the ovary after having been expelled through the salpinx by the menstrual flow and in most cases it rules out the possibility of intrafolicular conception; the time of conception in primary abdominal pregnancies indicates that the fertilized ovum only gets attached to the peritoneum after having been previously washed out from the salpinx into the abdominal cavity by the menstrual flow; and the available evidence suggests that ectopic and cervical gestations have a common etiology and pathological mechanism. (summaries in FRE GER)