Menstrual Cycle Pattern Research Articles

Histopathological spectrum of uterine lesions in hysterectomy specimens of patients with abnormal uterine bleeding

Background: Abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) is an overarching term that reflects any departure from normal menstruation or regular menstrual cycle patterns. Treatment depends upon the cause. Hysterectomy being a definite treatment for structural uterine pathology. Methods: This cross-sectional observational study was conducted in department of pathology, Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose medical college Jabalpur (M.P.). The study comprised of 140 hysterectomy specimens with or without salpingo-oophorectomy obtained from AUB patients and submitted for histopathological examination in our department during study period of 18 months. The relevant data of the patients was collected and analyzed as per designed proforma. Results: Out of 140 cases, majority of the patients were in 41-50 years age group 63 cases (45%), followed by 31-40 years age group 59 cases (42.14%). Most common clinical presentation was heavy menstrual bleeding in 83 cases (59.28%), followed by intermenstrual bleeding and pain in abdomen in 66 cases (47.14%) each. Commonest lesion found was leiomyoma, 83 cases (59.28%), second being dual pathology of adenomyosis with leiomyoma 23 cases (16.42%) followed by adenomyosis, 19 cases (13.57%). Four cases (2.85%) of benign endometrial polyp and endometrial carcinoma each and 1 case of adenomyoma, simple endometrial hyperplasia and endometrial stromal sarcoma, each, were reported. Conclusions: A wide spectrum of histopathological findings, ranging from normal cyclic endometrium to benign pathology and malignancy were seen. In some patients, dual pathologies, incidental findings and occult malignant lesions, which were missed clinically or radiologically, was diagnosed on histopathological examination, thus making it a gold standard for definite diagnosis.

Are adolescents with premenstrual disorder at risk for cardiac arrhythmias?

One of the most commonly experienced symptoms of premenstrual disorder (PMD) is anxiety, and there is a notable rise in sympathomimetic activity in this patient group. Studies have linked fluctuations in systemic autonomic tone to electrocardiography (ECG) changes. This study aims to investigate the relationship between anxiety, a common symptom of PMD, and alterations in QT dispersion (QTd) and P-wave dispersion (Pd) in adolescent females. This cross-sectional study included female adolescents aged 12-18 with regular menstruation for at least 3 months. Participants completed the premenstrual syndrome scale (PMSS) and were divided into two groups, PMD and control, according to the PMSS score. A standard 12-lead body surface ECG was performed and QTd and Pd values were determined in each participant. Of the 43 participants, 27 were categorized into the PMD group, with a mean age of 15.15 ± 1.43 years. Age at menarche and menstrual cycle patterns were comparable between the PMD and control groups. Statistical analysis revealed significantly higher Pmin (p = 0.010) and Pd values (p < 0.001) in the PMD group compared to controls. A positive correlation between PMSS scores and Pd (p = 0.049) was also observed. Changes in atrial conduction and ventricular repolarization due to the pathophysiology of PMD may increase the risk of developing atrial and ventricular tachyarrhythmias over time. Screening patients with PMD using an ECG may be useful in identifying potentially at-risk adolescents.

The relationship between menstrual cycle pattern and post-traumatic stress in women following the 2023 earthquake in Turkey.

In the aftermath of natural disasters, understanding the intricate links between mental health and physiological responses, such as menstrual cycle patterns, becomes crucial. This study explores the relationship between post-traumatic stress and menstrual irregularities among women of reproductive age residing in regions affected by the 2023 earthquake in Turkey. 309 women of reproductive age living in 11 provinces affected by the earthquake centered in Kahramanmaraş on February 6, 2023 and declared as disaster areas constituted the study sample. Data were collected online using Google forms nine months after the earthquake. The collected data were obtained using the Participant Information Form, Impact of Events Scale and Post-traumatic Stress Disorder-Short Form. In the data analysis, descriptive statistics such as count, percentage, median, minimum, and maximum were used, along with statistical tests including the Mann-Whitney U test, chi-squared test, multiple logistic regression analysis, and ROC analysis. In the study, an increase in menstrual irregularities among women was observed following the earthquake (%14.3 to %44.8, p<.001). Risk factors for menstrual irregularities included post-traumatic stress symptoms, comorbid chronic diseases, and smoking. The prevalence of PTSD was found to be 22.7% and this was associated with women with menstrual irregularities. Setting the cut-off score of the IES-R scale at 45.50 resulted in higher sensitivity for detecting irregular menstrual cycles. Women's menstrual cycles are affected after an earthquake. Therefore, post-earthquake mental health recovery programs should specifically address the protection of women's physical and mental health. This comprehensive approach can reduce the effects of earthquake-induced stress and trauma.

Effect of COVID-19 Vaccination on Menstrual Cycle Patterns of Reproductive-age Women: A Multi-centric Observational Study.

The study was conducted to know the impact of COVID-19 vaccination on menstrual cycle patterns and pre- and post-menstrual symptoms in women aged 18-45 years. COVID-19 vaccination was introduced to combat the dreadful impacts of human coronavirus infection. The two indigenously developed COVID-19 vaccines approved for use in India are COVISHIELD and COVAXIN. To investigate the effects of COVID-19 vaccination on the menstrual cycle, pre- and post-menstrual symptoms and to establish the correlation with the type of vaccine received. Multi-centric observational study conducted in six institutes of national importance in different states of India over one year. A total of 5709 female participants fulfilling inclusion criteria were enrolled. Data about the impact of vaccines (COVISHIELD and COVAXIN) and prior COVID-19 infection on the menstrual cycle and its associated symptoms were obtained using all participants' online and offline interviews. Of 5709 participants, 78.2% received COVISHIELD and 21.8% COVAXIN. Of the total 5709 participants, 333 (5.8%) developed post-vaccination menstrual disturbances, with 32.7% having frequent cycles, 63.7% prolonged cycles, and 3.6% inter-menstrual bleeding. A total of 301 participants noticed changes in the amount of bleeding, with 50.2% excessive, 48.8% scanty, and 0.99% amenorrhea followed by heavy bleeding. Furthermore, the irregularities of the menstrual cycle (p = 0.011) and length (0.001) were significantly higher in the COVAXIN group (7.2%) as compared to the COVISHIELD (5.3%) group. A total of 721 participants complained of newly developed/worsening pre- and post-menstrual symptoms. These symptoms were significantly higher in the COVISHIELD group (p = 0.031), with generalized weakness and body pains as the main complaints (p = 0.001). No significant difference was observed in the incidence of COVID-19 infection with these vaccines. No significant associations were observed when comparing menstrual abnormalities among those with COVID-19 infection (p > 0.05). COVISHIELD and COVAXIN vaccines were associated with menstrual cycle disturbances and pre-and post-menstrual symptoms in a small proportion of participants, with 94.7% having no change in the amount of bleeding during menstruation post-vaccination. The menstrual irregularities observed were significantly higher with the COVAXIN vaccine. Others: Further, long-term studies are required to confirm that the impact of COVID-19 vaccination on the menstrual cycle may be short-lasting, with no severe effects on women's menstrual health.

Menstrual cycle patterns and their relationship with measures of well-being and perceived performance metrics in competitive and recreational resistance-trained athletes.

There is mixed evidence on how the menstrual cycle (MC) affects sports performance, with many studies showing variations in performance during different phases of the MC, while other evidence shows that the MC's effects on performance may be trivial. Therefore, this exploratory longitudinal monitoring study was designed to investigate MC characteristics and symptoms in a resistance-trained (RT) population to look for associations between measures of well-being and perceived performance metrics across the MC. RT females reported their workout habits, perceived performance metrics, and measures of well-being while tracking their MC with detailed methods via daily check-ins in an app. Most MC characteristics and symptoms in the present RT population aligned with previous research on the general population. However, the frequency of irregular cycles was higher than in previous research on the general population. The amount of individual variation and within-subject cycle-to-cycle variation in MC characteristics and MC symptoms was also high. All measures of well-being were significantly associated with specific days of the MC, demonstrating a change in well-being based on the timing of the MC. Several perceived performance metrics were significantly associated with changes across the MC, while others were not. Overall, with the current evidence as it stands, a highly individualized approach should be taken for any training or performance considerations surrounding the MC due to the high levels of individual variation.

Chronicling menstrual cycle patterns across the reproductive lifespan with real-world data

The intricate hormonal and physiological changes of the menstrual cycle can influence health on a daily basis. Although prior studies have helped improve our understanding of the menstrual cycle, they often lack diversity in the populations included, sample size, and the span of reproductive and life stages. This paper aims to describe the dynamic differences in menstrual cycle characteristics and associated symptoms by age in a large global cohort of period-tracking application users. This work aims to contribute to our knowledge and understanding of female physiology at varying stages of reproductive aging. This cohort study included self-reported menstrual cycle and symptom information in a sample of Flo application users aged 18–55. Cycle and period length and their variability, and frequency of menstrual cycle symptom logs are described by the age of the user. Based on data logged by over 19 million global users of the Flo app, the length of the menstrual cycle and period show clear age-associated patterns. With higher age, cycles tend to get shorter (Cycle length: D¯\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$${\\overline{\ ext{D}}}$$\\end{document} = 1.85 days, Cohen’s D = 0.59) and more variable (Cycle length SD: D¯\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$${\\overline{\ ext{D}}}$$\\end{document} = 0.42 days, Cohen’s D = 0.09), until close to the chronological age (40–44) suggesting menopausal transition, when both cycles and periods become longer (Cycle length: D¯\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$${\\overline{\ ext{D}}}$$\\end{document} = 0.86 days, t = 48.85, Cohen’s D = 0.26; Period length: D¯\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$${\\overline{\ ext{D}}}$$\\end{document} = 0.08, t = 15.6, Cohen’s D = 0.07) and more variable (Cycle length SD: D¯\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$${\\overline{\ ext{D}}}$$\\end{document} = 2.80 days, t = 111.43, d = 0.51; Period length SD: D¯\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$${\\overline{\ ext{D}}}$$\\end{document} = 0.23 days, t = 67.81, Cohen’s D = 0.31). The proportion of individuals with irregular cycles was highest in participants aged 51–55 (44.7%), and lowest in the 36–40 age group (28.3%). The spectrum of common menstrual cycle-related symptoms also varies with age. The frequency of logging of cramps and acne is lower in older participants, while logs of headache, backache, stress, and insomnia are higher in older users. Other symptoms show different patterns, such as breast tenderness and fatigue peaking between the ages of 20–40, or mood swings being most frequently logged in the youngest and oldest users. The menstrual cycle and related symptoms are not static throughout the lifespan. Understanding these age-related differences in cycle characteristics and symptoms is essential in understanding how best to care for and improve the daily experience for menstruators across the reproductive life span.

Efficacy of the Flo App in Improving Health Literacy, Menstrual and General Health, and Well-Being in Women: Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial.

Reproductive health literacy and menstrual health awareness play a crucial role in ensuring the health and well-being of women and people who menstruate. Further, awareness of one's own menstrual cycle patterns and associated symptoms can help individuals identify and manage conditions of the menstrual cycle such as premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD). Digital health products, and specifically menstrual health apps, have the potential to effect positive change due to their scalability and ease of access. The primary aim of this study was to measure the efficacy of a menstrual and reproductive health app, Flo, in improving health literacy and health and well-being outcomes in menstruating individuals with and without PMS and PMDD. Further, we explored the possibility that the use of the Flo app could positively influence feelings around reproductive health management and communication about health, menstrual cycle stigma, unplanned pregnancies, quality of life, work productivity, absenteeism, and body image. We conducted 2 pilot, 3-month, unblinded, 2-armed, remote randomized controlled trials on the effects of using the Flo app in a sample of US-based (1) individuals who track their cycles (n=321) or (2) individuals who track their cycles and are affected by PMS or PMDD (n=117). The findings revealed significant improvements at the end of the study period compared to baseline for our primary outcomes of health literacy (cycle tracking: D̄=1.11; t311=5.73, P<.001; PMS or PMDD: D̄=1.20; t115=3.76, P<.001) and menstrual health awareness (D̄=3.97; t311=7.71, P<.001), health and well-being (D̄=3.44; t311=5.94, P<.001), and PMS or PMDD symptoms burden (D̄=-7.08; t115=-5.44, P<.001). Improvements were also observed for our secondary outcomes of feelings of control and management over health (D̄=1.01; t311=5.08, P<.001), communication about health (D̄=0.93; t311=2.41, P=.002), menstrual cycle stigma (D̄=-0.61; t311=-2.73, P=.007), and fear of unplanned pregnancies (D̄=-0.22; t311=-2.11, P=.04) for those who track their cycles, as well as absenteeism from work and education due to PMS or PMDD (D̄=-1.67; t144=-2.49, P=.01). These pilot randomized controlled trials demonstrate that the use of the Flo app improves menstrual health literacy and awareness, general health and well-being, and PMS or PMDD symptom burden. Considering the widespread use and affordability of the Flo app, these findings show promise for filling important gaps in current health care provisioning such as improving menstrual knowledge and health. OSF Registries osf.io/pcgw7; https://osf.io/pcgw7 ; OSF Registries osf.io/ry8vq; https://osf.io/ry8vq.

Association between receiving Covid-19 vaccine and menstrual cycle patterns among childbearing women: A cross-sectional study.

Many women reported experiencing abnormalities in their cycle after being vaccinated with Covid-19 vaccination. To understand this issue further, our study aimed to evaluate the menstrual cycle patterns among women of childbearing age after receiving COVID-19 vaccinations. A cross-sectional study was conducted to investigate the impact of COVID-19 vaccine on women aged 18 years and above in Saudi Arabia. A self-administered online questionnaire was distributed among participants who had received at least one dose of COVID-19 vaccine. The questionnaire included questions about the participants' demographic characteristics, medical history, and vaccine-related adverse events. The study included 383 female participants with an average age of 30.8 ± 8.1 years. The majority of participants, 92.7%, were Saudi, and more than half, 51.4%, were single. Of the participants, 78.9% were disease-free, and a majority of 67.9% had no history of Coronavirus Disease 2019 infection. A significant proportion of participants reported postvaccination changes in the menstrual cycle. Specifically, 43.1% reported changes after the first dose, and 38.4% reported changes after the second dose (p = 0.044). The severity of premenstrual symptoms increased from 44 (11.5%) to 113 (29.5%) after the first dose. Reported pain on the (WONG-BAKER) scale was also significantly elevated from 34 (8.9%) to 87 (22.7%) (p < 0.001) after the first dose. A relatively high prevalence of menstrual cycle irregularities was reported by Saudi vaccinated women, particularly young adults. These findings suggest the need to further research and explore the underlying causes of these irregularities and develop interventions that may help mitigate their impact on women's health. It is also recommended that women who observe long-term changes in their menstrual cycles seek follow-up and consultation with healthcare providers to ensure that any potential health concerns are addressed promptly.

Association of homocysteine with anaemia, menstrual cycle patterns, outcomes of pregnancy and risk for cardiovascular diseases in females from the Maldives National University

Association of homocysteine with anaemia, menstrual cycle patterns, outcomes of pregnancy and risk for cardiovascular diseases in females from the Maldives National University

Effect of Dietary Habits and Physical Activities on Abnormal Menstrual Cycle Pattern Amongst School-going Adolescent Girls Residing in the Foothills of the Himalayas: An Age-matched Case–Control Study

Abstract Background: The menstrual cycle pattern in women is related to high variability in cycle length of 21–35 days, flow lasts 4–7 days with an average loss of 15–80 ml of blood. The abnormal menstrual pattern is influenced by several factors, including dietary habits, physical exercises, family history of obesity and anthropometric parameters. Objectives: This research was carried out to establish numerous risk elements that depict abnormal menstrual cycle patterns amongst school-going adolescent girls in urban areas of Rishikesh, India. Methods: An age-matched case–control research was implemented in schools in the urban areas of Rishikesh between May and December 2019. A simple random sampling technique was carried out to choose urban wards and schools, and data were assembled in two steps. Adolescent girls (10–19 years) studying in the government and private schools (both Hindi and English medium) of urban Rishikesh areas were included and screened for abnormal menstrual patterns. Equal numbers of age-matched controls were also selected. Data were assembled using a self-scrutinised pre-designed pre-tested semi-structured questionnaire. The independent t-test, Mann–Whitney test, McNemar test, Chi-square test and Fisher’s exact tests were applied for data analysis using the SPSS software version 23.0. Results: A total of 200 school-going adolescent girls (100 cases and 100 age-matched controls) were included in this study. The strength of getting symptoms of menstruation was high amongst cases, and it was found that adolescent girls with high menstrual symptoms had more chances of developing menstrual abnormalities (odds ratio = 6.6; confidence interval = 2.9–17.2). Menstrual abnormality was found significantly associated (P &lt; 0.05) with reduced physical activity, unhealthy dietary patterns and family history of obesity amongst school-going adolescent girls. Conclusions: Unhealthy lifestyles, improper diet, reduced physical activity and family history of obesity were strongly associated with the abnormal menstrual cycle pattern.

The Correlation between Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin and Clinical Characteristics According to Anti-Müllerian Hormone in Women with Regular Menstrual Cycles: A Prospective Study.

Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) can be diagnosed when the anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) levels are high, but in clinic, women who do not meet the diagnosis of PCOS but have elevated AMH levels are often seen. This study aimed to compare the differences in menstrual cycle patterns and hormone levels in women with regular menstrual cycles, but not PCOS, by dividing them into high and low AMH groups. This multicenter prospective study included 68 healthy women. Participants with regular menstrual cycles were divided into two groups according to their AMH levels. The main outcome measures were menstrual cycle pattern, body mass index, and hormone levels (thyroid stimulating hormone, prolactin, testosterone, sex hormone-binding globulin, and free androgen index), which were compared between the groups according to AMH levels. The ovulation was assessed by performing pelvic ultrasound, and by assessing the hormone levels of the luteinizing hormone and progesterone. The criteria for determining normal and high AMH levels were based on previous literatures. The participants were divided into normal (39 people) and high (29 people) AMH group. No differences were found in age or BMI between the two groups, and no other differences were observed in TSH, prolactin, testosterone, or free androgen index. However, the high AMH group had significantly higher SHBG levels than the normal group (normal group: 65.46 ± 25.78 nmol/L; high group: 87.08 ± 45.05 nmol/L) (p = 0.025). This study is the first to analyze the association between SHBG and AMH levels in women with regular menstrual cycles. Elevated AMH levels are associated with increased levels of SHBG levels.

COVID-19 infection and the menstrual cycle, the aftermath of a pandemic

Objectives: During the COVID-19 pandemic, the potential impact of vaccinations on menstrual cycle patterns was not initially a widely discussed side effect. However, as the global race to develop an effective vaccine intensified, a significant concern arose about the potential effects on menstrual disturbances, catapulting this issue to the forefront of health priorities. Materials and Methods Our study employed a unique descriptive cross-sectional design, using face-to-face interviews and a meticulously structured questionnaire to collect data. We focused on menstruating women aged 18 to 50 from May 31 to July 31, 2022, and specifically asked about their menstrual cycles in the first 12 cycles following either COVID-19 infection or vaccination. Results The survey was completed; 244 women who had confirmed COVID-19 infections and 305 women who had received at least two doses of the vaccine as recommended by health authorities. Among these, 80 (32%) reported changes in their menstrual cycle patterns post-infection, and 48 (15.74%) noted changes following vaccination. Conclusion Our findings highlight two critical, interrelated conclusions. Firstly, COVID-19 infection and vaccination can directly affect the menstrual cycle, notwithstanding momentarily. Secondly, most alterations dissipate within six months post-infection or after receiving the third vaccine dose

Comparison of menstrual cycle irregularities among young women based on coronavirus disease 2019 infection status: a cross-sectional study.

The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic that has emerged recently has significantly affected and continues to affect our lives. The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 virus has significant effects on women's health due to gender-related physiological differences. The aim of this study was to compare the menstrual cycle status of young women according to their status of having had coronavirus disease 2019. This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted with 220 young women aged between 18 and 25 years who received at least one dose of coronavirus disease 2019 vaccine. The study data were collected as a survey on the online platform. The descriptive characteristics of young women who had had and had not had coronavirus disease 2019 were distributed homogeneously between the groups (p>0.05). Furthermore, there was no statistical difference in terms of menstrual cycle patterns (p>0.05). The mean scores from the Premenstrual Syndrome Scale and its subscales and the mean scores from the COVID Stress Scale and its subscales were similar in both groups, and no statistically significant difference was identified (p>0.05). Although menstrual cycle irregularities due to coronavirus disease 2019 have been reported, these effects are usually observed during the pandemic. A decrease in stress and anxiety with the end of the pandemic may explain the return of the menstrual cycle to normal.

Prevalence of Diminished Ovarian Reserve in Sub-fertile Women Under 40 years of Age

Background: Diminished ovarian reserve defined as when woman ovaries lose their reproductive potential in terms of quality and quantity of eggs leading to reduced fecundability and poor ovarian response to stimulation. Female age is most common prognostic element but diminished ovarian reserve is quite common under 40 years old young sub-fertile women. It is best assessed by hormonal tests like FSH and AMH levels. Objective: To assess the prevalence of diminished ovarian reserve among sub-fertile women under 40 years age. Study Design: Cross sectional study. Settings: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mufti Mehmood Hospital, Dera Ismail Khan Pakistan. Duration: One year from January 01, 2022 to December 31, 2022. Methods: After meeting the inclusion criteria 593 sub-fertile women were enrolled. FSH level was performed on day 2 or 3 of menstrual cycle. if found more than 10 IU, it was repeated 4 to 6 weeks apart to satisfy the criteria of poor ovarian reserve. The primary outcome was to find the prevalence of diminished ovarian reserve in local population and secondary outcome was to assess the frequency of menstrual cycle pattern and type of subfertility in these women. The prevalence of diminished ovarian reserve and in respect to different age groups, menstrual cycle patterns like oligomennohoea, and type of infertility (primary or secondary) were presented with frequency percentages. Results: The mean age of the females was 35.98 years with 84 ((68%) women in age group 36-40.15 woman (12.29%) had amenorrhea of less than 4 months.62(50.8%) had oligomenorrhoea with scanty flow while 45(36. 6 %) had regular menstrual cycle with normal flow or scanty flow. 92 women (75.4%) had primary infertility while 30 (24.5%)had secondary infertility. Conclusion: The prevalence of diminished ovarian reserve was 20%among sub-fertile women under 40 years age with mean age of 35.98 years with highest prevalence in age group 36- 40 years. Oligomenohoea with scanty flow was the commonest menstrual pattern with more common primary subfertility.

Mathematical modeling of basal body temperature influence on menstrual cycle, length of sleep, and stress levels as detection of fertile period (ovulation) in women

Basal body temperature is the temperature when the body reaches the resting phase or does not perform any activity. Basal body temperature is influenced by factors such as the quality of a person's length of sleep, stress, and menstrual cycle patterns. The benefit of checking and monitoring basal body temperature for a woman is to determine when a woman starts to enter the ovulation period, making it easier for couples who want a target pregnancy. The measurement method was carried out in the morning right after waking up using a thermometer flanked in the armpit area by applying three repetitions of measurements within a period of two months with the number of sample participants of 10 cadet students of military biology study program with an age range of 19-21 years. This type of research is carried out observationally and analytically using longitudinal data. The analysis used in this study was by conducting a statistical mathematical model trial by analyzing the p-value. The results showed that in the paired test there was a significant influence of the relationship of basal body temperature on the menstrual cycle at the time before menstruation and when menstruation. The researcher's suggestion is to conduct further research with larger participants of samples and the presence of sample variations in observations because not all biologists do significant research with the statistical method.

The prevalence and associated factors for anaemia in school children in Bengaluru, Karnataka, India: a cross-sectional study

Background and Objective: Anaemia is a common clinical condition that affects the majority of school aged children. Reduced resistance to disease, increased susceptibility to infection, impaired physical development, and poor school performance are all consequences of anaemia in this group. The present study was designed with the objective of estimating the prevalence of anaemia among school children in Bengaluru. This included identifying the associated factors or causes and consequences of anaemia. Methods: A school based cross-sectional study was conducted among children in schools from 3rd to 8th standard in Bengaluru Urban North Division Karnataka State, India, over a period of one year. 250 children were selected using convenience sampling. Results: The overall prevalence of anaemia among school going children was found to be 21.2%. Prevalence of anaemia was significant among variables like socioeconomic status, dietary habits, increased heart rate, breathlessness, lack of energy, dizziness, irregular menstrual cycles, jaundice, blood loss during menstruation, menstrual cycle pattern, pallor signs of palpebral conjunctiva, mucous membrane, and skin, splenomegaly and hepatomegaly, consumption of chicken, fish, citrus fruit, milk, Mizāj ‘Ām (overall mizaj of body, specifically choleric) duration of menstrual flow, headache, poor wound healing, and chronic disease. Conclusion: The overall prevalence of anaemia in our study of school children in Bengaluru (21.2%) was lower than the prevalence in the data recently shown by NFHS-5. Prevalence of anaemia was highly significant among variables like low socioeconomic status, dietary deficiencies, blood loss, and chronic infections. There were also highly significant correlations with several clinical findings.

Association between Different Types of COVID-19 Vaccines and Menstrual Cycle Patterns among Women of Reproductive Age

Association between Different Types of COVID-19 Vaccines and Menstrual Cycle Patterns among Women of Reproductive Age

Prevalence and Effects of Dysmenorrhea on Academic Performance among Secondary School Girls in Pokhara Metropolitan, Kaski

Introduction: Dysmenorrhea is the most common gynecological problem among females, and it is defined as cramping pain in the lower abdomen occurring just before or during menstruation. The study aims to assess the prevalence of dysmenorrhea and its effects among secondary school girls in Pokhara Metropolitan, Kaski.&#x0D; Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted among 347 participants from 12 public secondary schools of Pokhara metropolitan city studying in grades 11 and 12 using semi-structured questionnaire. A standard tool, Visual Analog Scale (VAS), was used to assess the severity of pain felt by the participants. Data were entered in Epi-Data and analyzed in SPSS version 20.&#x0D; Results: The prevalence of dysmenorrhea among secondary school girls was 74.4%. Of them mild, moderate, and severe dysmenorrhea accounted 20.5%, 53.5%, and 26%, respectively. Lower abdominal pain (86.8%) was the most common symptom, followed by back pain (62%). The menstrual cycle was regular among 68% of the participants. More than half (56.2%) of the participants had a positive family history of dysmenorrhea whereas, 71.3% had an occurrence of dysmenorrhea more frequently (every month). The most (84.1%) of the participants had menstrual pain on the first day; among them, 46.5% had remaining menstrual pain up to two days. Pattern of menstrual cycle, (AOR 2.860; 95% CI: 1.491-5.484), Positive family history of dysmenorrhea, (AOR 4.759; 95% CI: 2.746-8.246), intake of coffee 1-2 times per day; (AOR 0.345; 95% CI: 0.058-2.056) had statistically significant association with the prevalence of dysmenorrhea.&#x0D; Conclusion: Nearly three-quarters of the secondary school girls experience dysmenorrhea. Dysmenorrhea tends to be more common among secondary school girls with a family history of dysmenorrhea and history of irregular menstruation

Menstrual cycle length variation by demographic characteristics from the Apple Women’s Health Study

Menstrual characteristics are important signs of women’s health. Here we examine the variation of menstrual cycle length by age, ethnicity, and body weight using 165,668 cycles from 12,608 participants in the US using mobile menstrual tracking apps. After adjusting for all covariates, mean menstrual cycle length is shorter with older age across all age groups until age 50 and then became longer for those age 50 and older. Menstrual cycles are on average 1.6 (95%CI: 1.2, 2.0) days longer for Asian and 0.7 (95%CI: 0.4, 1.0) days longer for Hispanic participants compared to white non-Hispanic participants. Participants with BMI ≥ 40 kg/m2 have 1.5 (95%CI: 1.2, 1.8) days longer cycles compared to those with BMI between 18.5 and 25 kg/m2. Cycle variability is the lowest among participants aged 35–39 but are considerably higher by 46% (95%CI: 43%, 48%) and 45% (95%CI: 41%, 49%) among those aged under 20 and between 45–49. Cycle variability increase by 200% (95%CI: 191%, 210%) among those aged above 50 compared to those in the 35–39 age group. Compared to white participants, those who are Asian and Hispanic have larger cycle variability. Participants with obesity also have higher cycle variability. Here we confirm previous observations of changes in menstrual cycle pattern with age across reproductive life span and report new evidence on the differences of menstrual variation by ethnicity and obesity status. Future studies should explore the underlying determinants of the variation in menstrual characteristics.

Determination of Women and Reproductive Health Awareness in Emergency Department: A Descriptive Cross-Sectional Study

Aim: Emergency departments (EDs) are units in which acute management of traumatic and medical emergencies are provided; but also guidance on public health is provided as well as ensuring personal health and awareness. In this study, it was aimed to determine the level of knowledge about women’s and reproductive health and possible disease symptoms in female patients aged 18 years and older who applied to the emergency department, regardless of the complaint of admission. We also aimed to determine the role of EDs in contributing to the correct referral of these patients. Material and Methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study which took place in a tertiary care center. Women aged 18 years and older who applied to the emergency department with any complaint were assessed with a structured questionnaire consisting of 18 questions and multiple-choice options about women’s health. Participants' sociodemographic characteristics, fertility, menstrual cycle and contraception patterns, their knowledge about cancer prevention, gynecological and urological complaints were asked. It was also asked whether the ED physician gave any guidance on issues related to women's health, before discharge from ED. Results: Totally 523 women were included in the study. The mean age was 38.89±14.32 years. Most of them (91.6%) were lived in city center, 63.3% were married and 60% were high school and university graduates. The ratio of not using any contraceptive method and total number of pregnancies were higher at the lower education levels (p=0.003 and 0.004, respectively). The knowledge of women about cancer screening was low and 42.4% of them did not have information about screening issues. In comparison according to educational status, it was seen that the ratio of screening awareness, breast self-examination, HPV test, and mammography were higher and statistically significant in university graduates (p=0.000). ED physicians conducted appropriate outpatient clinic referral for screening and follow-up in 53.6% of 114 patients with gynecological complaints. Conclusion: The level of knowledge about women’s health is still not at the desired level. Although there are a wide variety of effective and modern methods available, not to use a contraceptive method is still common. With the increase, dissemination and continuity of reproductive health education and consultancy services, the lack of information on this subject will be eliminated to a large extent and wrong practices will be prevented. Emergency departments are places for preventing public health, besides managing acute conditions.