Menstrual Cycle Changes Research Articles

Premenstrual and menstrual changes reported after COVID-19 vaccination: The EVA project.

Background:Menstrual disorders were not reported as a possible secondary effect in any of the clinical trials for the SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.Aim:To describe the prevalence of perceived premenstrual and menstrual changes after COVID-19 vaccine administration.Design:Cross-sectional study.Methods:A total of 14,153 women (mean age 31.5 ± 9.3 years old) who had received the full course of vaccination at least three months earlier were included in this cross-sectional study. Data including the type of vaccine administered, perceived changes in the amount and duration of menstrual bleeding, presence of clots, cycle length, and premenstrual symptoms were collected through a retrospective online survey from June to September 2021.Results:Of the women who participated in this study, 3136 reported no menstrual changes and 11,017 (78% of the study sample) reported experiencing menstrual cycle changes after vaccination. In summary, women who reported menstrual changes after vaccination were older (overall p < 0.001) and slightly more smokers (p = 0.05) than women who did not report any changes. The most prevalent changes in relation to premenstrual symptoms were increased fatigue (43%), abdominal bloating (37%), irritability (29%), sadness (28%), and headaches (28%). The most predominant menstrual changes were more menstrual bleeding (43%), more menstrual pain (41%), delayed menstruation (38%), fewer days of menstrual bleeding (34.5%), and shorter cycle length (32%).Conclusion:Women vaccinated against COVID-19 usually perceive mild menstrual and premenstrual changes. Future studies are warranted to clarify the physiological mechanisms behind these widely reported changes.

Menstrual Cycle Changes in Daily Sexual Motivation and Behavior Among Sexually Diverse Cisgender Women.

We used a one-month daily diary assessment to measure menstrual cycle-related changes in same-gender and other-gender sexual motivation and behavior in 148 cisgender women (32% lesbian-identified, 35% bisexually identified, and 33% heterosexual-identified). Women with exclusive same-gender orientations reported increased motivation for same-gender sexual contact during the higher-fertility phase of the cycle, but women with exclusive other-gender orientations did not show a parallel increase in other-gender sexual motivation during the higher-fertility phase. Bisexually attracted women showed no phase-related changes in same-gender or other-gender sexual motivation, regardless of whether they generally preferred one gender versus the other. Rates of partnered sexual contact did not increase during the higher-fertility phase. During the 14 midcycle days during which we assayed salivary estrogen and testosterone, we found no significant associations between daily hormones and sexual motivation. However, daily estrogen levels were positively related to sexual behavior among women currently partnered with women, and negatively related to sexual behavior among women currently partnered with men. Our results suggest that traditional evolutionary models of menstrual cycle-related changes in sexual motivation do not adequately reflect the full range of cycle-related changes observed among sexually diverse women.

Efficacy and safety of acupuncture for irregular menstruation

Abstract Introduction: Irregular menstruation, a common gynecological disease, mainly refers to the syndrome of abnormal menstrual cycle or menstrual period, which is more common in adolescent or menopausal women. In modern medicine, the mostly used therapy is hormone. Although it has obvious therapeutic effect in the short term, repeated use of sex hormone therapy often has more side effects and higher recurrence rate. The implementation of acupuncture artificial cycle therapy according to the change of female menstrual cycle can achieve remarkable results. A network meta-analysis could be feasible to assess the efficacy and safety of various acupuncture for irregular menstruation. Methods: A comprehensive literature search will be conducted in both English and Chinese database, including Medline, PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Wanfang, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Chongqing VIP Database, and Chinese Biological and Medical database, from inception to October 2021. Two reviewers will independently accomplish the data extraction and bias assessment. RevMan 5.3, ADDIS 1.16.8, Open BUGS 3.2.3, and Stata 14.0 will be used for paired and network meta-analysis. Conclusions: The findings of the study will help to evaluate the efficacy and safety of various acupuncture in the treatment of irregular menstruation.

Abstract 9974: Effect of Graves’ Disease on Female Probability Derived from Artificial Intelligence-Enabled Electrocardiograms in Women

Introduction: Graves’ disease (GD) is known to cause menstrual changes and has been linked to infertility in women. This can be due to the increased production of androstenedione and testosterone induced by the excess thyroid hormone. However, screening for sex hormone levels in all women diagnosed with GD to identify patients more likely to have infertility is not cost-effective and not clinically indicated. AI-augmented ECG can identify the signature of female with an AUC of 0.97. In this model, AI- ECG gives a probability number between 0-100% of being female, with higher numbers indicating high probability of being female. Hypothesis: We hypothesized that this inexpensive AI ECG tool is reflective of hormonal levels and the resulting changes in menstrual cycle and fertility associated with GD in women. Methods: Patients diagnosed with GD (2009-2019) at our institution were included. Three intervals were identified: 1) Before GD: &gt;2 months before GD diagnosis 2) During GD: within 2 months before GD and before attaining euthyroidism 3) After GD: after attaining euthyroidism. The matched-pairs t-test was used to compare probability of being a female; patients acted as their own controls. A subset analysis was done on females &lt;45 years at GD diagnosis to study the association between female probability during GD and menstrual changes (defined as shorter, lighter, or newly irregular menstrual cycles). Results: 154 females with ECGs both before and during GD were identified. AI ECG female probability decreased with GD diagnosis (85% vs. 77%, P&lt;.001). On the other hand, 137 females with GD had ECGs during and after GD. Female probability increased after attaining euthyroidism (76% vs 83%, P=.005). Moreover, 72 females &lt;45 years were identified; 30 (42%) developed menstrual changes and had significantly lower AI-ECG female probability [77 (58-94)% vs 98 (92-100)%, P&lt;.001] Conclusions: AI-enabled ECG signature of female gender in women was altered by GD and was associated with menstrual changes, likely reflecting changes in sex hormone levels. Future studies to confirm its role in screening for infertility in women with GD are needed.

Impact of Stress on Menstrual Cyclicity During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic: A Survey Study

Background: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has introduced acute and persistent psychosocial stressors for many individuals, with emerging gender differences that suggest women may be at greater risk for poorer mental health outcomes. This may have unintended consequences for women's overall health and well-being, including disruptions to reproductive function as elevated stress is often associated with menstrual cycle irregularities. The objective of this study was to determine if and how the COVID-19 pandemic and its related stressors have impacted women's menstrual cyclicity. Materials and Methods: An online survey instrument designed to capture self-reported information on menstrual cycle changes and perceived stress levels was distributed between July and August 2020. A total of 210 women between the ages of 18-45 years met stringent inclusion and exclusion criteria and completed the survey. Results: Of the 210 respondents, more than half (54%) reported changes in their menstrual cycles. These included changes in menstrual cycle length (50%), the duration of menses (34%), and changes in premenstrual symptoms (50%). Respondents with high perceived stress scale (PSS) scores during Covid were more likely to experience a longer duration of menses (p < 0.001) and heavier bleeding during menses (p = 0.028) compared with those with moderate Covid PSS scores. Conclusions: By uncovering a trend in increased menstrual cycle irregularities during the early months of the COVID-19 pandemic, this study contributes to our understanding of the implications that the pandemic may have on women's reproductive health.

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PERCEIVED STRESS DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC AND MENSTRUAL CYCLES AND SYMPTOMS

The COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated existing and initiated new psychosocial, interpersonal, and environmental stressors. For menstruating people, these stressors may contribute to cycle irregularity and make family building an even more challenging journey. This study investigates the relationship between perceived stress and menstrual cycle and symptom changes during the COVID-19 pandemic.

An Analysis of Personal Indecisiveness and Problem Solving in Women with Premenstrual Syndrome: A Cross-Sectional Study in Turkey

Objective: Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is a cyclical disorder that emerges at the luteal stage of the menstrual cycle, cognitive, emotional, and behavioral changes. This study was conducted to determine the relationship between premenstrual syndrome (PMS), personal indecisiveness, and problem solving among female university students.Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted with 1,157 female students in a university in the eastern region of Turkey. Data were collected using the Introductory Information Form, Premenstrual Syndrome Scale, Personal Indecisiveness Scale, and Problem-Solving Inventory. Students were classified as those who had PMS and those who did not based on the results of the Premenstrual Syndrome Scale.Results: Of the students in this study, 70.4% were found to have PMS. According to the logistic regression analysis, it was determined that the rates of indecision (OR:1.062), being impetuous while making decisions (OR:1.063), and being exploratory while making decisions (OR:1.055) were higher in students with PMS than students without PMS. Moreover, the rates of insufficient self-perception in solving problems (OR:.952), being avoidant in solving problems (OR:1.084), no self-confidence in solving problems (OR:1.066), and acting without thinking while solving problems (OR:1.091) were higher among students with PMS compared to those who did not have the condition.Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that PMS was an important risk factor for indecisiveness and inadequacy in problem solving.

Symptoms Attributed to Perimenopause Often Occur Earlier

Although perimenopausal status is defined based on changes in menstrual cycles in age-appropriate women, research has suggested that symptoms

Menstrual distress in females of reproductive age: a literature review.

Menstrual-related issues have significant public-health ramifications. Women who are having menstruation troubles should get their mental health checked by healthcare specialists. In young women, a menstrual-related condition has serious health implications. Young females who have menstrual issues miss job and school, and their behavioural and mental development suffers as a result. Depression and anxiety have an impact on women's menstrual periods in adults. Symptoms like as cramps, tiredness, backache, swelling abdomen, and painful breasts have also been described in women with menstrual misery. Menstrual distress has been shown to impair women's daily activities, as well as their reproductive and psychological health, according to research. Menstrual periods are frequently accompanied by a variety of unpleasant symptoms, such as premenstrual syndrome, which includes symptoms such as mild cramping and exhaustion. The severity of these symptoms, on the other hand, differs from woman to woman, depending on their health, food, way of life, and other factors. Women with menstrual-related issues have also reported smoking, alcohol intake, and an increase in hunger. Furthermore, young women experience emotional disturbances such as melancholy, restlessness, and despair. It is a sign of an atypical menstrual cycle if there is no cycle or if the bleeding is atypical or light. As a result, it is critical to maintain contact with a gynaecologist in order to detect any significant changes in a regular menstrual cycle.

The Role of Low Dosage Combined Oral Contraceptive Pill in Perimenopausal Women

The perimenopausal period refers to the time period of the menstrual cycle and endocrine changes. Usually, it starts with a variation in the menstrual cycle length and ending with FMP. The rates of unwanted pregnancies for these women are reported to be around 40–45%. Thus, contraceptive counselling and contraceptive use among perimenopausal women are important aspects of their overall health care if they are sexually active and do not wish to become pregnant. One of them is by using low dose combined oral contraceptive pill containing ethynylestradiol (EE) containing less than 50 µg EE/day. It acts by supressing gonadotropin. There are several positive effects of COC, namely pregnancy prevention; regulation of menstrual cycle; relieving menopausal symptoms; bone protection; protection against ovarian, endometrial and colorectal cancer; lipid metabolism; and blood pressure lowering effect. In contrast, the negative effects of COC are increases the risk of breast cancer, venous thromboembolism, and myocardial infarction. We presented a literature review to describe the usage of low dosage combined oral contraceptive pill as one of contraception method in perimenopausal women, including its positive and negative effects.

The Accuracy of Wrist Skin Temperature in Detecting Ovulation Compared to Basal Body Temperature: Prospective Comparative Diagnostic Accuracy Study

BackgroundAs a daily point measurement, basal body temperature (BBT) might not be able to capture the temperature shift in the menstrual cycle because a single temperature measurement is present on the sliding scale of the circadian rhythm. Wrist skin temperature measured continuously during sleep has the potential to overcome this limitation.ObjectiveThis study compares the diagnostic accuracy of these two temperatures for detecting ovulation and to investigate the correlation and agreement between these two temperatures in describing thermal changes in menstrual cycles.MethodsThis prospective study included 193 cycles (170 ovulatory and 23 anovulatory) collected from 57 healthy women. Participants wore a wearable device (Ava Fertility Tracker bracelet 2.0) that continuously measured the wrist skin temperature during sleep. Daily BBT was measured orally and immediately upon waking up using a computerized fertility tracker with a digital thermometer (Lady-Comp). An at-home luteinizing hormone test was used as the reference standard for ovulation. The diagnostic accuracy of using at least one temperature shift detected by the two temperatures in detecting ovulation was evaluated. For ovulatory cycles, repeated measures correlation was used to examine the correlation between the two temperatures, and mixed effect models were used to determine the agreement between the two temperature curves at different menstrual phases.ResultsWrist skin temperature was more sensitive than BBT (sensitivity 0.62 vs 0.23; P<.001) and had a higher true-positive rate (54.9% vs 20.2%) for detecting ovulation; however, it also had a higher false-positive rate (8.8% vs 3.6%), resulting in lower specificity (0.26 vs 0.70; P=.002). The probability that ovulation occurred when at least one temperature shift was detected was 86.2% for wrist skin temperature and 84.8% for BBT. Both temperatures had low negative predictive values (8.8% for wrist skin temperature and 10.9% for BBT). Significant positive correlation between the two temperatures was only found in the follicular phase (rmcorr correlation coefficient=0.294; P=.001). Both temperatures increased during the postovulatory phase with a greater increase in the wrist skin temperature (range of increase: 0.50 °C vs 0.20 °C). During the menstrual phase, the wrist skin temperature exhibited a greater and more rapid decrease (from 36.13 °C to 35.80 °C) than BBT (from 36.31 °C to 36.27 °C). During the preovulatory phase, there were minimal changes in both temperatures and small variations in the estimated daily difference between the two temperatures, indicating an agreement between the two curves.ConclusionsFor women interested in maximizing the chances of pregnancy, wrist skin temperature continuously measured during sleep is more sensitive than BBT for detecting ovulation. The difference in the diagnostic accuracy of these methods was likely attributed to the greater temperature increase in the postovulatory phase and greater temperature decrease during the menstrual phase for the wrist skin temperatures.

A STUDY ON TEAR FILM PRODUCTION AND DRAINAGE IN WOMEN WITH DYSFUNCTIONAL UTERINE BLEEDING

AIM – To assess the tear film stability and the tear drainage in dysfunctional uterine bleeding women. MATERIALS AND METHODS : A randomised study of 50 women of fertile age and with irregular menstrual cycles for a period of 1 year were enrolled in this study. Tear production was evaluated with Schirmer I and II test, tear stability with tear breakup time, tear film meniscus, ocular surface stained with lissamine green and Meibomian gland count assessed. Tear drainage was assessed using Jones dye test. The data values of Schirmer's test 1 and 2 , TBUT and Jo RESULTS : nes dye test were found to be normal in all the patients. As the patients were tested randomly in different phases of their disrupted cycles, the differences in their tear film stability and production could not be commented. The fin CONCLUSION: dings of our study show that Meibomian glands exhibit a cyclic change in normal menstrual cycle whereas in irregular menstrual cycles, no changes were found in tear film production and drainage as women were in their different phases of irregular menstrual cycle

Combined hormonal contraceptives are associated with minor changes in composition and diversity in gut microbiota of healthy women

Recent human and animal studies have found associations between gut microbiota composition and serum levels of sex hormones, indicating that they could be an important factor in shaping the microbiota. However, little is known about the effect of regular hormonal fluctuations over the menstrual cycle or CHC-related changes of hormone levels on gut microbiota structure, diversity and dynamics. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of CHCs on human gut microbiota composition. The effect of CHC pill intake on gut microbiota composition was studied in a group of 7 healthy pre-menopausal women using the CHC pill, compared to the control group of 9 age-matched healthy women that have not used hormonal contraceptives in the six months prior the start of the study. By analyzing the gut microbiota composition in both groups during one menstrual cycle, we found that CHC usage is associated with a minor decrease in gut microbiota diversity and differences in the abundance of several bacterial taxa. These results call for further investigation of the mechanisms underlying hormonal and hormonal contraceptive-related changes of the gut microbiota and the potential implications of these changes for women's health. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

OVARIAN MASSES IN WOMEN: A RETROSPECTIVE ANALYSIS IN TERTIARY CARE CENTER

Objective: To describe the presenting signs and symptoms, clinic-pathological findings of ovarian masses and to establish diagnostic value of clinical examination, ultrasonography and its correlation with histopathological diagnosis.&#x0D; Study Design: Cross-sectional study.&#x0D; Place and Duration of Study: Combined Military Hospital, Rawalpindi Jun 2017 May 2018.&#x0D; Methodology: Women who underwent surgery for ovarian masses were included. Data was collected from hospital records including; age, presenting symptoms, duration of symptoms, changes in menstrual cycle, and the results of the physical examination. The preliminary diagnoses as well as the final diagnosis were noted.&#x0D; Results: A total of 83 patients with ovarian masses, who underwent surgery over the period of a year, were included. The most common symptom was abdominal pain in 56 (67.5%) followed by abdominal distention 9 (10.8%), dysmenorrhea 8(9.6%). When both clinical and sonological diagnosis were combined, the overall sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value for diagnosis and discriminating benign and malignant ovarian neoplasms were 87.5%, 96.7%, 70%, and 98.88%, respectively.&#x0D; Conclusion: In this study most, common symptom was abdominal pain both in benign and malignant ovarian masses. Whereas, abdominal distention was more common in malignant masses. Preoperative diagnostic approach should always include careful history taking, physical examination, imaging and evaluation of tumor markers. Early detection, thorough treatment and regular follow-up are the need of time to reduce the morbidity and mortality.

English

BACKGROUND Menstruation is a periodic and cyclical shedding of pre-gestational endometrium. Abnormalities of menstruation can be seen as dysmenorrhea, amenorrhea, menorrhagia, premenstrual symptoms (PMS), hypomenorrhea etc. This abnormality can be due to various factors like diet, smoking, physical activity, exercise, stress etc. This study was conducted to study the factors affecting menstrual cycle like diet, physical activity, psychosocial factors and menstrual cycle abnormalities. METHODS This was an observational study undertaken on 300 participants aged between 18 - 26 years. A structured questionnaire comprising of components related to type of diet, physical activity, and the alterations in psychosocial factors along with the changes in menstrual cycle was used for this study. RESULTS According to the data, it could be seen that there was a significant relation between the diet altered (67 % of 300 participants) and the occurrence of menorrhagia (73 % with altered diet) (P &lt; 0.0001) as well as oligomenorrhea (63 % with altered diet) (P &lt; 0.0001). It was seen that absence of physical activity or following a sedentary lifestyle (61 % of 300 participants) had a relation with higher occurrence of dysmenorrhea (94 % with limited physical activity) (P &lt; 0.0001) and menorrhagia (78 % with limited physical activity). A significant relation was seen between alterations in psychosocial factors (high levels of stress, anxiety, etc) (81 % of 300 participants) and oligomenorrhea (71 % with high levels of psychosocial factors alteration). High levels of stress also had a considerable effect on premenstrual symptoms (93 % with alterations in psychosocial factors). CONCLUSIONS Diet, physical activity or exercise and psychosocial factors had an effect on menstrual cycle abnormalities. Proper education about the effects of these factors is needed as these factors could be the underlying cause of abnormalities and hence can prevent future complications as well as improve the quality of life. KEY WORDS Menstrual Cycle, Diet, Physical Activity, Psychosocial Factors, Abnormalities

The performance of a fertility tracking device

Objective Fertility tracking devices offer women direct-to-user information about their fertility. The objective of this study is to understand how a fertility tracking device algorithm adjusts to changes of the individual menstrual cycle and under different conditions. Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on a cohort of women who were using the device between January 2004 and November 2014. Available temperature and menstruation inputs were processed through the Daysy 1.0.7 firmware to determine fertility outputs. Sensitivity analyses on temperature noise, skipped measurements, and various characteristics were conducted. Results A cohort of 5328 women from Germany and Switzerland contributed 107,020 cycles. Mean age of the sample was 30.77 [SD 5.1] years, with a BMI of 22.07 kg/m^2 [SD 2.4]. The mean cycle length reported was 29.54 [SD 3.0] days. The majority of women were using the device 80-100% of the time during the cycle (53.1%). For this subset of women, the fertility device identified on average 41.4% [SD 6.4] possibly fertile (red) days, 42.4% [SD 8.7] infertile (green) days and 15.9% [SD 7.3] yellow days. The number of infertile (green) days decreases proportionally to the number of measured days, whereas the number of undefined (yellow) days increases. Conclusion Overall, these results showed that the fertility tracker algorithm was able to distinguish biphasic cycles and provide personalised fertility statuses for users based on daily basal body temperature readings and menstruation data. We identified a direct linear relationship between the number of measurements and output of the fertility tracker.

Transitioning to the menopausal transition: a scoping review of research on the late reproductive stage in reproductive aging.

In 2001 Staging Reproductive Aging Workshop conferees described the late reproductive stage (LRS) of reproductive aging as preceding the onset of the menopausal transition, yet there has been little attention to this aspect of reproductive aging. The aim of this scoping review was to examine scientific publications characterizing the LRS to map what is known about this stage with particular focus on reproductive endocrine patterns, menstrual cycle changes, and symptoms. The initial search strategy included PubMed and CINAHL searches for the phrase LRS and "human." Given a low yield of research articles, a second stage used "late reproductive age" (LRA) as a search term. These strategies yielded 9 and 26 research articles, respectively. Publications meeting inclusion criteria (data-based research studies, focus on LRS or LRA and hormonal patterns, menstrual characteristics, and symptoms) published in English were reviewed by coinvestigators. Excluded studies were related to specific diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, and treatment studies. Data were summarized using qualitative methods. To ensure adequate coverage of published research we expanded our review to a third phase in which we identified longitudinal studies of the menopausal transition. Studies of the LRS focused on: symptoms (anxiety and mood symptoms, bladder symptoms, urinary incontinence, urinary frequency, and nocturia) and associated factors, such as endocrine levels and gene polymorphisms; symptom clusters women experienced during the LRS; cognitive function testing results; changing patterns of physiology such as cytokines and chemokines, lipids, hormone patterns/levels; and association of lifestyle factors such as smoking with hormone levels and symptoms. The LRA search yielded a preponderance of studies of reproductive hormones (such as anti-Mullerian hormone) and menstrual cycle patterns. Remaining studies focused on symptoms, gene variants, health-related behaviors and approaches to classifying menstrual cycles. Longitudinal studies revealed reports of symptoms as well as attempts to classify the progression from the reproductive years to the menopausal transition. Study of the LRS has not been systematic and the limited number and scope of completed studies have yet to contribute a clear and complete picture of the LRS. In some, LRS provided a comparison stage against which to evaluate menopausal transition hormonal and cycle patterns and symptoms. Harmonizing the results of studies of the LRS and LRA is essential to understand more completely women's experiences of the LRS and to allow clinicians to provide better support for women during this time. The LRS also represents an ideal inflection point to promote lifestyle choices that could alter the trajectories of chronic diseases that arise in the fifth, sixth, and seventh decades of women's lives.

Recovery of uterine and ovarian function in patients with complete placenta previa after caesarean delivery: A retrospective study.

This retrospective study was designed to explore the recovery of uterine and ovarian function in patients with complete placenta previa (PP) after caesarean delivery (CD). 136 complete placenta previa patients (group completed placenta previa) and 140 patients without complete PP (group non-PP, control group) were included in this study from Jan 2016 to Dec 2018. Subgroup analysis of patients with complete PP was made to determine the impact of different hemostatic methods used during CD on the recovery of uterine function. There were no statistically significant differences between the 2 groups in postpartum menstrual cycle changes, ovarian hormone, and uterine vascular supply as measured by pulsatility index and systolic/diastolic ratio (P > .05). However, the group with complete PP had a reduced endometrial thickness (0.47 ± 0.11 vs 0.50 ± 0.12, P < .001), a lower uterine resistance index at 42nd days (0.84 ± 0.03 vs 0.90 ± 0.03, P < .001), and a delayed resumption menstruation (7.07 ± 2.61 vs 5.31 ± 2.16, P < .001) when compared with control group. Subgroup analysis showed that RI index of all subgroups in completed PP group was lower, endometrial thickness was thinner and the time to menstrual recovery was longer than that of non-PP group. In conclusion, the endometrial thickness and blood supply at 42nd days, not ovarian function, maybe affected after CD in patients with complete PP.

HUBUNGAN FEMALE ATHLETE TRIAD DENGAN PERUBAHAN SIKLUS MENSTRUASI DI PPLP PROVINSI MALUKU

Menstruation is derived from uterine bleeding as a sign that the tool implies fulfill its function, which happens every month regularly on a grown woman whois healthy and not pregnant. Female athlete triad is a combination of three interrelated conditions that are deviant behavior of food, menstrual disorder and osteoporosis. Purpose; to determine the relationship of the female athlete triad with menstrual cycle changes in PPLP Maluku Province. This research using cross sectional approach. The sampling technique is total sampling. Samples in this study were female athlete PPLP Maluku Province totaling 38 people. Data collection technique such as statistical test questioner using Chi-square with signification level (&lt;0.05). The results showed that the relationship amenorrhea with menstrual cycle changes with the value of P = 0,001. Relations irregularities eating behavior with changes in the menstrual cycle with P= 0,010. Osteoporosis relations with changes in the menstrual cycle with P= 0,477 where (p &lt;0.05). Conclusion; relationship amenorrhea, behavioral deviations eating menstrual cycle changes in PPLP Maluku Province. It is expected that youth advice agencies and olahraga, can give attention to the development and health of the athletes and the coaches to organize and prepare training schedule female athletes and improve insight not only improve performance in the championship but in knowledge about reproductive health.

Dietary intake and menstrual cycle changes in international level young athletes

Few studies have examined the influence of nutritional status and mental stress on menstrual cycle characteristics. The purpose of this study was to describe the impact of low energy availability (EA) and mental health problems on the menstrual cycles of elite female rowing competitors during a survey period. We enrolled sixteen subjects (16-18 years old) who were elite female rowing competitors preparing for an international competition. This study provides the first long-term assessment of dietary intake, body mass/composition, state of anxiety, and menstrual cycle in international level female athletes. Dietary energy intake increased significantly during the investigation period (P<0.001). CHO intake increased significantly during the investigation period (P<0.005). EA significantly increased during the investigation period (P<0.01). The percentage of athletes with menstrual dysfunction was 20.0% in April 2018 (2 of 10), but none of the athletes reported menstrual dysfunction in October 2019. The mental status measured by state anxiety index (STAI) did not change significantly during this survey period (P>0.05). There was no athlete who has menstrual disfunction after sufficient CHO intake during this survey period. These findings of this study suggest that adequate EA levels and sufficient CHO intake might lead to improved menstrual function. In addition, the impact of psychological factors on menstrual dysfunction at normal levels may be less than the effects of nutritional status.