Wages Of Men Research Articles

Women and Children in the Machine-Made Lace Industry in Britain and France (1810–60)

This article addresses the part played by women and children in the machine-made lace industry in Britain and France (1810–60). Following Heathcoat’s 1809 bobbin-net invention, the formation of a machine-made lace industry in the East Midlands and elsewhere was driven by the men who operated the machines, the “twisthands.” But they were assisted by boy, who were expected to replace and refill the bobbins, and by women and girls who did most of the mending, embroidery, finishing, dressing, bleaching, and dyeing of the lace, much of it in the dark and damp rooms of houses. Working hours were long and toil was exhausting from a very early age. Although female lace workers featured prominently in local struggles, and were often highly skilled, they were nevertheless restricted to low-paid positions in the trade because of gendered notions of skill and occupation. When in 1841 Parliament discussed child labor, the regulation of hours was rejected for lace because of its domestic nature and because of competition from across the Channel. In the Calais area, British lace-makers had developed an industry much like that in Britain. But France was a different country, with a smaller-scale economy, and as a result was characterized less by the separation between home and work and the male breadwinner model. This article examines machine-made lace in view of the historical literature on the part played by women and children in industrialization in both countries. It focuses on the gendered segregation of the work and the respective wages of men, women, and children on both sides of the Channel.

The impact of health on wages: evidence from Europe before and during the Great Recession

This paper adds to the empirical literature of health as a potential endogenous explanatory variable in wage equations by addressing problems such as unobserved heterogeneity, sample selection and measurement error (in the health variable) in one comprehensive framework. Moreover, by using European individual-level panel data from before and during the Great Recession (GR)—which started in Europe in 2008— we gain insights into whether and how the current crisis has altered the relationship between health and wages. Our results provide empirical evidence of measurement error in the self-reported health variable when estimating its impact on wages for men, and of selectivity bias in wages for both men and women. We also show that in the period prior to the GR, working-age men (20–64 years old) who are in relatively better health (measured by a one-unit increase in a health index) have, on average, a 9 percent higher hourly wage rate. This effect is concentrated (and largest) among older workers (50–64 years old). Instead, during the GR the positive impact of health on wages disappears. One possible explanation for these findings is that presenteeism (i.e. attending work even though being sick)—which has become more common during the GR—may have reduced the impact of (poor) health on wages. With regard to working-age women (20– 59 years old), we do not find evidence of an effect of health on wages, both before and during the GR.

Farm Women in Indian Agriculture: Facts and Interpretations

Women are the backbone of the development of rural and national economics. They compromise 43% of world's agricultural labour force, which rises to 70% in some countries. In the Indian subcontinent the agriculture sector workforce was reported to be 75% in 2011. In rural India the percentage of women who depend in agriculture for their livelihood is as high as 84%; women make up about 33% of cultivators and 47% of agricultural labourers. In as many as 23 of 29 Indian states, women's share in total workforce in agriculture, forestry and fisheries is over 50%. They spend about 30 hours in a week doing agricultural works. The traditional agricultural methods heavily utilized by women subsistence farmers boast environment friendly features such as seed preservation, natural fertilizers and crop rotation techniques that do not exhaust delicate soil. Sadly women are grossly discriminated in several respects. In all activities there is gender wage disparity, with women earning only 60 to 70% of men's wage. Many women in India participate in agricultural work as unpaid subsistence labour. Gender disparity in farm work varies from state to state and is relatively less in the hilly areas where agriculture depends heavily on females. Gender work participation disparity with index values ranges from 0.34 to.059. General trend records the lack of property ownership and farm land the resources for keeping up their labour stability and stability of their households. The existing grave situation is farther assuming complex dimension with the growing feminization of Indian farming due to increasing migration of rural men for better employability and remuneration. Empowerment of women without gender disparity to safe guard food security is great concern for national economy.

Productivity or Gender? The Impact of Domestic Tasks Across the Wage Distribution

This article assesses the wage impact of domestic tasks across women's and men's wage distributions given the cross‐distribution variation in unpaid work time. The productivity–volume versus the gender–class normative argument developed here suggests competing hypotheses. Analyses of pooled 2010–2015 waves of the American Time Use Survey using unconditional quantile regression revealed that an increase in the lesser time women at the top of the wage distribution spent doing routine housework predicted a smaller wage penalty than at the bottom of women's wage distribution. Conversely, men at the top of their wage distribution spent the least time doing routine tasks, but incurred the largest penalty for an increase in that time. Increases in nonroutine housework or child‐care time did not negatively affect the wage distributions of women or most men. Results supported the volume–productivity argument for routine housework among women, but a gender–class normative argument for men.

Sibling gender and wage differences

ABSTRACTFamily influences on economic performance are investigated. In particular, sibship sex composition is related to hourly wages using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979. The wages of men are increasing in the proportion of siblings who are brothers, but the wages of women are insensitive to sibling gender. Nonwage outcomes are generally unaffected. Contrasts by age structure and demographic group are also presented. The analysis addresses econometric challenges like the endogeneity of fertility and selection into the workforce. In addition, mechanisms such as labour market interactions, human capital investment and role model effects are documented. A questionnaire on job search indicates a same-gender bias in the use of brothers and sisters in obtaining employment. Developmental and psychological assessments suggest that brothers may be associated with worse childhood home environments and more traditional family attitudes among women. The findings are policy relevant and contribute to an understanding of gender differences and earnings inequality.

Agricultural wages in Indian states

This paper traces the movement of wages of field labour in agriculture, both men and women, among 18 Indian states during the period 2005-06 to 2015-16, based on data from Agricultural Wages in India (AWI) of the Government of India. The estimates assembled show that the state-wise variations in nominal wages have remained stable over the years, suggesting a continued presence of region-specific factors such as differentials in productivity and cost of living, influencing wage levels. The ranking of states with nominal wages has remained almost unchanged; but there are some new entrants to the category of low-wage states. The same goes for gender disparity in wages, which has not increased over the years. However, there was no noticeable reduction of disparity among the states, which have had high estimates to begin with. As for the growth of money wages of men and women, the indices have risen impressively by more than three-fold in most states. One feature that calls for attention is why the more urbanised and industrially advancing states keep on paying inordinately low wages to their unskilled workers in rural areas. The study also flags a number of factors that could plausibly have influenced the absolute level of money wages. It brings out that real wages of men and women have had a consistent, but not spectacular rise, spread over a longer spell in many states. However, there is an ominous tendency for real wages to deteriorate in some industrially advanced states. The relevant indices compiled point to a striking association between the growth of real wages and net state domestic product per capita (NSDPPC) at constant prices. It also suggests that an increase in productivity is a necessary, but not a sufficient condition for raising real wages at the lower end of labour markets.

Unions, workers, and wages at the peak of the American labor movement

We study a novel dataset compiled from archival records, which includes information on men's wages, union status, educational attainment, work history, and other background variables for several cities circa 1950. Such data are extremely rare for the early post-war period when U.S. unions were at their peak. After describing patterns of selection into unions, we measure the union wage premium using unconditional quantile methods. The wage premium was larger at the bottom of the income distribution than at the middle or higher, larger for African Americans than for whites, and larger for those with low levels of education. Counterfactuals are consistent with the view that unions substantially narrowed urban wage inequality at mid-century.

Factors influencing professional life satisfaction among neurologists

BackgroundPredicted shortages in the supply of neurologists may limit patients’ access to and quality of care for neurological disorders. Retaining neurologists already in practice provides one opportunity to support the overall supply of practicing neurologists. Understanding factors associated with professional life satisfaction (and dissatisfaction) and implementing policies to enhance satisfaction may encourage neurologists to remain in clinical practice. In this paper, we present results from the first study examining factors associated with professional life satisfaction among a large sample of U.S, neurologists.MethodsWe collaborated with the AAN to survey a sample of U.S. neurologists about their professional life satisfaction. Analyses examined the association of physician and practice characteristics with aspects of professional life satisfaction, including satisfaction with their career in medicine, medical specialty, current position, relationship with colleagues, relationship with patients, work/life balance, and pay.ResultsThe study population consisted of 625 neurologists. In multivariate regression analyses, no single group or population stratum indicated high (or low) responses to all aspects of satisfaction. Older neurologists reported higher satisfaction with career, specialty, and relationship with patients than younger neurologists. Female neurologists had significantly lower satisfaction with pay than male neurologists. Neurologists who spent more time in research and teaching had greater satisfaction with specialty, relationship with colleagues, and relationship with patients than those spending no time in research. Neurologists who practiced in small cities/rural areas reported lower satisfaction across multiple dimensions than those practicing in large urban areas. Neurologists in solo practice had greater satisfaction with the relationship with their patients, but lower satisfaction with pay.ConclusionsSatisfaction is a multidimensional construct that is associated with physician and practice characteristics. Enhancing professional life satisfaction among neurologists requires multiple strategies, such as promoting comparable wages for men and women, providing collaboration and research opportunities, and providing resources for small and rural practices.

A review of the evidence linking child stunting to economic outcomes.

BackgroundTo understand the full impact of stunting in childhood it is important to consider the long-run effects of undernutrition on the outcomes of adults who were affected in early life. Focusing on the costs of stunting provides a means of evaluating the economic case for investing in childhood nutrition.MethodsWe review the literature on the association between stunting and undernutrition in childhood and economic outcomes in adulthood. At the national level, we also evaluate the evidence linking stunting to economic growth. Throughout, we consider randomized controlled trials (RCTs), quasi-experimental approaches and observational studies.ResultsLong-run evaluations of two randomized nutrition interventions indicate substantial returns to the programmes (a 25% and 46% increase in wages for those affected as children, respectively). Cost-benefit analyses of nutrition interventions using calibrated return estimates report a median return of 17.9:1 per child. Assessing the wage premium associated with adult height, we find that a 1-cm increase in stature is associated with a 4% increase in wages for men and a 6% increase in wages for women in our preferred set of studies which attempt to address unobserved confounding and measurement error. In contrast, the evidence on the association between economic growth and stunting is mixed.ConclusionsCountries with high rates of stunting, such as those in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, should scale up policies and programmes aiming to reduce child undernutrition as cost-beneficial investments that expand the economic opportunities of their children, better allowing them and their countries to reach their full potential. However, economic growth as a policy will only be effective at reducing the prevalence of stunting when increases in national income are directed at improving the diets of children, addressing gender inequalities and strengthening the status of women, improving sanitation and reducing poverty and inequities.

Evidence of the Impacts of Minimum Wages on Labor Market Outcomes: The Case of Bolivia

Economic theory suggests that minimum wages may lead to unemployment; nevertheless, empirical evidence in developed economies stays ambiguous. Evidence from developing countries is even more heterogenous due to the low law enforcement and weaker labor market institutions. Thus, our aim is to assess the impact of minimum wage increases on labor market outcomes in Bolivia, a country characterized by weak law compliance and high informality. Our identification strategy exploits differences in exposure to minimum wage increases across subsets of population for the period 2006-2013. Our results show positive and significant effects over real wages for men with no effects on employment, informalization or hours worked. Furthermore, we find evidence of gender discrimination since women are prone to suffer unemployment and informalization while not benefiting from higher real wages as men do.

The Impact of the Minimum Wage on Male and Female Employment and Earnings in India

This study examines how employment and wages for men and women respond to changes in the minimum wage in India, a country known for its extensive system of minimum wage regulations across states and industries. Using repeated cross sections of India's National Sample Survey Organization employment survey data for the period 1983–2008 merged with a newly created database of minimum wage rates, we find that, regardless of gender, minimum wages in urban areas have little to no impact on labor market outcomes. However, minimum wage rates increase earnings in the rural sector, especially for men, without any employment losses. Minimum wage rates also increase the residual gender wage gap, which may be explained by weaker compliance among firms that hire female workers.

Improved nutrition in the first 1000 days and adult human capital and health

The aim of this article is to review why the first 1000 days of life are a vulnerable period of human development and the long-term effects of a nutrition experiment carried out in Guatemala (1969-1977). In 1969-77, a supplement called Atole, containing high quality protein, energy and micronutrients, was provided to women during pregnancy and lactation and to children <7 years of age in two villages while in two control villages a low-energy drink called Fresco was provided. The villages were assigned at random to the treatment groups. Several reasons explain the vulnerability of the first 1000 days: rapid growth and development, high nutritional requirements, greater susceptibility to infections, high sensitivity to programming effects and full dependence on others for care, nutrition, and social interaction. Compared with Fresco, Atole improved total nutrient intakes (protein, energy, and micronutrients) and reduced stunting, but only in children < 3 years of age. A study in 2002-2004 showed that schooling, reading, and intelligence were improved in Atole villages, but only in those who received Atole before the age of 3 years. Wages of men were increased by 46% in those provided Atole through the age of 2 years. Findings for cardiovascular disease risk factors were inconclusive, perhaps because of the young age of the sample. A new study focusing on chronic diseases is ongoing (ages 38-54 years). The Guatemalan studies indicate that substantial improvement in adult human capital and economic productivity resulted from the nutrition intervention. This provides a powerful argument for promoting improvements in nutrition in pregnant women and young children in low income countries.

Feminization of agriculture: A dream project

Agriculture is the largest and oldest private sector enterprise initiated by women over 10, 000 years ago. There is evidence to suggest that while men were hunting game in forests, women started gathering seeds and growing them in the backyard of their dwellings. Thus began the era of settled cultivation or agriculture ten to twelve thousand years ago. Agriculture, the single largest production endeavor in India, contributing 25 per cent of GDP, is increasingly becoming a Female Activity. Agriculture sector employs 4/5th of all economically active women in the country, 48% of India's self-employed farmers are women. There are 75 million women engaged in dairying as against 15 million men and 20 million in animal husbandry as compared to 1.5 million men. But, still their contribution is not mention in GDP calculation also. A major constraint to achieving gender balance in agricultural development is the lack of women among front-line staff. A look at the economic development sector indicates that, official data does not reflect the amount of work that women actually do to enable their families to survive, collecting fuel, fodder or water, keeping poultry, working as unpaid labour on family farms. One-third of agricultural workers are women and many crops depend on extensive labour provided by agricultural labour, yet when it comes to wages, on an average, their wages are 30 per cent lower than men's wages. In this paper an attempt has been made to study the role of women in agriculture and changes in their position at micro level and gender discrimination in land, labour and wage market.

The Impact of Health on Wages: Evidence from Europe Before and During the Great Recession

This paper adds to the empirical literature of health as a potential endogenous explanatory variable in wage equations by addressing problems such as unobserved heterogeneity, sample selection and measurement error (in the health variable) in one comprehensive framework. Moreover, by using European individual-level panel data from before and during the Great Recession (GR) — which started in Europe in 2008 — we gain insights into whether and how the current crisis has altered the relationship between health and wages. Our results provide empirical evidence of measurement error in the self-reported health variable when estimating its impact on wages for men, and of selectivity bias in wages for both men and women. We also show that in the period prior to the GR, working-age men (20-64 years old) who are in relatively better health (measured by a one-unit increase in a health index) have, on average, a 9 percent higher hourly wage rate. This effect is concentrated (and largest) among older workers (50-64 years old). Instead, during the GR the positive impact of health on wages disappears. One possible explanation for these findings is that presenteeism (i.e. attending work even though being sick) — which has become more common during the GR — may have reduced the impact of (poor) health on wages. With regard to working-age women (20-59 years old), we do not find evidence of an effect of health on wages, both before and during the GR.

Manajemen Co-Determination Berbasis Gender Dalam Sistem Perburuhan Di Indonesia

&#x0D; This paper aims to determine the level of society’s satisfaction with the performance of public services in Rongkop Office District. Data is obtained by using a questionnaire. Questionnaire of Community Satisfaction Index (HPI) to the performance of services is based on the decision Men.PAN Number: KEP / 25M.PAN / 2/2004. Respondentsare 150 people. The result of research are: (1) Elements of serviceincluded in the excellent category “A” is the security environment. (2) The element of services that fall into category “B” are the terms of service, service personnel clarity, speed of service, courtesy and friendliness of the clerk, and comfortable environment. (3) The element of services that fall into the category of less good “C” are the sub-district service procedures, responsibilities of service personnel, the ability of service personnel, service personnel discipline, justice get service, the reasonableness of the cost of the service, the service cost certainty, and certainty of the service schedule. (4) Overall Community Satisfaction Index (HPI) on the performance of public serviceThis paper proposed the idea to remove gender discrimination experienced by women workers in the workplace as a result of deep-rooted cultural partiarkhi in Indonesia. This discrimination affects women workers to payrolls in different level of wages of men and women’s wages, for the same type of work. The idea is implemented by changing the system of human resource management in the gender-minded companies. This system will impose what is called the management co-determination that allows workers to express their aspirations through the mechanism of seats the labor commissioner in the commissioner seat so that workers can teralurkan aspirations. With this system, labor issues can be resolved effectively and efficiently because workers can take care of themselves through their representatives in the commissioner. Primarily women workers were often crushed by the burden of diakibatnya gender discrimination. Bottom-up policy system makes workers positioned as the subject of any measures taken for the workers themselves. Later management of co-determination and self-management will be a new system in Employment Act new.Key Word : Gender, Co-Determination, Labour&#x0D;

The Effects of Gender Differences in Career Interruptions on the Gender Wage Gap in Spain

ABSTRACTThe aim of this paper is to measure the influence of past employment interruptions on current wages and to analyze how these interruptions contribute to the gender wage gap. The discontinuity in labor trajectories of Spanish employees from 2005 to 2010 is examined by measuring the duration of unemployment periods from employees’ first Social Security affiliation to the last job at which they were employed. Through the use of the database “Muestra Continua de Vidas Laborales” (MCVL), the estimated gender wage gap is found to be 13.1 percent. Introducing an index of interruptions as an explanatory variable, the results show that interruptions have a negative impact on both men's and women's wages. These interruptions explain 7.4 percent of the daily gender wage gap in Spain, primarily because women experience more interruptions in employment than men.

A Comparison of Modern Wage Decomposition Approaches

During the last three decades the decomposition method originally suggested to explain differences in mean wages has been considerably extended. In more recent approaches the focus has turned towards analyzing complete income distributions and differences between groups' incomes at all percentiles. We discuss in detail and apply four approaches: firstly, the approach of Juhn, Murphy and Pierce (1991, 1993), the approach suggested by Machado and Mata (2001, 2005), the approach suggested by Donald, Green and Paarsch (2000) and finally, the approach suggested by DiNardo et al. (1996) and Fortin and Lemieux (1998). In this paper, we compare these approaches and decompose differences in men's wage distributions between the USA and Germany in 2007.

The Marriage Premium and Productivity: The Case of NBA Players

Numerous studies have shown that there is a marriage premium among male workers - married men's wages are higher than those of single men. One explanation for the existence of a marriage premium is increased productivity. While the estimation of workers' productivity in the standard labor market is often inaccurate and subjective, throughput can be estimated easily in professional sports. This study examines whether a marriage premium exists in relation to the performance and efficiency of professional league basketball players in the United States (NBA). A total marriage premium of 16.4% was found in a comprehensive analysis of the performance of all league players. A more thorough analysis showed that there is a higher marriage premium among international players compared to American players.

The Impact of Segregation and Sorting on the Gender Wage Gap: Evidence from German Linked Longitudinal Employer-Employee Data

For this study, the author inspects the relationship between segregation in the workplace (measured as the proportion female in job cells) and the gender wage gap using linked longitudinal employer-employee data from the German Employment Register. He extends the literature by controlling for nonrandom sorting of workers into job cells, establishments, and occupations. In line with previous studies, the pooled least squares estimates show that the gender wage gap increases as the job-cell-level proportion of females increases. This increase is attributable to the fact that women experience greater wage declines than men do when additional women enter their job cells. Controlling additionally for unobserved heterogeneity at the individual, establishment, occupation, and job-cell levels considerably reduces the size of the proportion female effects on women's wages while rendering the effects on men's wages insignificant or even positive. The same controls also significantly decrease the proportion effects on the wage gap. The related sorting analysis shows that a good deal of the proportion effects can be explained by unobserved individual ability and suggests that especially women working in job cells with small proportions of females show above-average unobserved individual ability.

Is there a Gender Bias in the Use of Foreign Languages in Europe?

The process of globalization has forced workers (essentially white collars) to learn foreign languages and break linguistic barriers. In most cases, Europeans have chosen English as a second language. But English is not the only language that has an economic impact on international trade. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the effect of the most important foreign languages used at the workplace on wages of men and women, both at the mean and along the wage distribution, in Northern and Southern Europe (Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Italy and Spain). Workers from both genders benefit from a premium, but there are marked differences between North European and South European countries.