Status Of Men Research Articles

Race Composition and Earnings: Effects by Race, Region, and Gender

For more than 40 years, studies have reported that the higher the proportion of blacks in a community, the more white men earn, but the less black men earn. Researchers have speculated that black men earned less because earnings discrimination increases with percent black. Others have suggested that the negative effect of black representation on black men's earnings reflects black men's limited occupational opportunities. This study (1) investigates whether pay discrimination and regional location condition the relationship between black representation and workers' earnings and (2) examines the relationship between black representation and earnings for women. The results, based on 1980 Census data for black and white workers from 267 SMSAs, show that black representation was associated with higher earnings for white men and lower earnings for black men in both the north and south, and that part of the effect for southern black men stemmed from earnings discrimination. Southern black men's earnings gains from black representation offset some of the effects of discrimination, while northern black men encountered costs of black representation even in the absence of earnings discrimination. These findings reflect the disparate economic opportunities of black men in each region as manufacturing jobs have disappeared from the north and relocated to the south. For women, black representation led to higher earnings for blacks and whites. I argue that black representation does not lower black women's earnings because occupational sex segregation prevents black women from threatening white men's economic status.

Utilization of the Brief Symptom inventory to discriminate between violent and nonviolent male relationship partners.

This study reports on the use of the Brief Symptom Inventory, a shortened version of the Symptom Check List-90-Revised, to measure psychopathological symptoms that predict male domestic violence. A sample of 152 men and their partners reported on the severity of violent behavior present in their relationship. Discriminant analysis indicated variation in men's violent status as a function of psychopathological symptoms. Violent men evidenced higher scores on 7 of the 9 subscales of the Brief Symptom Inventory, namely, Depression, Anxiety, Hostility, Phobia, Paranoid Ideation, Interpersonal Sensitivity, and Psychoticism.

Two Paths to Self-Employment?

This article contrasts the sociodemographic characteristics of self-employed women and men in both incorporated and unincorporated businesses. An analysis of 1980 Public Use Microsample (PUMS) data reveals that neither Schumpeter's (1934) “default” theory nor Knight's (1933) “career” theory offers an adequate explanation of women's self-employment. Women's family characteristics, which represent both constraint and choice, are significant predictors of women's self-employment. Human capital characteristics, including education, age, and past work experience are significant predictors of both women's and men's self-employment status. Self-employment is presented as a form of contingent work, which affords women schedule flexibility.

"Where Is the Glory of Troy?" "Kleos" in Euripides' "Helen"

Near the end of Euripides' "Helen", Helen reportedly exhorts the Greek troops to rescue her Egyptian foes: "Where is the glory of Troy (to Troikon kleos)? Show it to these barbarians" (1603-1604). Helen's rallying cry serves as a point of departure for investigating the nature and status of kleos in a play which invites reframing her question: Where, indeed, is the glory of Troy if the report of Helen's abduction by Paris is untrue? The drama deconstructs the notion of a unitary, transcendent meaning of "kleos" by demonstrating the slippage between its two root-meanings in Homer as "immortal fame," legitimated by the gods, and as mere "report" or "rumor." A diminution of the status of the proper name runs in parallel with this slippage between the two senses of "kleos": the heroic name loses its privileged status as a stable, transparent sign of character and becomes instead a signifier vulnerable to dissemination (cf. Jacques Derrida, La dissémination [Paris, 1972]). As a vehicle of deception, Helen's phantom-twin becomes a figure for the polysemy of the signifier, both visual and linguistic. The phantom's substitution for Helen also highlights her symbolic role as a marker of men's (and gods') status in a competitive system of exchange. If the play presents Helen as a continual object of men's attempts to capture her in song as well as in war, it presents heroic kleos as an equally insecure possession, insofar as it is always contingent on the "report" of others. Indeed, Helen becomes a metaphor for the duplicity inherent in the mimetic process by which fame is transmitted. That "kleos" turns out to have been a dangerously deceptive signifier is a lesson of more than literary interest for the Athenians watching Euripides' "Helen" (412)-the forces of the Sicilian expedition had been annihilated only a year earlier.

Cardiovascular risk factor status of an Old Order Mennonite community.

The Old Order Mennonites are members of rural farming communities whose religious and cultural traditions pervade their dietary and health practices. These cloistered Christian communities often present special challenges to primary care physicians unfamiliar with the Mennonite way of life. Anecdotal descriptions of Mennonite customs suggest heightened risk for cardiovascular disease because of a dairy and meat-based diet and a lack of utilization of the traditional health care system. With approval from the church bishop, households from a New York State Mennonite community were interviewed about personal and family history of cardiovascular disease, knowledge of dietary cardiovascular risk factors, and personal awareness of their cardiovascular risk factor status. A standardized Saturated Fat/Cholesterol Avoidance Scale was used to assess qualitatively the community's traditional diet. Blood pressures and total serum cholesterol levels were measured in all willing participants. Two hundred fifty interviews were completed. A significant difference was found between the cholesterol level of the men (181 mg/dL) and the women (192 mg/dL). When compared with the general population, the Mennonite men had significantly lower total serum cholesterol levels and systolic and diastolic blood pressures. Only 8 percent of the study population had been previously screened for serum cholesterol. One-third of the population older than 55 years had a personal history of either myocardial infarction or stroke. The study population's score on the Saturated Fat/Cholesterol Avoidance Scale indicated a diet higher in saturated fat and cholesterol than that of other study populations. Our findings indicate a significant lack of preventive health care practices, minimal avoidance of dietary cardiovascular risk factors, and a significant difference between men's and women's cardiovascular risk factor status in this Old Order Mennonite population.

Women's Work: Images of Production and Reproduction in Pre-Hispanic Southern Central America [and Comments and Reply

Women's Work: Images of Production and Reproduction in Pre-Hispanic Southern Central America [and Comments and Reply

The Association between Men's Economic Status and Their Family and Community Origins

This study uses intergenerational data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics to investigate the relationship between men's economic status and the characteristics of the families and communities in which they grew up. It is distinguished from most previous studies by its emphasis on community influences and on influences from poverty and welfare use. Also, our parental characteristics data are more comprehensive and accurate than those of many earlier studies. We find substantial disadvantages in economic status for black men, men from lower-income families, and men from more welfare-dependent families or communities. Otherwise, we do not find strong evidence of community influences. This, however, might be due to the grossness of the geographic detail at which our community variables are measured.

Beneath the Status Characteristic: Gender Variations in Religiousness

For some time, it has been demonstrated that women are more religious than men. Researchers have rarely questioned the validity of this finding. Rather than taking for granted the gender difference, the present study investigated the extent to which one of its underpinnings, a feminine gender orientation, accounted for variations in religiousness. The data from a sample of 358 undergraduates indicated that religiousness is influenced more by a feminine outlook than by being female. More exploratory analyses also revealed that men's gender orientation predicted religiousness more reliably than did women's. The findings suggest that the visibility of some men's religiousness might have been masked until now by a failure to look beneath men's status for variations within gender.

Help‐seeking for AIDS‐related concerns: A comparison of gay men with various HIV diagnoses

Examined help-seeking and psychological distress among four groups of gay men (30 AIDS-diagnosed, 107 HIV-seropositive, 149 HIV-seronegative, 244 untested) in the AIDS Behavioral Research Project, a longitudinal survey of San Francisco gay men. The men reported high levels of anxiety, depression, and help-seeking from their social networks. AIDS-diagnosed and HIV-positives reported the most AIDS worry and were the most likely to seek help. High percentages of AIDS-diagnosed men sought help from all sources (peers, professionals, family), whereas nondiagnosed men were more likely to seek help from peers. Regardless of the men's HIV status, peers were perceived to be the most helpful source. Family members were less likely sought and perceived as least helpful. The strengths and limitations of peers as social support providers for AIDS-related concerns are discussed, including implications for the design of community programs to enhance the abilities of peer helpers.

WOMEN'S EMPLOYMENT IN INDIA

Women workers in India encounter very different conditions from those found in most Western countries. There is no system of universal state welfare benefits for periods of unemployment or for old age. Women without the financial support of a man must rely on the wider family structure if they are unemployed or underemployed, and this reliance is exacerbated when they have dependants. At the same time, there are strong cultural prohibitions in some parts of India against women undertaking paid work outside the home, both for the purpose of demonstrating men's status as providers, and to protect women's sexuality (and thereby men's honour) from other men.

Effects of college prestige on men's occupational status and income

This study assesses the effects of college social prestige and college selectivity on men's occupational status and income. The analyses are based on a national sample of men from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics. College selectivity, but not college social prestige, has a significant impact on middle-aged men's income in a single year. Neither college social prestige nor selectivity, however, affect further growth in middle-aged men's income. Nor do they affect men's occupational status.

Probability Sampling With Quotas: An Experiment

Probability Sampling With Quotas: An Experiment

Appartenance et dépendance. L'exemple du système de classes d'âge des Aïzi (basse Côte d'Ivoire)

F. Verdeaux—Belonging to/Depending from : the Age-Set System of the Aizi (Lower Ivory Coast). A reconsideration of the age-set and lineage systems and of their combination in a matrilineal society. The network of interpersonal relations of dependence is encoded in the age-set system which ensures the institutionalization of men's status as social seniors or juniors—otherwise exchangers/exchangees. If children, rather than women, are considered as the ultimate object of exchange, the 'wife-giver', in the Aizi example, becomes, so to speak, a descipient of descendants. The momentary dependence on the father under-scores the belonging to the MS's lineage: the two notions cannot be taken apart from each other.

Comparison of Employment Status of Men and Women in Four-Year Public Institutions

Comparison of Employment Status of Men and Women in Four-Year Public Institutions

Physical Status of Men Examined through Selective Service in World War II

Physical Status of Men Examined through Selective Service in World War II

Family Status of Men of Military Age

Seven million men were in the armed forces at the beginning of I943. If this number is to be increased to I 2 million, it is likely that 4 million married couples will be separated, including one-third of all those in which the husband is under 38, and one-sixth of all men under 38 who have children. The numerous consequences of such a widespread dislocation of the Nation's manpower present an important field of social science research for at least the next decade. [ED.]