Skin Of Man Research Articles

Gender Differences in Post-Operative Human Skin.

Although the impact of age, gender, and obesity on the skin wound healing process has been extensively studied, the data related to gender differences in aspects of skin scarring are limited. The present study performed on abdominal human intact and scar skin focused on determining gender differences in extracellular matrix (ECM) composition, dermal white adipose tissue (dWAT) accumulation, and Foxn1 expression as a part of the skin response to injury. Scar skin of men showed highly increased levels of COLLAGEN 1A1, COLLAGEN 6A3, and ELASTIN mRNA expression, the accumulation of thick collagen I-positive fibers, and the accumulation of α-SMA-positive cells in comparison to the scar skin of women. However, post-injured skin of women displayed an increase (in comparison to post-injured men's skin) in collagen III accumulation in the scar area. On the contrary, women's skin samples showed a tendency towards higher levels of adipogenic-related genes (PPARγ, FABP4, LEPTIN) than men, regardless of intact or scar skin. Intact skin of women showed six times higher levels of LEPTIN mRNA expression in comparison to men intact (p < 0.05), men post-injured (p < 0.05), or women post-injured scar (p < 0.05) skin. Higher levels of FOXN1 mRNA and protein were also detected in women than in men's skin. In conclusion, the present data confirm and extend (dWAT layer) the data related to the presence of differences between men and women in the skin, particularly in scar tissues, which may contribute to the more effective and gender-tailored improvement of skin care interventions.

The relation between the depth of pigment disposition and men's skin thickness, the age and tattoo locations on the body.

The most important function of the skin is to protect the body against harmful mechanical, physical and chemical factors. Its regenerative capacity is sufficient for self-repair in the event of damage, for example, during tattooing, which can be treated as an invasive procedure introducing pigment molecules into skin layers. In the present research on tattoo pigment deposition, the structure of the dermis and epidermis was evaluated using the standard histological technique with hematoxylin and eosin staining. In addition, statistically significant differences between the depth of pigment deposition on the one hand and age, dermis and epidermis thickness and tattoo location on the other were demonstrated.

남성 화장품 관련 연구 동향 분석을 통한 코로나19 펜데믹 이후 소비시장 변화 대응 방안

This study analyzes the research trends related to male cosmetics conducted from 2000 to 2022. The purpose is to suggest countermeasures in the men's cosmetics market in the future based on changes in the consumer market brought by the COVID-19 pandemic. Among a total of 230 papers on men's cosmetics from 2000 to 2022, 39 papers, excluding 191 papers that are not provided online, papers that are not related to the subject of this study, and papers extracted in duplicate, were collected. While analyzing the paper, women's risk perception and changes in the cosmetics consumption culture are frequently discussed, studies on men's risk perception and cosmetics consumption patterns are insufficient. As a result of the analysis, the cosmetics market is changing from offline to online, and the proportion of online distribution channels is expected to increase rapidly due to COVID-19, so it is required to revitalize the cosmetics industry through online channel diversification. In addition, it is required to develop functional cosmetics and provide information so that men can manage their appearance more easily by providing information on men's skin types and identifying the motives and purposes of men's appearance management behavior.

Needle

Anton, thirty-two,his profile indicates that he lives with his parents.He's Orthodox, though he never went to church,has a university degree, studied English.He worked as a tattoo artist and had his own style,if you can say that of a tattoo artist.Many locals felthis skillful hands and sharp needle.When it all began, he talked a lotabout politics and history, started attending the demonstrations,picked quarrels with his friends.Friends felt insulted, clients started disappearing.They were afraid, didn't understand, left the city.You feel a person best when you touch him with a needle.A needle stings, a needle sutures. Under its warmmetal you sense the complaisant canvas of women'sskin and the light rigid tarpaulinof men's skin. You penetrate someone'smembrane, you let velvetdrops of blood out of the body, you pierce and pierce and pierceangels’ wings onto the obedient surface of the world.You, tattoo artist, pierce and pierce tattoos, for we are calledto fill this world with sense, fill itwith colors. You, tattoo artist, you pierce thiscover onto our souls and diseases—what we live for and what we die for.Someone told me he was shot at a roadblock,in the morning, he was armed, it happened very quickly—no one really knows what happened.He's buried in a mass grave—they're all buried this way.His personal belongings were returned to his parents.No one has even made any changes to his profile.The time will come when some assholewill write heroic poems about this.The time will come when some assholewill say it's impossible to write about it at all.

Impacts of sun protection and skin care habits in the biophysical and morphological properties of young men skin.

Previous studies have demonstrated that UVB radiation may cause changes in the epidermal permeability barrier and in the stratum corneum hydration. It is also well known that sun exposure causes erythema, skin cancer, and other physiologic alterations. Furthermore, because of the cultural barrier, men usually apply less sunscreen. The objective of this study was to evaluate the cosmetic use and sun protection habits of young men, correlating their lifestyle with the biophysical and morphological skin characteristics, as well as to study how skin unprotected sun exposure can affect these features even in young people. 60 participants between 18 and 28years old were divided into two groups: with photoprotection habits (PP habits) and without photoprotection habits (No PP habits). They were questioned about their sunscreen and cosmetic products use. The skin parameters were evaluated using biophysical and skin imaging techniques. 60% of the participants did not apply sunscreen often, and 80% did not consume other skin care products. No PP habits group presented an increase in the transepidermal water loss-TEWL and sebum level, as well as a reduction in the stratum corneum water content and dermis echogenicity. The skin characteristics evaluated in this study were correlated with the sun protection habits and skin care behavior showing that men face some sociocultural barrier to start the use of cosmetic products. Thus, it is important to consider this information for the dermatological clinical and development of cosmetic products for men's skin.

Using in‐depth interviews to explore perceptions and opinions in men's skin care

AbstractAffective and behavior‐based research on men's personal care products has not been abundant in published research. As the market for men's personal care products grows, specifically the skin care category, more research is required to better understand this consumer group. Eighteen in‐depth interviews with male consumers ages 18–49 were conducted with light and heavy users in two markets, Olathe, KS and Los Angeles, CA, to understand baseline information on men's perceptions, opinions, beliefs, and attitudes related to skin care. Key take‐aways included that men generally appreciate easy, fast skin care routines, use affordable and readily available products, and desire to maintain the look and/or health of their skin. Though some skin care claims can be appealing, many of the men were somewhat skeptical of typical marketing strategies. These findings help to show how brands are succeeding and failing at meeting male consumer expectations of skin care products and demonstrate the need for more exploration into this demographic.Practical ApplicationsThe available, published resources on men's skin care, and personal care as a whole, are few and far between. This work provides a qualitative example of personal care research in the men's skin care space. By presenting this primary research on how men talk about and interact with skin care products, sensory scientists will have a baseline understanding of the category before diving into more specific research questions. The manuscript provides a foundation on which future sensory and consumer research can build.

A Study on the Consumption Propensity of Men's Color Cosmetics

Purpose: Recently, there has been increasing interest among men in using color cosmetics to manage their appearance and/or improve their self-confidence. Thus, this study investigated the purchasing characteristics and use of men's color cosmetics according to age. Methods: A questionnaire survey was conducted by using a chi-square test, with a significance level of 5%, while the SPSSWIN 21.0 program was used for statistical processing. Results: The reason for the use of color cosmetics is that men in their 30s and 40s tend to place greater meaning on “selfmanagement,” while those in their 20s generally emphasize “self-satisfaction and confidence.” In this study, the subjects of focus included products related to skin tone and how to obtain information on such products (e.g., through the Internet or mobile phones). However, when they actually made purchases, all of the age groups used cosmetics stores. As for specific products, 37.6% purchased sunscreen, 24.7% purchased BB/CC cream and lip balm, 3.9% purchased eyebrow pencils, and 3.7% purchased cushion-type products. Conclusion: Based on the findings, sunscreen and skin-correcting products, i.e., functional cosmetics, had the largest sales volume across all age groups. Moreover, product composition should be tailored to each age group, while product development of customized color cosmetics, the development of base cosmetics that complement men's skin tone, and accurate sales and marketing strategies, such as usage guidance, should be followed.

Posthumanism and Miss Representation: Scarlett Johansson Is Getting Under the Skin of Men

ABSTRACT Four recent Scarlett Johansson films—Under the Skin, Her, Lucy, and Ghost in the Machine—work in tandem as a subversive, reactionary form of phallocentrism both disguised as and in repudiation of a posthuman ontology that heralds the obsolescence of man. These films, far from being feminist manifestos, are, upon closer examination, a male reaction to the perceived existential threat posed by posthumanism to masculinity, itself. Central to what Rosi Braidotti refers to as the “posthuman predicament” is Scarlett Johansson, whom I will address, not as a singular entity, but as a multiplicity that manifests simultaneously as a flesh-and-blood human being, as a Hollywood actor and icon, as a twenty-first-century female prototype, and, ultimately, as a rhetorical cultural construct. With her come-hither looks, husky voice, voluptuous figure, versatility, and social and political activism, Scarlett Johansson the actor presents as the ultimate liberated woman; Scarlett Johansson the cultural construct, however, performs a much different function. Informed by Johansson’s public persona and embedded in Johansson’s four characters and the fictional worlds they inhabit is an unsubtle threat to notions of male supremacy both implicit and historically manifest under the umbrella of humanism. Whether immolated, unplugged and decommissioned, vanished into the ether as a techno-consciousness, or digitally dissolved, Scarlett Johansson’s characters in these films personify man’s anxiety about the extinction of his humanist self.

Posthumanism and Miss Representation: Scarlett Johansson Is Getting Under the Skin of Men

ABSTRACT Four recent Scarlett Johansson films—Under the Skin, Her, Lucy, and Ghost in the Machine—work in tandem as a subversive, reactionary form of phallocentrism both disguised as and in repudiation of a posthuman ontology that heralds the obsolescence of man. These films, far from being feminist manifestos, are, upon closer examination, a male reaction to the perceived existential threat posed by posthumanism to masculinity, itself. Central to what Rosi Braidotti refers to as the “posthuman predicament” is Scarlett Johansson, whom I will address, not as a singular entity, but as a multiplicity that manifests simultaneously as a flesh-and-blood human being, as a Hollywood actor and icon, as a twenty-first-century female prototype, and, ultimately, as a rhetorical cultural construct. With her come-hither looks, husky voice, voluptuous figure, versatility, and social and political activism, Scarlett Johansson the actor presents as the ultimate liberated woman; Scarlett Johansson the cultural construct, however, performs a much different function. Informed by Johansson’s public persona and embedded in Johansson’s four characters and the fictional worlds they inhabit is an unsubtle threat to notions of male supremacy both implicit and historically manifest under the umbrella of humanism. Whether immolated, unplugged and decommissioned, vanished into the ether as a techno-consciousness, or digitally dissolved, Scarlett Johansson’s characters in these films personify man’s anxiety about the extinction of his humanist self.

Evaluation of sex‐related changes in skin topography and structure using innovative skin testing equipment

Evaluation of skin condition on the basis of parametrization and objective measurements of the parameters has become obligatory. The aim of this study was to assess sex-related changes in skin topography and structure using the skin testing equipment. The study was carried out on the group of 40 volunteers (20 females and 20 males) of the mean age 24±3years. The skin parameters were measured using 3 devices: Visioscan® VC98 (skin topography), Visioline® VL 650 (skin macro relief) and Ultrascan UC22 (ultrasound imaging of the skin). All measurements were performed on the inner part of the left forearm. The skin parameters measured revealed significant differences in skin surface and structure between females and males. The skin of all women subjects was more homogenous in its structure with the presence of more abundant superficial skin lines and wrinkles in comparison to male skin. The higher number of skin furrows in the skin of women is in agreement with literature reports claiming that men's skin has lower number of wrinkles which are deeper and more pronounced. Ultrasound imaging of the skin indicated greater thickness and lower density of the dermis of men subjects compared to those of females. Non-invasive methods of skin testing using new and advanced equipment have provided a possibility of objective parametrization and evaluation of sex-related changes in skin topography and structure.

Sugar Glass

Sugar Glass Brenna Womer (bio) He was a young man and a good man, but an odd man, most would say. And he'd loved another young man for 12 years. They'd been roommates their freshman year of college, assigned by the university. Our young man, he was not odd because he loved in silence, and he was not odd because he was an aspiring stage actor. He was odd, to most, because of his sugar-glass bottles, the bottles he made from sugar he melted and molded and set to dry. The little bottles he smashed with a hammer when they'd cooled to see how they might break; the ones he saved for no particular purpose but for something to exist in this world just for him. The young men were 30 now, and our young man, Dimitrie, was sure the other, Emin, loved him back even after all this time. Emin married a woman when he was 25, and they had a child. But Dimitrie waited. He hadn't loved another man or woman since the two of them had slept, night after aching night, on twin beds in their shared dorm room. They'd kept in touch. Dimitrie had gone to the wedding of his love and the woman he sometimes wished to be. Now, all these years later, Dimitrie was new to Chicago and looking for a break, was offered a job by his friend and his love Emin, taking care of his mother. Our young man moved into the old woman's basement, the old woman who was not old enough for dementia (but what does the body care of shoulds or shouldn'ts); the old woman who smiled often at Dimitrie but didn't mean it when she did; the old woman who could smell the love on our young man's skin for her own son who was weak-willed and too susceptible to love. And soon it was obvious that Emin was too much persuaded by our young man's long-steeped affection. Obvious when Emin stopped coming for afternoon tea with his mother and began, instead, attending nightly beers in her home with Dimitrie when he thought his mother would be already in bed. Obvious, the way he pretended to be fixing the faucet or adjusting the settings on her television when she came to the kitchen for a glass of water in her nightgown. Our young man had set up his sugar-bottle station in the kitchenette in the basement next to his bedroom. He had a small collection of shaped glass with which he was mildly satisfied. Enough so that he had resolved to offer them up as a gift to Emin on his birthday. Dimitrie had been invited to the celebratory dinner by the old woman, but he'd decided he would present his love the bottles—colored with spices and myriad petals and not yet perfect, but stable and enough—later that night, after the meal, when Emin made his late-night visit for cold [End Page 128] beer and talk of days when things were simple as skin and 200-thread-count. But the old woman made use of her time alone in her home while Dimitrie was away for auditions or his weekly improv classes. She'd been tracking his sugar-glasswork, and on the day of her son's 31st birthday she found the wrapped gift box and the card signed with love & longing by our young man on his bedside table. She took up the gift and brought it along to the restaurant, where Dimitrie would be coming straight from an audition for a play that burned of summer in the Deep South. She kept the gift under the table until the drinks were ordered, and then placed the box on the black-linen tablecloth. She did so without fanfare, simply left the package on the table and then reached for the pressed powder in her purse. Making a seat for the open compact in her palm, she dabbed at the corners of her dry mouth and glanced over the lip of the mirror, waiting. She was satisfied a few moments...

Wordsworth the Revisionary

Previous articleNext article No AccessWordsworth the RevisionaryJohn BeerJohn BeerPeterhouse, Cambridge Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by The Wordsworth Circle Volume 47, Number 2Spring 2016In Honor of Robert Langbaum Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/TWC47020092 Views: 24Total views on this site © 2016 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved.PDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.

A study on seasonal variation of skin parameters in Korean males.

The physiological characteristics of the skin are varied greatly, depending on gender, age, region and race, and many dermatologic researches have been performed through various research methods. This study aimed to examine how Korean men's skin conditions were influenced by temperature or humidity changes caused by seasonal rotations. A total of 100 healthy Korean men, age range 20-59years, participated in the study for both summer and winter. We compared on the characteristics of skin between summer and winter. The skin hydration, skin pH and TEWL were evaluated on the forehead, cheek and forearm. The skin sebum content of the glabella, nasal ala and cheek was measured using Sebumeter(®) (SM810, Courage+Khazaka, Germany). Cutometer(®) (MPA 580 Courage+Khazaka, Germany) the elasticity was measured by on the cheeks, and PRIMOS lite(®) (Phase shift Rapid in vivo Measurement of Skin, GFMesstechnik GmbH, Germany) was used to evaluate wrinkles on crow's feet. Lastly, in addition, the skin pore of the face was measured using the Janus(®) (PSI, Korea) which is a facial analysis system. The results were as follows: the comparison of hydration in summer and winter shows significant differences in their forehead, cheeks and forearm. The pH values of the skin surface were generally higher in winter, and significantly different on each site, and the sebum content was higher in summer than in winter. As a result of the pore measurement, the summer showed more pores compared to the winter, and there was a statistically significant difference in skin pores between summer and winter. The sensitivity measured by stinging test increases significantly more in winter than in summer. However, there were no seasonal differences in wrinkles and skin brightness. The skin surface pH, TEWL, sebum content, hydration, elasticity, wrinkles, skin pore and skin sensitivity vary with seasons and body regions in Korean men.

고주파요법과 갯장어 추출물 병행처리가 남성피부에 미치는 영향

This study aimed to examine the treatment effect of Muraenesox cinereus extract product combined with high frequency on men's damaged skin. The subjects were treated by a product containing M. cinereus extract combined with high frequency therapy for six weeks and tested in skin condition. First, for moisture level change, there was no significant difference between the control group treated only by high frequency therapy and the experimental group treated by a M. cinereus extract product combined with high frequency therapy. But the subjects who increased consistently in moisture level in the cheek and chin were more common in the experimental group. Second, for an oil level, prominently high increase was found in both the control group and the experimental group. Finally, for a rough level, while there was little difference in the control group between immediately after peeling and after six weeks, high improvement effect on a curve was found in the experimental group. Based on this result, cosmetics using M. cinereus extract may have a positive effect on men's skin which is exposed to several stress factors. Accordingly, this result will contribute to developing men's functional cosmetics.

Comment from the Field: Resistance on the Plinth: The Why of It

I am sitting in the basket of a cherry picker, draped in an ancient white bedspread, being driven forward on a JCB. Through the thick fabric I see spots of bright light and the amber of the vehicle's warning strobe. We begin to rise and I am pitched into that moment when they close the plane door and there is no going back, only a hundred times magnified. So up we rise and rise, high above the plinth, before coming in to land. Freaky, freaky, says the previous plinther as the wrapped figure draws closer. Spotting the wheels of my chair, she subsides into mortified giggles. The cherry picker docks at the plinth and she welcomes me with a Hello under there, whatever you are. I am wheeled backwards down the slope of the basket and onto the plinth, except that-oops-running out of time, I have not briefed anyone on how this should be done and immediately plunge into freefall, arse over tit. I lie there in a white shroud, my legs in the air, a foot away from a two-and-a-half storey drop. Now there is no going back. The One & Other project was announced a couple of months earlier. Taking place on Trafalgar Square's Fourth Plinth, home to temporary works of art, sculptor Antony Gormley set out to create a living monument that captures modern Britain. For one hundred consecutive days, 2,400 people would spend a solitary hour on the plinth. In a public space bordered by military and valedictory monuments, there was something about the ordinariness, smallness, and aliveness of a diversity of people redefining the space that touched me. In the words of Gormley, Maybe we'll discover what we really care about, what our hopes and fears are for now and for the future. While I lacked both the exhibitionism and courage to be a part of any such thing, we needed to make sure disabled people got up there. So I told my friends, put out a few notices, signed up my own name. When I was picked in the monthly draw, my bluff was called. One & Other arrived at a time when I had spent fourteen years deliberating on and two years creating Resistance, a touring installation about the Nazi campaign against disabled people and its contemporary relevance. It coincided with the seventieth anniversary of the start of Aktion T4, the little-known first phase of systematic mass murder by the Nazis, which targeted disabled people and became the blueprint for the Final Solution to wipe out Jews, gay people, gypsies, and other social and political groups. Disabled people's resistance was pivotal in bringing the episode to a close. And, even as I longed to lie down on the plinth and gaze up to the stars, I knew this was a moment that would never present itself to me again and it had to be well used. I meet my marketing mentor, Ros Fry, and we mull and wrangle over what I might do, until ... oh, how did we get here, because suddenly, in a throw-away comment, we have an idea. How about going up in Nazi uniform? And we laugh, because even as we know it is beyond outrageous, beyond bold, it is also crystal clear that this is it. As a wheelchair user, I will bring together two potent and contradictory images-the swastika and the wheelchair, like repelling magnets- and they will be displayed on all that the plinth represents: elevation, preservation, triumphalism. On the Internet, I find a photograph of a young Asian man, wearing a brightred t-shirt, a large swastika on his chest.1 The image hits in three almost instantaneous blows: first is the swastika, then the man's skin tone, and then the contradiction. In the blink of an eye, it shifts the ground from under me. He stands facing the camera, smiling. And it is all-everything about it-instantly wrong, almost an inner-ear, out-of-balance sensation that keeps me questioning long after I have torn myself from the screen. How easy it is simply to equate the swastika with evil and stop at that, but how much more intriguing it will be to take an image that represents one thing and, by changing its context, transform its meaning and use it to confront itself. …

Emotional and psychological effects of fragrance in men's skin care

It has been demonstrated for visual and olfactory stimuli that an increase in heart rate, skin conductance, facial electromyogram activity and breathing rate correlates with negative and/or excited emotional states and a decrease with positive and/or relaxed emotional states. It was the aim of this study to explore the psychophysiological status of emotional moods associated with use of a men's skincare range. Therefore, in a 5‐day habituation phase 19 male volunteers (mean age 32 years) used three perfumed products (a shaving mousse, cleansing gel and hydrating cream) for their morning shaving routine and assessed their mood before and after by means of self‐assessment manikins and a general mood estimate questionnaire. In a second study phase the psychophysiological parameters heart rate, skin conductance and facial electromyogram activity of the resting subjects were recorded after exposure to three different odors, the fragrance of the men's products of the habituation phase, a control fragrance and the solvent dipropylene glycol. During the habituation phase the cosmetics had positive effects on the mood behavior of the subjects. These positive effects could be confirmed by the objective measurements of peripheral nervous system parameters in the second study phase.

Risk factors for basal cell carcinoma of the skin in men: results from the health professionals follow-up study.

The authors examined the relation of constitutional factors and sun exposure to risk of basal cell carcinoma of the skin (BCC) in a prospective cohort of 44,591 predominantly Caucasian US male health professionals, 40-75 years of age and free of cancer at enrollment in 1986. During 8 years of follow-up, 3,273 cases of self-reported BCC were documented. The following variables were each associated with an elevated risk of BCC: having red hair; green, hazel, or blue eyes; a tendency to sunburn; and north European ancestry. The lifetime number of blistering sunburns was also positively associated with BCC risk (p trend < 0.0001). Compared with men who as teenagers had been outside less than once a week, men who had been outside weekly (relative risk (RR) = 1.30; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.14, 1.47) and daily (RR = 1.42; 95% CI: 1.24, 1.63) had an elevated risk of BCC. Living in a region of residence with high solar radiation as an adult was also associated with an increased risk of BCC (RR = 1.48; 95% CI: 1.36, 1.60), whereas living in such a region only in childhood did not increase BCC risk. These results confirm the role of constitutional factors and suggest that adult sun exposure increases BCC risk.

Therapeutic shock device (TSD): Clinical evaluation with self-injurious behaviors

A man with profound mental retardation and multiple topographies of severe self-injurious behavior (SIB) had been receiving contigent shock for SIB for 2 years before the study started. Shock was being delivered with a handheld shock stick (Hot Shot Sabre Six), which produced burns to the man's skin. SIB rate, without a shock contingency, was 10 responses/min. The Therapeutic Shock Device (TSD), worn by the client and remotely operated by a radio frequency signal, provided superior control of SIB (0.02 responses/min) compared with the shock stick (0.06 responses/min) without causing tissue damage. TSD treatment was introduced in a mixed multiple baseline design across times, settings, and behaviors. The client did not appear to find the TSD aversive. To the contrary, his behaviors indicated that he preferred to wear it. The TSD appeared to provide a substitute for restraint, the hypothesized reinforcer for the man's most frequent form of SIB.

Measurements of friction injuries in man.

Repetitive frictional insults over years to human skin result in lichenification, callosites, and clavi (corns). No measurements of the forces involved have been made for callosites or corns. Two reports deal with lichenification produced by repeated rubbing over weeks. By contrast, friction blisters have been seriously studied because they can be produced in minutes and because foot blisters can disable soldiers. Three devices to measure the coefficient of friction of materials on man's skin and eight machines to rub man's skin are reviewed.

Dermatitis from repeated trauma to the skin.

A moderate degree of friction is unavoidable in everyday contact between man's skin and his environment. However, excessive friction and other forms of microtrauma can cause various dermatoses as well as lesions of hair and nails. This paper illustrates that microtraumata significantly influence many skin disorders, including those of occupational origin.