Reactions In Man Research Articles

“It's a Different Condom, Let's See How It Works”: Young Men's Reactions to and Experiences of Female Condom Use During an Intervention Trial in South Africa

Although male partner cooperation is often essential for successful use of the female condom, only a few studies have directly assessed men's experiences of using the device. We examined barriers to and facilitators of female condom use via qualitative in-depth interviews with 38 young men (18 to 28 years) in South Africa whose partners, all university students, were enrolled in a female condom intervention trial. In all, 21 men used the female condom; the remaining 17 did not attempt use. The main facilitators to female condom use were convenience of use for men, curiosity to see how female condoms compared to male condoms, enhanced sexual sensation, and perceptions of better safety and comfort of the device compared to male condoms. The main barriers were men's limited familiarity with the device, insertion difficulties, and men's concerns about loss of control over sexual encounters. We recommend that human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevention and condom promotion programs around the world target men directly for education on female condoms and that they also work with couples jointly around issues of safer-sex communication and negotiation.

Mass Spectrometry Reveals Changes in MHC I Antigen Presentation After Lentivector Expression of a Gene Regulation System

The rapamycin-inducible gene regulation system was designed to minimize immune reactions in man and may thus be suited for gene therapy. We assessed whether this system indeed induces no immune responses. The protein components of the regulation system were produced in the human cell lines HEK 293T, D407, and HER 911 following lentiviral transfer of the corresponding genes. Stable cell lines were established, and the peptides presented by major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC I) molecules on transduced and wild-type (wt) cells were compared by differential mass spectrometry. In all cell lines examined, expression of the transgenes resulted in prominent changes in the repertoire of MHC I-presented self-peptides. No MHC I ligands originating from the transgenic proteins were detected. In vitro analysis of immunogenicity revealed that transduced D407 cells displayed slightly higher capacity than wt controls to promote proliferation of cytotoxic T cells. These results indicate that therapeutic manipulations within the genome of target cells may affect pathways involved in the processing of peptide antigens and their presentation by MHC I. This makes the genomic modifications visible to the immune system which may recognize these events and respond. Ultimately, the findings call attention to a possible immune risk.

Application of ‘Magun’ to Punish Unrepentant Adulterous Act: Reactions of Men in Igbesa Community to a Traditional Way of Punishing Adultery in Yoruba Land

This study is a sociological investigation of the opinions of some men in Igbesa community of Ogun State, Nigeria, on the application of Magun in punishing the act of adultery in the community. Using a survey design, the study investigated some men (n=40) who were conveniently sampled from the community, to seek their opinions on the application of Magun in pu- nishing the act of adultery. Through questionnaire, which was the instrument employed in the study, the information gathered revealed that the people still believe in the existence of Magun and that the same is still very efficient and effective in punishing the act of adultery among the Yoruba people. A large proportion of our samples would not apply Magun to punish adultery because it involves taking of human life and that this would be a sin within their religious contexts. Some considered the act to be a barbaric. It was discovered that religion and education would likely play prominent role in determining whether husbands would apply Magun to punish adultery or not. The study, therefore, recommended further studies on how religion and education would significantly influence the application of this method of punishing adultery among the Yoruba people.

Location‐based mobile advertisements and gender targeting

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the differential effects of location‐based mobile advertisements on men and women in work leisure situations.Design/methodology/approachThe study conducted was in a scenario based experimental design in the 2×2×2 ANOVA format. Independent variables included: Type of locations (private/public); Situations (work/leisure); and Gender (male/female). Dependent variables included Perceptions and Behavioural intentions.FindingsRecent findings often indicate that men are more receptive to location‐based ads (LBA) than women. However, in this paper the authors show that in some circumstances women are more favourable to the same mobile LBAs than men because both women's and men's reactions depend on specific location and task situations.Practical implicationsBased on these findings, managers will be able to better target ads to specific genders in different locations and situations, thus maximizing the relevance of the ads, click through rates and affect cost per thousand impressions.Originality/valueThere has been little research on how men versus women react to LBAs based on their orientation towards different situations at hand. This research illustrates what differences exist in their perceptions of LBA and why.

Androstadienone in Motor Reactions of Men and Women toward Angry Faces

The endogenous compound androstadienone modulating the evaluation of others and activating the human fear system was hypothesized in terms of processing socially relevant cues by regulating responses to angry faces. Androstadienone was investigated in association with arm movements of 62 participants (30 women) in response to happy and angry facial expressions. Volunteers pushed away or pulled toward them a joystick as fast as possible on seeing either an angry or a happy cartoon face on a computer screen. This task was repeated twice: once during exposure to androstadienone masked with clove oil and once to clove oil only. In the former condition participants' reaction speed was accelerated, especially when reacting to angry faces. This observation may indicate an androstadienone-related activation of the fear system leading to faster responses to threat signals, assuming an enhanced allocation of attentional resources toward threat-related social cues.

Barriers to involvement of men in ANC and VCT in Khayelitsha, South Africa

We used qualitative methods to assess pregnant women and men's attitudes, feelings, beliefs, experiences and reactions to male partners' involvement in antenatal clinic (ANC) in Khayelitsha, Cape Town, South Africa. The aims of these studies were to determine barriers to male partners' attendance of ANC with their pregnant female partners and to identify possible strategies to overcome these barriers. Findings from the qualitative studies demonstrated that pregnant women were keen to invite their male sexual partners and that men would attend if invited. The main barrier to male participation was lack of awareness and the healthcare facility environment. The findings of these studies emphasized the need to increase awareness among men in Khayelitsha of the need for male attendance of ANC and the need to address the barriers to male attendance of ANC. It was clear that community sensitization programmes coupled with improvement of the health facility environment to be receptive to men are essential for increasing male attendance of ANC.

Leukoencephalopathies Associated with Disorders of Cobalamin and Folate Metabolism

Disorders of cobalamin and folate intracellular metabolism that result in defective remethylation of homocysteine to methionine are associated with leukodystrophy, whereas disorders of cobalamin transport generally are not. Cobalamin derivatives are needed for only two reactions in man; remethylation of homocysteine to methionine, with methylcobalamin as a cofactor for methionine synthase, and the conversion of methylmalonyl-coenzyme A to succinyl coenzyme A by methylmalonyl-CoA mutase, with adenosylcobalamin as a cofactor. Mutations at various metabolic steps affect the synthesis of adenosylcobalamin (CblA, CblB, and CblD2), methylcobalamin (CblE, CblG, and CblD1), or both of these (CblF, CblD, and CblC). The most common disorder of folate metabolism, 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate deficiency, also affects remethylation and presents with leukodystrophy. Pathways of cobalamin and folate metabolism intersect at one site, methionine synthase. Patients with the remethylating disorders present acutely or chronically with significant neurologic, hematologic, vascular, and other symptoms. Circulating levels of cobalamin and folate are usually normal in these disorders, and initial diagnosis is aided by measurement of homocysteine and methylmalonic acid in blood or urine, together with hematologic tests. Current diagnosis is often by newborn screening. These disorders all show autosomal recessive inheritance, and all are treatable, although with variable outcome.

Predicting Women's and Men's Reactions to Geographic Separation: Relational Interdependence Matters

ABSTRACT Participant sex and a theorized correlate of biological sex, relational interdependence, were tested as relative predictors of the extent to which daters 1) missed and 2) used emotional support to cope when geographically separated from their dating partners. One hundred twenty-four daters completed multiple measures of missing and coping during their colleges' winter breaks. Results from regression analyses indicated that levels of missing and seeking emotional support differed as a function of biological sex. Further, relational interdependence was reliably associated with missing and seeking emotional support in theoretically consistent ways. Mediation analyses highlighted the importance of considering relational interdependence or other individual differences that covary with biological sex when studying close relationship phenomena.

Let's get serious: Communicating commitment in romantic relationships.

Are men or women more likely to confess love first in romantic relationships? And how do men and women feel when their partners say "I love you"? An evolutionary-economics perspective contends that women and men incur different potential costs and gain different potential benefits from confessing love. Across 6 studies testing current and former romantic relationships, we found that although people think that women are the first to confess love and feel happier when they receive such confessions, it is actually men who confess love first and feel happier when receiving confessions. Consistent with predictions from our model, additional studies have shown that men's and women's reactions to love confessions differ in important ways depending on whether the couple has engaged in sexual activity. These studies have demonstrated that saying and hearing "I love you" has different meanings depending on who is doing the confessing and when the confession is being made. Beyond romantic relationships, an evolutionary-economics perspective suggests that displays of commitment in other types of relationships--and reactions to these displays--will be influenced by specific, functional biases.

Principles of the New Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI) and its Application to Bioclimatic Research in European Scale

Abstract During the last century about 100 indices were developed to assess influences of the atmosphere on human being. However, most of them have not close relationships with physiological reactions in man. In 1999 International Society of Biometeorology established special study group do develop new Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI). Since 2005 these efforts have been reinforced by the COST Action 730 (Cooperation in Science and Technical Development). In February 2009 the Action was terminated and UTCI was developed. The new UTCI index represents air temperature of the reference condition with the same physiological response as the actual condition. The index base on Fiala model that is one of the most advanced multi-node thermophysiological models and include the capability to predict both whole body thermal effects (hypothermia and hyperthermia; heat and cold discomfort), and local effects (facial, hands and feet cooling and frostbite). The model consists of two interacting systems: the controlling active system; and the controlled passive system. The assessment scale of UTCI bases on the intensity of objective physiological reactions to environmental heat stress in wide range of weather and climates. The index can be applicable in various research, for example in weather forecasts, bioclimatological assessments, bioclimatic mapping in all scales (from micro to macro), urban design, engineering of outdoor spaces, consultancy for where to live, outdoor recreation and climatotherapy, epidemiology and climate impact research. The paper presents thermophysiological principles of UTCI as well as some examples of its application to assess bioclimatic differentiation of Europe.

Risk assessment and mitigation strategies for reactive metabolites in drug discovery and development

Drug toxicity is a leading cause of attrition of candidate drugs during drug development as well as of withdrawal of drugs post-licensing due to adverse drug reactions in man. These adverse drug reactions cause a broad range of clinically severe conditions including both highly reproducible and dose dependent toxicities as well as relatively infrequent and idiosyncratic adverse events. The underlying risk factors can be split into two groups: (1) drug-related and (2) patient-related. The drug-related risk factors include metabolic factors that determine the propensity of a molecule to form toxic reactive metabolites (RMs), and the RM and non-RM mediated mechanisms which cause cell and tissue injury. Patient related risk factors may vary markedly between individuals, and encompass genetic and non-genetic processes, e.g. environmental, that influence the disposition of drugs and their metabolites, the nature of the adverse responses elicited and the resulting biological consequences. We describe a new strategy, which builds upon the strategies used currently within numerous pharmaceutical companies to avoid and minimize RM formation during drug discovery, and that is intended to reduce the likelihood that candidate drugs will cause toxicity in the human population. The new strategy addresses drug-related safety hazards, but not patient-related risk factors. A common target organ of toxicity is the liver and to decrease the likelihood that candidate drugs will cause liver toxicity (both non-idiosyncratic and idiosyncratic), we propose use of an in vitro Hepatic Liability Panel alongside in vitro methods for the detection of RMs. This will enable design and selection of compounds in discovery that have reduced propensity to cause liver toxicity. In vitro Hepatic Liability is assessed using toxicity assays that quantify: CYP 450 dependent and CYP 450 independent cell toxicity; mitochondrial impairment; and inhibition of the Bile Salt Export Pump. Prior to progression into development, a Hepatotoxicity Hazard Matrix combines data from the Hepatic Liability Panel with the Estimated RM Body Burden. The latter is defined as the level of covalent binding of radiolabelled drug to human hepatocyte proteins in vitro adjusted for the predicted human dose. We exemplify the potential value of this approach by consideration of the thiazolidinedione class of drugs.

Gender comparison of psychological reaction after miscarriage—a 1‐year longitudinal study

To explore men's psychological reaction and its evolutionary course over 1 year after miscarriage, to compare this reaction with that of their female partners and to investigate the possible correlation of psychological states between partners. Prospective 1-year longitudinal observational study. A university-affiliated tertiary referral hospital in Hong Kong. Sample Eighty-three miscarrying couples. The psychological reactions of miscarrying women and their male partners were assessed immediately and at 3, 6 and 12 months after miscarriage. Psychological outcomes were assessed using the 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). A substantial proportion of men (43.4%) scored high in GHQ-12 and 16.9% scored high in BDI immediately after miscarriage. In men, both psychometric scores decreased sharply within the first 3 months and reached a plateau. When compared with women, men scored significantly lower in GHQ-12 and BDI during the 1-year course after miscarriage. A planned pregnancy was a significant risk factor (P = 0.008) associated with an initial high BDI score in men. There was a significant positive correlation between couples in both GHQ-12 and BDI scores throughout the longitudinal course. Although the psychological impact of miscarriage on men was less enduring when compared with that on women, a significant proportion of men demonstrated psychological distress after miscarriage. The significant positive correlation in a couple's psychological reaction indicated that psychological morbidity was not confined only to a woman's own experience, but also affected her relationship with her male partner.

Feelings of loss and uneasiness or shame after removal of a testicle by orchidectomy: a population-based long-term follow-up of testicular cancer survivors

Few data illustrate the man's reaction to orchidectomy. We investigated long-lasting feelings of loss and uneasiness or shame about the body after removal of a testicle by orchidectomy. We identified 1173 eligible men diagnosed with non-seminomatous testicular cancer treated according to the national cancer-care programmes Swedish-Norwegian Testicular Cancer Group I-IV between 1981 and 2004. We asked the survivors about feelings of loss and uneasiness or shame after having had a testicle removed by orchidectomy. We obtained information from 960 (82%) testicular cancer survivors. We found that 32% of these men miss or previously missed their removed testicle(s) and that 26% have or previously had feelings of uneasiness or shame about their body because of the removed testicle(s). Men who had never been offered a prosthesis reported feelings of loss [relative risk (RR): 2.0; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.3-3.0] and uneasiness or shame (RR: 2.0; 95% CI: 1.3-3.2) to a higher extent than those who had been offered, but rejected a prosthesis. An orchidectomy may result in long-lasting feelings of loss and uneasiness or shame in some men; offering a testicular prosthesis may hinder this experience.

Sociocultural determinants of men's reactions to prostate cancer diagnosis

To develop a better understanding of how men react to being diagnosed with prostate cancer and identify factors that influence these responses, we conducted an observational study to identify sociocultural predictors of men's psychological reactions. Participants were 70 African American and 124 white prostate cancer patients who completed a structured telephone interview that evaluated psychological reactions in terms of intrusive thoughts about cancer and attempts to avoid cancer-related thoughts and feelings. Perceptions of disease-specific stress, cultural beliefs and values, and social constraints were also assessed during the interview. There were no racial differences in men's reactions to being diagnosed with prostate cancer; however, greater perceptions of disease-specific stress, increasing levels of present temporal orientation, and more social constraints had significant positive effects on avoidant reactions. Greater perceptions of stress also had a significant positive effect on intrusive thoughts. The results of this study highlight the need for individualized approaches to help men address their thoughts and feelings about being diagnosed with prostate cancer. These efforts should include strategies that help men to communicate more effectively with social support resources and address cultural beliefs and values related to temporal orientation.

P03-163 - Reaction of men and women to divorce in Kaunas

Objectives1.To find out and compare man's and female reaction to the stress caused by divorce and their capability to overcome stress.2.To find out to the aid what professionals more often persons during divorce rely.3.To find out as during divorce of the man and the woman perceive functions of the social worker.MethodsThe divorced men and women who visit groups of rendering of mutual aid in Kaunas (Lithuania) archdiocese the Family center and in НРС day time the center “Solija” were investigated. In research have taken part 62 exploratory, 32 from them were women and 30 men.ResultsThe most part exploratory has specified, that after divorce feels alone, divorce has changed their life, and that after divorce their quality of a life became worse. Stress caused by divorce of the man and the woman overcome differently. From stresses caused by divorce of the man overcome withdraw in itself, and women openly showing the feelings. To the majority exploratory men and women, psychologists have helped to overcome the stress caused by divorce.Conclusions1.Comparing men and women during from divorce, the majority of men feel rage on representatives of an opposite floor.2.Comparing men and women during from divorce, the majority of men feel lonely.3.With stress during divorce of the man and the woman overcome differently.4.Comparing men and women, during divorce, the women capable after divorce to search the professional help, it is more.

"Those Who Have Had Trouble Can Sympathise with You": Press Writing, Reader Responses and a Murder Trial in Interwar Britain

This article considers reader responses to newspaper coverage of a British murder case in 1928. Accused of the arsenic murder of her husband, Beatrice Pace became a fixture on the front pages of the British press. More than two hundred letters sent to her after her acquittal have survived in papers kept by her solicitor. Although far from a perfect source for gauging public opinion, the letters provide a rare and valuable glimpse into the range of reactions that media stories inspired in the past. Although it is clear that press coverage crucially influenced public attitudes, reactions to Pace were also highly individual and affected by readers' personalities and previous experiences. On the other hand, there are obvious patterns in the responses, most notably related to gender. From their letters, it is apparent that many female readers identified with Pace, whether as women, as mothers or as fellow victims of domestic violence. Men's reactions were motivated by respect, desire (sometimes in the form of marriage proposals) or business opportunities. Other themes apparent in the letters were shared across gender lines: most notably religion (including an emphasis on divine vengeance), spiritualism and the desire to make contact with a famous figure.

Androgen receptor gene sequence and basal cortisol concentrations predict men's hormonal responses to potential mates

Exposure to potential mates triggers rapid elevations of testosterone and glucocorticoid concentrations in males of many non-human species, and preliminary studies support similar effects in human males. The human studies have all reported large individual differences in these responses, however, and the present study tested whether specific biological variables may help explain these differences. Replicating past research, the present study found that men's salivary testosterone and cortisol concentrations increased after a brief conversation with a young woman, but did not change (or slightly decreased) after a conversation with a young man. In addition, smaller numbers of CAG repeats in men's androgen receptor gene, and lower baseline cortisol concentrations, each predicted larger testosterone responses to the interactions with women. The CAG repeat finding demonstrates that a specific genetic polymorphism predicts physiological responses to social interactions that may in turn have important downstream consequences on men's mating behaviour. The effects of cortisol are consistent with past demonstrations of glucocorticoid inhibition of testosterone production and show that such inhibition also affects testosterone responses to social stimuli. In sum, the present study both confirms men's hormonal reactions to potential mates and identifies novel biological variables that predict individual differences in these responses.

Sex differences in energy homeostatis following a diet relatively high in protein exchanged with carbohydrate, assessed in a respiration chamber in humans

Context Obesity prevalence is generally higher in women than in men, and a paucity of research with sex-specific approaches exists. The question arises whether current weight loss programmes, largely developed and tested on women, are appropriate for men. Objective Investigate 24 h energy metabolism, satiety and related hormones during a diet relatively high in protein (HP), exchanged with carbohydrate compared to an adequate-protein (AP) diet, in a respiration chamber in men, in comparison with previous outcomes in women. Design Ten healthy males (BMI: 22.5 ± 1.6 kg/m 2, age: 25 ± 3.5 y) were fed in energy balance with an AP (10/60/30% of energy of protein/carbohydrate/fat) or a HP (30/40/30% of energy of protein/carbohydrate/fat) diet in a randomized cross-over design. Results During the HP diet, 24 h Energy Expenditure (10.5 ± 0.5 vs 10.0 ± 0.5 MJ/d; p < 0.05), Sleeping Energy Expenditure (7.1 ± 0.3 vs 6.9 ± 0.2 MJ/d; p < 0.05), protein balance (0.5 ± 0.02 vs 0.0 ± 0.01 MJ/d; p < 0.05), satiety (AUC) p < 0.05, and plasma GLP-1 concentrations (42 ± 23 vs 28 ± 16 AUC; p < 0.005) were significantly higher and 24 h RQ (0.80 vs 0.85; p < 0.01), fat balance (− 0.85 ±0.03 vs 0.05 vs 0.03 MJ/d; p < 0.01) and hunger (AUC) p < 0.05, were significantly lower. Comparisons reveal a stronger reaction in men in energy expenditure and substrate oxidation, whereas satiety reacted stronger in the women. Conclusions Effects of a diet relatively high in protein exchanged with carbohydrate, vs an adequate protein diet are a stronger increased energy expenditure, fat oxidation, protein anabolism in men, and a stronger increased satiety in women, thereby creating sex-specific conditions for long-term use for body-weight management.

Men's Responses to HPV Test Results: Development of a Theory-Based Survey

To develop and perform psychometric testing on an instrument designed to assess cognitive/emotional responses among men receiving HPV testing. Men enrolled in an HPV natural history study (N = 139) completed a computer-assisted survey instrument based on Leventhal's parallel processing/common-sense model. Data were analyzed using SPSS and Mplus. Reliability analyses resulted in Cronbach alpha of 0.72 (knowledge), 0.86 (perceived threat), 0.83 (self-efficacy), and 0.55 (response efficacy). A revised measurement model exhibited evidence of construct validity, as indicated by acceptable model fit statistics. To our knowledge, this is the only validated instrument assessing men's reactions to an HPV test result.

A description of the mental health and copying strategies in victims of assault with a weapon in the city of Medellín (Colombia)

The study looked to describe the state of mental health and coping strategies expressed during and after assault with a deadly weapon, from October 2006 to March 2007, in the city of Medellin, Colombia. Participants were 50 adults differentiated by sex. The clinical interview International Neuropsychiatric Inventory (MINI), and the protocol of characterization of assault with a deadly weapon designed by the researchers, were applied to the victims. Comparisons with averages of males and females were made, in relation to mental health and coping strategies used during and after the assault. There were no significant differences in clinical symptoms between men and women, who showed state health perturbations with symptoms of post traumatic stress and anguish disorders sometimes in life. Differences were found in copying strategies during and after assault; during assault women reactions were immobility and/or silence, men reactions were physical or verbal aggression; after assault women requested for psychological support and company while men used security devices.