Depressive Symptoms In Men Research Articles

Individual-level determinants of depressive symptoms and associated diseases history in Turkish persons aged 15 years and older: A population-based study.

Depressive symptoms are associated with both long-lasting and short-term repetitive mood disorders and affect a person's ability to function and lead a rewarding life. In addition to predisposing genetic causes, other factors such as socioeconomic and demographic factors, and chronic diseases have also been reported to associate with depression. In this study, we analyzed the association between history of chronic diseases and presentation of depressive symptoms amongst Turkish individuals. We employed the 2019 Turkey health survey to analyze data of 11,993 individuals aged 15+ years. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the eight-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-8) coded with a binary measure, a score of <10 as less depressed and >10 as moderate-severely depressed. A number of sociodemographic characteristics were adjusted for in the analyses. Logistic regression models were used to test the association between chronic diseases and depressive symptoms in the study sample. Our analysis revealed that 6.24% of the 11,993 participants had reported an episode of depressive symptoms. The prevalence of depressive symptoms in men was 1.85% and in women, it was 2.34 times higher. Participants who had previously reported experiencing coronary heart diseases (AOR = 7.79, 95% CI [4.96-12.23]), urinary incontinences (AOR = 7.90, 95% CI [4.93-12.66]), and liver cirrhosis (AOR = 7.50, 95% CI [4.90-10.42]) were approximately eight times likely to have depressive symptoms. Similarly, participants with Alzheimer's disease (AOR = 6.83, 95% CI [5.11-8.42]), kidney problems (AOR = 6.63, 95% CI [4.05-10.85]), and history of allergies (AOR = 6.35, 95% CI [4.28-9.23]) had approximately seven-fold odds of reporting episodes of depressive symptoms. The odds of presenting with depressive symptoms amongst participants aged ≥ 50 were higher than in individuals aged ≤ 49 years. At individual level, gender and general health status were associated with increased odds of depression. Furthermore, a history of any of the chronic diseases, irrespective of age, was a positive predictor of depression in our study population. Our findings could help to serve as a reference for monitoring depression amongst individuals with chronic conditions, planning health resources and developing preventive and screening strategies targeting those exposed to predisposing factors.

Higher Soluble CD163 in Blood Is Associated With Significant Depression Symptoms in Men With HIV.

People with HIV (PWH) are more likely to experience depression, a highly morbid disease. More evidence is needed to better understand mechanisms of depression in PWH. We evaluated a panel of blood biomarkers in relation to depression symptoms in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS). Four sites in the United States. A cross-sectional analysis was performed within the MACS, a prospective study of cisgender men with and without HIV. Depression was assessed with the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale, and six blood biomarkers were measured: GlycA, high sensitivity C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6, CCL2, soluble CD14 (sCD14), and soluble CD163 (sCD163). Using univariable and multivariable logistic regression, the biomarkers and other factors were evaluated in relation to significant depression symptoms (SDS) by Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression score ≥16. 784 men were analyzed; most of whom (63%) were PWH. PWH weremore likely to have SDS (32% vs. 21%). In univariable analysis, higher GlycA, CRP, and sCD163 concentrations were associated with SDS. In multivariable analysis, however, only higher sCD163 concentration was associated with SDS (odds ratio = 2.30, 95% CI = 1.11 to 4.76). This relationship was driven by the PWH group (odds ratio = 2.72, 95% CI = 1.12 to 6.58) and remained significant when controlling for antidepressant use. Lack of college education was also associated with SDS. Higher sCD163, a marker of macrophage activation, was significantly associated with significant depression symptoms in the MACS. Further research on this biomarker and macrophage activation in general is warranted to better understand and treat depression in PWH.

Psychological inflexibility mediates the relationship between conformity to masculine norms and depression: Preliminary support for a transdiagnostic approach to working therapeutically with men

BackgroundResearch suggests that rigid adherence to masculine norms is associated with negative mental health outcomes in men. However, contributing pathways between masculine norms and men's mental health are not yet well understood. It has been proposed that psychological inflexibility may function as a mediator in the relationship between masculine norms and depression in men. AimsThis study investigated whether psychological inflexibility mediated the relationship between conformity to masculine norms and depression. MethodA community-based sample of 326 men (M age = 62.33, SD age = 15.33 years) completed an online questionnaire using a range of validated scales, including the Conformity to Masculine Norms Inventory (CMNI-22), the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire (AAQ-II), the Cognitive Fusion Questionnaire (CFQ-7), the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), and the Male Depression Risk Scale (MDRS-22). Mediation analyses and two-way ANOVAs were used to explore relationships between variables. ResultsResults indicated that psychological inflexibility significantly mediated the relationship between conformity to masculine norms and depression (both prototypic and externalising symptomology). Findings also revealed that psychological inflexibility is more strongly linked with poor mental health than conformity to masculine norms. ConclusionsThe results suggest that psychological inflexibility may be a possible pathway through which conformity to masculine norms is associated with depressive symptoms in men, providing important insights into possible therapeutic targets for psychological intervention.

The Prevalence of Depression Symptoms and Their Socioeconomic and Health Predictors in a Local Community with a High Deprivation: A Cross-Sectional Studies.

Depression is a heterogeneous and etiologically complex psychiatric syndrome thatshows a strong sexual dimorphism and often impacts people with a low socioeconomic status (SES). The aim of the study was to estimate the occurrence of depression symptoms in a local community with a high deprivation rate, the example being the inhabitants of the JanówLubelski County in eastern Poland. A cross-sectional study was carried out on 3752 people aged between 35 and 64. The prevalence of depression symptoms was assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) scale. In the screening for depression symptoms in the entire population we studied, the risk of depression symptoms was 16.1% (n = 605), with women having a significantly higher mean score than men (p < 0.001). Significant predictors associated with the achievement of 10 points and more in the PHQ-9 assessment in the case of women and men were: living alone, education and having comorbidities. Moreover, female participants living in rural areas were significantly more likely to exhibit depression symptoms, whereas smoking was a significant predictor of depressive symptoms in men. It was observed that in the case of obese women, the chance of being in the higher category of the PHQ-9 assessment was 1.41 times higher than in women with normal body weight. However, in the case of men, an increase in age by one year increased the chance of being in a higher category by 1.02 times. Moreover, the odds of falling into a higher category, as assessed by the PHQ-9 questionnaire, among men who drink alcohol more than once a week was 1.7 times higher than in men who do not drink or consume alcohol occasionally. Summarising the results of studies conducted in a local community characterised by a high deprivation rate, socioeconomic and health variables related to SES significantly impacted the incidence of depression, but they differ in terms of gender.

Depressive symptoms in older adult couples: Associations with dyadic physical health, social engagement, and close friends.

ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to examine associations between level of depressive symptoms in older adult spouse/partner couples and their physical health and social factors (social activity and number of close friends).MethodsUsing data from 116 community-dwelling couples (age 76.2 ± 8.5), we simultaneously analyzed associations between depressive symptoms (Geriatric Depression Scale, range 0–11) and dyadic physical health, engagement in social activities, and connectedness with close friends.ResultsGreater engagement in social activities was associated with fewer depressive symptoms in men, whereas more close friendships were associated with fewer depressive symptoms in women, controlling for partner effects, age, education, and cognitive function, with good model fit. Additionally, more disparate physical health within the couple (latent incongruence score) was associated with greater depressive symptoms in men.DiscussionLess social activity and fewer close friends were associated with depressive symptoms in older adult couples, but may be distinctly influential depending on gender and in the context of the older adult couple's physical health.

Social interaction anxiety and depression symptoms are differentially related in men and women.

Social anxiety disorder (SAD) and major depressive disorder (MDD) are highly comorbid with each other, and comorbidity exacerbates distress and impairment. The prevalence of comorbid depression is higher in women with SAD than in men with SAD, but this is based on global depression scores and cannot speak to heterogeneous individual depression symptoms. The current study bridges this gap by examining gender differences in the relationship between social interaction anxiety and individual depression symptoms. 165 community adults (113 women, 52 men) were included in a series of bootstrapped moderation analyses to examine the main and interaction effects of social interaction anxiety and gender on total depression and individual depressive symptom scores while controlling for age and racial/ethnic background. Social interaction anxiety positively predicted total and individual depression scores. Greater social interaction anxiety predicted greater self-dislike and worthlessness in men than in women. Our findings replicate the finding that social anxiety and depression are highly comorbid with respect to total scores and extend this finding to individual symptoms. Our findings also demonstrate that the relationship between social interaction anxiety and depressive symptoms can be modulated by gender identities. Men with social interaction anxiety may be more prone to distress associated with self/identity. These findings elucidate the specific ways in which social interaction anxiety relates to the constellation of depression symptoms in men and women and highlights the need for more tailored assessment and intervention for socially anxious men and women to target individual dimensions of symptom presentations.

A literature review of the factors influencing the development of paternal symptoms of depression during the perinatal period

Background/Aims Depression during pregnancy and following the birth of a child is now also recognised as a paternal issue. However, the evidence has received little attention compared to maternal depression. The aim of this article was to systematically review the available evidence examining factors that influence the development of depressive symptoms in men during the perinatal period. Methods A systematic search of six electronic databases (CINAHL, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Internurse, Intermid and Maternity and Infant Care) from the period 2010–19 was undertaken. A total of 20 studies were identified using the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Findings were synthesised using thematic analysis. Results A total of five synthesised risk factors were identified as pregnancy and infant, individual, social and relationship, psychological and demographic. Conclusions Expectant fathers are vulnerable to the development of depressive symptoms during the transition to parenthood. Mental health organisations should deliver services to support fathers during the perinatal period.

The Relationships between Abnormal Serum Lipid Levels, Depression, and Suicidal Ideation According to Sex.

(1) Background: Serum lipid levels affect not only nutritional status but also emotional state. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of various socio-demographic characteristics, abnormal cholesterol levels, and BMI indicators on depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation in the Korean population. (2) Methods: A total of 23,692 people were surveyed using data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHNES) 2014, 2016, and 2018. Data from 11,653 patients were analyzed. Age, sex, chronic disease, smoking, alcohol consumption, total cholesterol (HDL, triglycerides), BMI, depression, and suicidal ideation were measured. (3) Results: According to sex, low HDL, high triglycerides, and suicidal ideation were significant, along with low education level, smoking, binge drinking, and high BMI. High triglyceride level was shown to significantly increase the risk of depression in males (OR = 1.535, 95% CI = 1.098–2.147). Factors affecting suicidal ideation in males were age, binge drinking, and depression, while blood lipid factors were not significant. (4) Conclusions: Of the types of serum lipid factors affecting depression and suicidal ideation, high triglycerides were found to be a risk factor for depression in men. Serum lipids can be used as biomarkers to reflect depressive symptoms in men depending on cholesterol level.

The effect of changes in physical activity behaviour on depressive symptoms among European older adults

Purpose.Physical activity is associated with lower odds of depression symptoms among older adults. However, little is known about the effect of changing physical activity behaviour on depressive symptoms. The present study aimed to analyse the effects of changing physical activity trajectory on depressive symptoms in older people.Methods.Data from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe wave 5 and wave 6 were analysed. The EURO-D 12-item scale measured depressive symptoms, and physical activity (of moderate and vigorous intensity) was self-reported. Multivariate binary logistic regressions were conducted to assess the association between physical activity and depression symptoms.Results.The study involved 6431 participants (mean age: 72.7 years). Moderate and vigorous physical activity was significantly associated with lower odds of depression symptoms in men and women. Moderate physical activity, performed once a week (men: OR = 0.31, 95% CI: 0.21–0.45; women: OR = 0.67, 95% CI: 0.54–0.84) and more than once a week (men: OR = 0.41, 95% CI: 0.32–0.52; women: OR = 0.56, 95% CI: 0.47–0.66), decreased the odds of having depression compared with remaining less active. Similar results were seen for vigorous physical activity in both men and women.Conclusions.Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, undertaken at least once a week, is a safe and feasible behaviour to deal with depressive symptoms among older adults.

Sexual function and depressive symptoms in men with hypoprolactinaemia secondary to overtreatment of prolactin excess: A pilot study

BackgroundLow prolactin levels have been found to impair libido and arousal, as well as to reduce wellbeing in young women. ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to investigate whether drug-induced hypoprolactinaemia affects male sexual function and depressive symptoms. MethodsThe study population consisted of three groups of young and middle-aged men. Two groups were treated with dopamine agonists because of previous hyperprolactinaemia but differed in current prolactin levels, which were <3ng/ml (n=12; group 1) or within the reference range (3–20ng/ml) (n=20; group 2). The control group (group 3) included 24 dopamine agonist-naïve normoprolactinaemic men. During the study, doses of dopaminergic agents in group 1 were reduced by 25–50% compared to doses before the start of the study. Circulating levels of prolactin, testosterone, free calculated testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone-sulphate, oestradiol and gonadotropins were measured upon enrolment in the study and six months later. Moreover, at the beginning and the end of the study, all men enrolled completed questionnaires assessing sexual functioning (IIEF-15) and depressive symptoms (BDI-II). ResultsGroup 1 differed from groups 2 and 3 in domain scores for sexual desire and erectile function, and in the overall BDI-II score. It was also characterised by lower levels of total testosterone and calculated free testosterone. Reduction of drug doses normalised sexual desire and erectile function, reduced BDI-II scores and increased prolactin as well as total and free calculated testosterone. Groups 2 and 3 did not differ from each other in sexual functioning, depressive symptoms or hormone levels. ConclusionsThe results obtained indicate that men with dopamine agonist-induced hypoprolactinaemia are characterised by impaired sexual functioning and reduced wellbeing. These disturbances are a consequence of subnormal prolactin levels and do not seem to reflect adverse effects of dopamine agonists.

Multiple Minority Stress and Behavioral Health Among Young Black and Latino Sexual Minority Men.

Purpose: Young Black and Latino sexual minority men may experience multiple minority stressors, which may negatively impact behavioral health. To investigate this, longitudinal associations between multiple minority stressors and behavioral health outcomes were examined over a 2-year period. Methods: Data were from the Healthy Young Men's Cohort Study. The present study used five waves of data collected every 6 months from 2016 to 2019. Participants were young Black and/or Latino sexual minority men in Los Angeles, California (n = 448; aged 16-24). Participants self-reported their experiences of racial and homonegative discrimination, internalized homonegativity, alcohol use, and depressive symptoms. Latent growth curve models with time-varying covariates examined contemporaneous associations between minority stressors as well as general life stress and behavioral health measures. Results: After accounting for general life stress and demographic characteristics, racial discrimination was persistently associated with unhealthy alcohol use. Internalized homonegativity was associated with unhealthy alcohol use initially, but this association became non-significant over time. In models predicting depressive symptoms, racial discrimination was a significant predictor at early waves, and homonegative discrimination and internalized homonegativity emerged as significant predictors at later waves. Conclusion: These results help clarify which multiple minority stressors are more prominent in their relationship to young Black and Latino sexual minority men's unhealthy alcohol use and depressive symptoms. Interventions targeting multiple minority stressors may be needed at different times during young adulthood.

J. Young's Early Maladaptive Schemas and Symptoms of Male Depression.

Aim: There are more non-specific, hence harder to diagnose, symptoms in the picture of male depression. These symptoms are strongly linked to social norms and roles traditionally assigned to men. The aim of this study was to assess the interrelationship of early maladaptive schemas that affect the formation of self-image as a man with indicators of male depression. Materials and methods: The Gender-Sensitive Depression Screening (GSDS-26) by A.M. Möller-Leimkühler and the Early Maladaptive Schema Questionnaire by J. Young (YSQ-S3-PL) were used. A group of 75 men (aged 18 to 50) were qualified to take part in the research. Results: The total score of the GSDS-26 scale and individual indicators of male depression are strongly positively correlated with the severity of all five domains of the YSQ-S3-PL questionnaire. The highest correlation coefficient value was obtained in the following areas: “Disconnection and rejection” (0.741), “Other-directedness” (0.711), and “Overvigilance and inhibition” (0.711). In case of the GSDS-26 total score and the following indicators—Elevated stress, Aggressiveness, Emotional control, Risky behavior, and Classic symptoms of depression—positive statistically significant associations were confirmed with each of the 18 schemas from the YSQ-S3-PL questionnaire. Multiple regression results revealed that the following domains were significant for symptoms typical of male depression: “Disconnection and rejection” and “Impaired autonomy and performance”. The “Impaired limits” area was found to be statistically significant only for symptoms of classic depression. Conclusions: (1) The GSDS-26 scale scores show positive associations with each domain of the YSQ-S3-PL questionnaire. (2) The following areas seem to be more important for atypical depressive symptoms in men: “Disconnection and rejection” and “Impaired autonomy and performance”, while for classic depression: “Impaired limits” was more important. (3) In therapeutic work with male depressive symptoms, it is useful to focus on dominant maladaptive schemas alongside beliefs about stereotypical male roles.

The Perceptions and Self-management of Depressive Symptoms in Men: A Qualitative Study in a Province of Northeastern Thailand

Men and women may experience depression very differently. The previous studies found that women expressed emotional distress mean that they were more likely to be diagnosed with depression, while some men with depression tried to hide their emotions, so causing them to have delayed treatment. This qualitative research aimed to study the perception and management of depressive symptoms in Thai males before receiving treatment with psychiatric specialists. The participants who were diagnosed major depressive disorders and dysthymic disorders were 23 men by purposive sampling was used. Data were collected through in-depth interviews by a semi-structured interview, which was based on literature review and it was verified by advisor, the second author who experienced of qualitative study. Analyzed by content analysis based on the process of Colaizzi. The finding revealed that the perception and management of depressive symptoms were divided into 3 phases. Phrase 1 was the perception of abnormal symptoms affecting daily activities but an attempt to hide it and struggling for a normal life. Phrase 2 showed that Thai men’s perception of symptoms were thinking too much, ruminative thought causing suffering, and then trying to release the suffering and control ruminative thought. Phrase 3 was the perception of loneliness, hopelessness, suicidal thoughts, and then trying to seek help. Healthcare providers can use the findings as information for developing screening tools specific to Thai men. The information can also be used to develop psycho-education tools for close ones or family members to recognize and understand early symptoms so that care, assistance and access to treatment can be provided before severe depression is developed. The research was only carried out in 1 area, the results could not be generalized, besides that it could have multiple meanings or be biased if it was carried out in other areas with different cultures.&#x0D; HIGHLIGHTS&#x0D; &#x0D; Men and women may express symptoms of depression differently, women expressed emotional distress which meant that they were more likely to be diagnosed with depression, while some men with depression tried to hide their emotions&#x0D; The finding revealed that the perception and management of depressive symptoms were divided into 3 phases according to the duration and the perceived severity of the symptoms&#x0D; Phrase 1 was the perception of abnormal symptoms affecting daily activities but an attempt to hide it and struggling for a normal life. Phrase 2 showed that Thai men’s perception of symptoms were thinking too much, ruminative thought causing suffering, and then trying to release the suffering and control ruminative thought. Phrase 3 was the perception of loneliness, hopelessness, suicidal thoughts, and then trying to seek help&#x0D;

Associations of Physical Activity and Television Viewing With Depressive Symptoms of the European Adults.

Background: While mentally passive sedentary behavior such as television viewing (TV) is often related with depressive symptoms, some research shows that physical activity (PA) may attenuate this association. Thus, this study aimed to examine the associations between TV, PA, and depressive symptoms, considering sociodemographic covariates.Methods: A sample of 29,285 adults (13,943 men; 15,342 women) with a mean age of 50.9 ± 17.4 years (50.6 ± 17.3 men; 51.1 ± 17.5 women) from the European Social Survey agreed to be respondents for this study. Data for sociodemographic variables, TV watching, PA, and depressive symptoms were self-reported. Different statistical procedures were conducted to provide evidence for the association between study variables. ANCOVA was used to analyze the association between TV watching and depressive symptoms. Linear regression analysis was conducted to analyze the association between PA and depressive symptoms. General Linear Model was performed to analyze the association of TV watching and on depressive symptoms, controlling for PA.Results: European adults who responded watching more than 2 h per day showed higher scores for depressive symptoms. Higher participation in PA was negatively and significantly associated with depressive symptoms in men (β = −0.15, 95% CI: −0.18, −0.13), and women (β = −0.23, 95% CI: −0.26, −0.21). Men spending 1–2 h/day TV watching and engaging in PA ≥ 5 days/week presented the lowest scores on depressive symptoms. The lowest scores on depressive symptoms was observed in women engaging 2–4 days/week in PA and spending <1 h/day in TV watching.Conclusions: More time spent in TV watching is related with increased scores on depressive symptoms. However, regular PA participation can weaken this association.

Free Papers Compiled

BACKGROUNDThe association between testosterone and depression is extensively debated1. Testosterone being a neuro-active steroid hormone, is responsible for growth and development of male primary sexual organs2, musculoskeletal system and influencing mood and appetitive behaviour1. Several lines of research have examined the potential role of testosterone therapy in alleviating depressive symptoms1. Thus, considering hypo-testosteronism as a differential diagnosis of depressive disorders in males or testosterone supplementation in such cases as treatment for depression is important but not commonly practiced.CASE SERIESIn this case series, we describe two male patients with young onset depression, who did not respond to adequate trials of multiple antidepressants, were evaluated independently elsewhere by endocrinologist,and detected to have low levels of testosterone. The depressive symptoms improved with initiation of testosterone supplementation in both the cases.DISCUSSION & CONCLUSIONThis case series provides insight into this clinical phenomenon where low testosterone may be associated with depressive mood symptoms, thus testosterone supplementation being imperative in such cases. Testosterone causes increased serotonin release in the dorsal raphe nuclei and facilitates general and antidepressant-induced neuroplasticity in the hippocampal formation, which can be considered as central mechanisms of action against depression1. The beneficial role of testosterone use may thus be independent of hypogonal state as well.However, further studies are needed to ascertain the utility of initiating testosterone use in certain patient groups and develop guidelines to assess for hypo-testosteronism in young males with treatment resistant depression.Reference1. Walther A, Breidenstein J, Miller R. Association of testosterone treatment with alleviation of depressive symptoms in men: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA psychiatry. 2019 Jan 1;76(1):31-40.2. Ravan JP, Pattnaik JI, Nath S, Kumar S. Intervention Strategy for Amennorhoea, Galactorrhoea, osteopenia and Sexual dysfunction caused by Antipsychotic induced Hyperprolactinemia. In indian journal of psychiatry 2019 jan 1 (vol. 61, no. 9, pp. S443-s443). Wolters kluwer india pvt ltd, a-202, 2nd flr, qube, cts no 1498a-2 village marol, andheri east, mumbai, 400059, india: wolters kluwer medknow publications.

Distinct Influences of Social Activity and Social Connectedness on Depressive Symptoms in Older Adult Couples

This study aimed to simultaneously examine the associations between social activity and connectedness and depressive symptoms in older adult couples. Using SEM and data from 116 community-dwelling couples (age 76.18 ± 8.49), we found that engagement in social activities was associated with lower depressive symptoms in men (p = 0.014), whereas more close friendships were associated with lower depressive symptoms in women (p = 0.018), controlling for partner effects, age, education, and cognitive function (CFI: 1.00, TLI: 1.35, RMSEA: 0.00 [0.00, 0.08]). Unexpectedly, we also found better female physical health to be associated with greater depressive symptoms in males (p = 0.029). When examined as dyadic physical health, more incongruence between the physical health of partners was associated with greater depressive symptoms in men (p = 0.007). Discussion will focus on distinct influences of social activity and connectedness on mental health, and the context of gender, marriage, and dyadic health.

The Relationship Between Psychosocial Factors and Adherence to Treatment in Men, Premenopausal and Menopausal Women with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

IntroductionType 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic disease that begins in adulthood, and is caused by multiple factors. The onset of menopause involves changes that predispose women to the development of T2DM, which can worsen if the adherence to treatment is inadequate due to psychosocial factors or medications. The present study aims to describe the psychosocial factors that may affect adherence to treatment among men and premenopausal and menopausal women with T2DM.MethodsThis was a cross-sectional study of 96 patients with T2DM, who were divided into three groups: 1) men (n=32); 2) premenopausal women (n=32); and 3) menopausal women (n=32). Somatometric and metabolic control data were obtained. Adherence to treatment and psychosocial factors were evaluated: social support, belief in conventional medicine, disease denial, and depressive symptoms.ResultsAdherence to medication had a negative correlation with depressive symptoms in men (p <0.001) and menopausal women (p <0.021). Dietary adherence had a positive correlation with belief in conventional medicine in men (p <0.037) and premenopausal women (p <0.029).ConclusionMedication adherence in men and menopausal women was correlated with fewer depressive symptoms. Adherence to diet in men and premenopausal women was correlated with greater belief in conventional medicine. The results show the diversity of psychosocial factors among the groups that must be addressed in order to improve adherence.

Relationship between sleep duration and depressive symptoms in middle-aged and elderly people in four provinces of China

Objective: To explore the relationship between sleep duration and depressive symptoms in middle-aged and elderly people. Methods: A total of 11 931 middle-aged and elderly people aged ≥55 years who participated in the baseline survey of the "Community Cohort Study of Specialized Nervous System Diseases" in China from 2018 to 2019 were selected to obtain basic information about their lifestyle, food intake frequency, disease history, sleep duration. The body height and weight were measured, and body mass index (BMI) were calculated. The subjects with depressive symptoms were screened with the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-30). Restricted cubic spline model and multivariate logistic regression model were used to analyze the relationship between sleep duration and depressive symptoms. Results: Among the middle-aged and elderly people aged ≥55 years, 17.79% reported sleep duration less than 7 hours, 16.84% reported that their sleep duration ≥9 hours, and the detection rate of depression symptoms was 7.95%. After adjusting for factors such as region, age, gender, the restricted cubic spline results showed the U-shaped relationship between sleep duration and the risk for depressive symptoms, the results of multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the risk for depressive symptom in middle-aged and elderly people aged ≥55 years with sleep duration ≤5 hours, 6 hours, and ≥9 hours were 1.749(95%CI:1.279-2.392), 1.284(95%CI:1.021-1.615) and 1.260(95%CI:1.033-1.538) times higher compared with the counterparts with sleep duration 7-8 hours, the risk for depressive symptom in women with sleep duration ≤5 hours, 6 hours and ≥9 hours were 2.115 (95%CI:1.473-3.038), 1.605(95%CI:1.213-2.123) and 1.313(95%CI:1.011-1.705) times higher, respectively, compared with counterparts with sleep duration 7-8 hours, the risk for depressive symptoms in 55-64-year-old middle-aged and elderly people with sleep duration ≤5 hours and ≥9 hours were 1.806 (95%CI:1.014-3.217) and 1.478 (95%CI:1.060-2.061) times higher compared with counterparts with sleep duration 7-8 hours, and the risk for depressive symptoms in elderly people aged 65-74 years with sleep duration ≤5 hours was 2.112 (95%CI:1.327-3.361)times higher compared with counterparts with sleep duration 7-8 hours, the differences were all significant (P<0.05). There was no statistically significant association between sleep duration and depressive symptoms in men and in elderly people aged ≥75 years (P>0.05). Conclusion: Insufficient or prolonged sleep was independently associated with depressive symptoms in middle-aged and elderly people, showing a U-shaped relationship, especially in women and in middle-aged and elderly people aged 55-64 years.

Depressive symptoms in men immediately after birth

ObjectiveDepression is the second leading cause of morbidity worldwide. This study aimed to assess the prevalence and associated risk factors of paternal postpartum depressive symptoms (PPD). MethodsIn a cross-sectional study, via a stratified random and convenience sampling method 591 couples who were referred to Mazandaran primary health centers between 2 and 8 weeks postpartum were recruited from March to October 2017. Couples were screened for depressive symptoms using Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). Fathers provided information on socio-demographic characteristics, life events, neonatal stressor, perceived stress (Perceived Stress Scale), social support (Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support), and general health status using General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) as well. Data was analyzed using multiple logistic regression. ResultsOverall, 93 fathers (15.7%) and 188 mothers (31.8%) reported depressive symptoms above the cut-off EPDS score of 12. In the multiple logistic regression model, older age, maternal depressive symptoms, higher GHQ-12 scores and increased recent life events were related to paternal PPD. A significant inverse association was found between number of children and paternal PPD. ConclusionDepressive symptoms especially in first-time fathers following the birth of a child are not uncommon. Creating opportunities for men to access special health care services, parental education to help adapting to parenthood, screening programs, and psychiatric/psychosocial interventions to decrease suffering of depression for both depressed parents are recommended.

Self-perceived gender expression, discrimination, and mental health disparities in adulthood

Applying a symbolic interactionist and minority stress framework, we examine how self-perceived gender expression and everyday discrimination contributes to gender disparities in mental health using a sample of 5896 cisgender women and 4433 cisgender men from Wave 1 (ages 11–18) and Wave 5 (ages 33–43) of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health). We estimate Poisson regression to assess counts of depressive symptoms, and logistic regression to assess odds of suicidality, as a function of self-perceived gender expression, experiences of discrimination, and other established correlates of poor mental health outcomes. We then utilize generalized structural equation models to test whether self-perceived gender expression mediates the relationship between discrimination and mental health. Results suggest women report more variation in their perceived gender expression than men. Higher levels of perceived gender expression nonconformity are associated with depressive symptoms for men and women, even when accounting for experiences of discrimination. In addition, elevated discrimination is associated with increased depressive symptoms and higher odds of suicidality. Mediation analyses suggest that discrimination works directly and indirectly through self-perceived gender expression to shape mental health outcomes. This study contributes to a more nuanced understanding of the association between gender and mental health.