Association In Men Research Articles

Case Studies in Physiology: Male to female transgender swimmer in college athletics.

There is current scientific and legal controversy about sports competition eligibility regulations for transgender athletes. In this case study, we quantified performances by an elite, transgender woman (male sex, female gender identity) college swimmer who competed in both the men's and women's National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) categories. We also contextualized her performances with respect to world-record performances and contemporary elite college swimmers. These data demonstrate that the declines in freestyle swimming performances of a transgender woman after about 2 yr of reported feminizing gender-affirming hormone treatment (0.5% for the 100 to 7.3% for the 1,650 yard distance) are smaller than the observed sex-related differences in performance of top 200 world record performances in metric distances of similar durations (11.4% for the 100 m to 9.3% for the 1,500 m distance). Despite slower performances, the transgender woman swimmer experienced improvements in performance for each freestyle event (100 to 1,650 yards) relative to sex-specific NCAA rankings, including producing the best swimming time in the NCAA for the 500-yard distance (65th in the men's category in 2018-2019 to 1st in the women's, 2022). Similarly, NCAA-ranked male swimmers had no improvements in rank in the men's category during the same time frame. Our findings suggest that the performance times of the transgender woman swimmer in the women's NCAA category were outliers for each event distance and suggest that the transgender woman swimmer had superior performances relative to rank-matched swimmers. Our analysis may be useful as a framework for regulators considering participation guidelines, which promote fair competition for all athletes-irrespective of gender identity.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This case study, longitudinal analysis of freestyle swimming performances before and after 2 yr of feminizing gender-affirming hormone therapy of an elite transgender woman (male sex, female gender identity), demonstrates superior performance relative to rank-matched female swimmers and a lower performance gap than previously observed between elite male and female swimmers.

Household stock market participation in South Africa: the role of financial literacy and social interactions

PurposeOne of the most important phenomena that have been confronted in the field of household finance is the stock market participation puzzle. The puzzle describes the anomaly that the majority of households do not have ownership of stock market products, though empirically stocks give higher expected returns than risk-free assets. The stock market participation rate plays an important role as it has a direct bearing on the equity premium. In this study, the authors aim to investigate how financial literacy and various proxies of social interaction are associated with stock market participation in South Africa.Design/methodology/approachThe study uses probit regression and ordinary least squares using the South African National Income Dynamics survey Wave 5 of 2017 to investigate whether financial literacy and social interaction are significantly associated with stock market participation. The financial literacy index is computed using factor analysis on the responses to the financial literacy questions used in the survey. The authors use three proxies for social interaction, namely membership in a Stokvel, membership in a men's association and membership in a women's association.FindingsThe results reveal that an increase in financial literacy increases the odds of respondents participating in the stock market. Among the control variables, age, race and level of education are significantly associated with stock market participation. When it comes to social interaction, it is belonging to a men's association that is significantly associated with stock market participation. The other proxies for social interaction are insignificantly associated with stock market participation.Originality/valueThe study contributes to the extant literature by using a set of proxies for social interaction that have the potential to influence stock market participation which have not been used in a South African context.

Predictors of altered states of consciousness triggered by sexual activity

ABSTRACT Introduction Altered states of consciousness (ASCs) refer to marked changes in usual waking consciousness. Sexual arousal, orgasm, and resolution, are modulated by neural pathways that are also activated by psychoactive substances that trigger ASCs. Relatedly, self-report studies show that sexual activity may trigger ASCs. However, investigation about sex-related ASCs is scarce. More knowledge in this regard is important, as these states can be pleasant and enriching. Objectives To explore correlates and predictors of ASCs elicited by sexual activity. Method The international sample consisted of 291 participants who responded to an online survey (196 women, 95 men). Sexual functioning was measured with the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) and the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-15). The Modified Tellegen Absorption Scale was used to measure the general propensity to experience ASCs by various triggers (absorption). Alterations of consciousness beginning during or shortly after the last sexual encounter were assessed by four subscales of the Altered States of Consciousness Rating Scale (OAV): 1) Experience of Unity (sense of merging between self and surroundings), 2) Spiritual Experience (sense of connection with a reality outside space and time as ordinarily experienced), 3) Insightfulness (emergence of original thoughts), 4) Blissful State (unusual sense of pleasure, peace, and love). Results Better female sexual function (FSFI total score) correlated significantly with Experience of Unity (r = .24), Blissful State (r = .37), Spiritual Experience (r = .25), and marginally with Insightfulness (r = .15, p = .069). Arousal was the dimension of female sexual function more robustly correlated with ASCs; female arousal correlated with Experience of Unity (r = .27), Blissful State (r = .40), Spiritual Experience (r = .24), and Insightfulness (r = .20). Women's absorption was significantly related to higher desire (r = .15), but not to other dimensions of sexual functioning. In women, sexual arousal and absorption independently predicted Experience of Unity (βSA = .26, βAB = .45), Spiritual Experience (βSA = .23, βAB = .50), Blissful State (βSA = .40, βAB = .29), and Insightfulness (βSA = .19, βAB = .47). All other dimensions of female sexual functioning did not significantly explain additional variance. Men's associations between sexual functioning and ASCs were less consistent: male sexual satisfaction was significantly associated with Experience of Unity (r = .25), Blissful State (r = .34), and Insightfulness (r = .28); male orgasmic function was associated with Blissful State (r =.35). Other IIEF-15 dimensions were unrelated to ASCs. In men, sexual satisfaction and absorption independently predicted Experience of Unity (βSS = .29, βAB = .48), Spiritual Experience (βss = .20, βAB = .52), Blissful State (βSS = .37, βAB = .33), and Insightfulness (βSS = .33, βAB = .51). Conclusions The occurrence of sex-related ASCs appears to be independently related to sexual responsiveness and general propensity to experience ASCs by a variety of triggers, sexual and nonsexual. As noted in previous studies, ASCs and sexual functioning were more strongly related in women than in men. Studies on the importance of ASCs for sexual well-being are warranted. Disclosure Work supported by industry: no.

Physical intimate partner violence prevalence and associations among a nationally-representative sample of young men.

Primary care providers can ask men about intimate partner violence (IPV) perpetration or victimization using validated questions, yet physicians feel unprepared to screen men for IPV. Few studies examine men's physical IPV categories of perpetration-only, both perpetration and victimization, and victimization-only, or their associations with technology-facilitated abuse (TFA). Assess (1) prevalence of men's physical IPV and (2) associations of physical IPV with demographics, children, health services use, self-reported physical or mental health diagnoses, substance use problems, and TFA. Survey with survey-weighted descriptive statistics and multinomial logistic regression. Community-based nationally representative sample of U.S. men using IPSOS KnowledgePanel August-September 2014. 2,889 men age 18-35 with response rate 47% (1346/2889). Inclusion criteria "ever in a romantic relationship" yielded analysis sample 1074 men. Physical IPV categories: perpetration-only, both perpetration and victimization, and victimization-only. Among young U.S. men, physical IPV was reported by 2.5% perpetration only, 16.7% both perpetration and victimization, and 10.0% victimization only. Multivariate analyses showed physical IPV perpetration-only associated with primary care use (AOR 0.25, 95%CI 0.09-0.70), chronic pain (AOR 6.92, 95%CI 1.74-27.55), and prescription opioid misuse (AOR 2.31, 95%CI 1.53-3.47); IPV both perpetration and victimization associated with belief that children who do not witness parental IPV are still harmed (AOR 0.59, 95%CI 0.43-0.82), primary care use (AOR 0.54, 95%CI 0.31-0.94), alcohol misuse (AOR 1.08, 95%CI 1.01-1.15), prescription opioid misuse (AOR 1.58, 95%CI 1.09-2.29), TFA delivered only (AOR 3.64, 95%CI 1.23-10.80), TFA both delivered and received (AOR 6.08, 95%CI 3.32-11.13), TFA received only (AOR 4.95, 95%CI 1.54-15.91); IPV victimization-only associated with mental healthcare visits (AOR 2.34, 95%CI 1.19-4.64), TFA both delivered and received (AOR 2.31, 95%CI 1.16-4.58), and TFA received only (AOR 5.26, 95%CI 2.24-12.38). Among young U.S. men, physical IPV was reported by 1 in 40 for perpetration only, 1 in 6 for both perpetration and victimization, and 1 in 10 for victimization only. Primary care physicians can consider assessing physical IPV among male patients. Limitations include self-report and no context for IPV.

Hidden in Plain Sight? Men's Coping Patterns and Psychological Distress Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Individuals cope with stress using multiple strategies, yet studies of coping profiles are rare. We draw data from a longitudinal study of Australian men (n = 272; 30–37 years), assessed before (T1) and during (T2) a nation-wide COVID-19 lockdown. We aimed to: (1) identify men's multi-strategy coping profiles before and during the pandemic; (2) assess cross-sectional (T1-T1, T2-T2) and prospective (T1-T2) associations between profiles and symptoms of psychological distress (stress, anxiety, depression, and anger); and (3) examine relationships between coping profiles and appraisals of pandemic-related stressors and options for coping. In latent profile analyses of 14 coping strategies, three profiles emerged that were largely consistent across T1 and T2: (1) Relaxed Copers (low use of all strategies), (2) Approach Copers, and (3) Dual Copers (high avoidant and moderate-high approach-oriented strategies). Compared to Relaxed and Approach Copers, men who were Dual Copers had elevated psychological distress cross-sectionally before (T1) and during (T2) the pandemic, but not prospectively. Post hoc analyses suggested this was because many men changed coping profiles in the context of the pandemic. Men with stable (T1-T2) or new (T2 only) Dual Coping profiles experienced greater psychological distress and more negative appraisals of pandemic stressors and options for coping. In sum, at the sample level, the composition of men's coping profiles and associations with mental health risk were relatively stable over time and contexts; however, many men appeared to respond to pandemic conditions by changing coping profile groups, with mostly positive mental health outcomes. Of concern were men who adopted more avoidant strategies (e.g., denial, self-distraction, disengagement, substance use, and self-blame) under pandemic conditions. These Dual Coper men also engaged in commonly observable approach-oriented behaviours (e.g., planning, active coping, humour, seeking practical social support) that may mask their vulnerability to mental health risk. Our findings highlight the clinical importance of enquiring about escalating or frequent avoidant coping even in the presence of more active and interactive approach-oriented behaviours.

Prevalence of Inflammatory Heart Disease Among Professional Athletes With Prior COVID-19 Infection Who Received Systematic Return-to-Play Cardiac Screening

The major North American professional sports leagues were among the first to return to full-scale sport activity during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Given the unknown incidence of adverse cardiac sequelae after COVID-19 infection in athletes, these leagues implemented a conservative return-to-play (RTP) cardiac testing program aligned with American College of Cardiology recommendations for all athletes testing positive for COVID-19. To assess the prevalence of detectable inflammatory heart disease in professional athletes with prior COVID-19 infection, using current RTP screening recommendations. This cross-sectional study reviewed RTP cardiac testing performed between May and October 2020 on professional athletes who had tested positive for COVID-19. The professional sports leagues (Major League Soccer, Major League Baseball, National Hockey League, National Football League, and the men's and women's National Basketball Association) implemented mandatory cardiac screening requirements for all players who had tested positive for COVID-19 prior to resumption of team-organized sports activities. Troponin testing, electrocardiography (ECG), and resting echocardiography were performed after a positive COVID-19 test result. Interleague, deidentified cardiac data were pooled for collective analysis. Those with abnormal screening test results were referred for additional testing, including cardiac magnetic resonance imaging and/or stress echocardiography. The prevalence of abnormal RTP test results potentially representing COVID-19-associated cardiac injury, and results and outcomes of additional testing generated by the initial screening process. The study included 789 professional athletes (mean [SD] age, 25 [3] years; 777 men [98.5%]). A total of 460 athletes (58.3%) had prior symptomatic COVID-19 illness, and 329 (41.7%) were asymptomatic or paucisymptomatic (minimally symptomatic). Testing was performed a mean (SD) of 19 (17) days (range, 3-156 days) after a positive test result. Abnormal screening results were identified in 30 athletes (3.8%; troponin, 6 athletes [0.8%]; ECG, 10 athletes [1.3%]; echocardiography, 20 athletes [2.5%]), necessitating additional testing; 5 athletes (0.6%) ultimately had cardiac magnetic resonance imaging findings suggesting inflammatory heart disease (myocarditis, 3; pericarditis, 2) that resulted in restriction from play. No adverse cardiac events occurred in athletes who underwent cardiac screening and resumed professional sport participation. This study provides large-scale data assessing the prevalence of relevant COVID-19-associated cardiac pathology with implementation of current RTP screening recommendations. While long-term follow-up is ongoing, few cases of inflammatory heart disease have been detected, and a safe return to professional sports activity has thus far been achieved.

Nutrition-sensitive agriculture programme impacts on time use and associations with nutrition outcomes.

Success of nutrition‐sensitive agriculture programmes targeted to women may be influenced by increased demands on women's and other household members' time and by time‐related trade‐offs to accommodate programme participation. However, evidence of how such programmes impact time use and whether changes in time‐related demands negatively influence maternal or child health and nutrition outcomes is limited. This paper examines the impact of Helen Keller International's Enhanced Homestead Food Production programme in Burkina Faso (2010–2012) on women's and men's time use and associations between changes in women's time use and maternal and child health and nutrition outcomes. We used quantitative data from a cluster‐randomized controlled trial (baseline 2010, endline 2012) and qualitative data from two rounds of process evaluation (2011, 2012). Two‐stage analyses were used to first assess programme impacts on women's and men's time use using difference‐in‐difference impact estimates and second to evaluate whether programme impacts on women's time use were associated with changes in women's and children's health and nutrition outcomes. Programme impacts were considered significant if corrected P < 0.01, and associations were considered significant if p < 0.05 and p < 0.01. Qualitative data were analysed through manual coding and by calculating the means and standard deviations for the time spent by women and men on activities in intervention and control groups. Findings show that the programme significantly increased the amount of time women spent on agriculture in the intervention compared to the control group, but this was not associated with changes in maternal or child health or nutrition outcomes. Process evaluation data supported these findings.

Associação Internacional dos Trabalhadores em Portugal (1871–1873)

A Associação Internacional dos Trabalhadores surge tardiamente em Portugal. É somente em 1871 que ela contacta com os socialistas portugueses, portanto, num momento em que suas lutas internas eram intensas. As lutas políticas sentidas na Primeira Internacional estarão constantemente presentes na construção da Internacional em Portugal. Este artigo propõe deixar claro como um país periférico, como Portugal, desempenhou um papel importante nas batalhas internas da Primeira Internacional, e explorar os contatos feitos pela Aliança de Democracia Socialista de Mikhail Bakunin, bem como pelo Conselho Geral da Internacional através de Karl Marx e Friedrich Engels. Estas sensibilidades pretendiam conquistar o controle do socialismo português e, de fato, os socialistas portugueses estavam receptivos aos dois campos políticos do internacionalismo.

A Study of Physical Education Promotion Plan for the Young Men's Association by “HOTOKUKAI” in the Early Taisho Era: An Analysis of the “SHIMIN” Bulletins*

A Study of Physical Education Promotion Plan for the Young Men's Association by “HOTOKUKAI” in the Early Taisho Era: An Analysis of the “SHIMIN” Bulletins*

Sporting Activities of the Young Men's Association during the Period between Taisho Era and Pre-war Showa Era : An Analysis of the Fuchu-Sport Bulletins*

Sporting Activities of the Young Men's Association during the Period between Taisho Era and Pre-war Showa Era : An Analysis of the Fuchu-Sport Bulletins*

Junkfood Activism: How Stepford Became Shorthand for a Certain Kind of Woman

Junkfood Activism:How Stepford Became Shorthand for a Certain Kind of Woman Britt Tisdale (bio) On Ira Levin's. The Stepford Wives (Random House, 1972). Stepford /ˈstɛpˌfəd/adjective (informal, derogatory) 1 blandly conformist and submissive: aStepford employeenoun 2 Stepford wife, a married woman whosubmits to her husband's will and ispreoccupied by domestic concernsand her own personal appearance. The year was 1972. Nixon was president; Watergate was scandalizing; the Olympics were held in Sapporo, Japan, and Munich, Germany, where eleven Israeli athletes were taken hostage and killed. The Godfather and Clockwork Orange headlined theatre marquees, and the playlist—by then, the cool kids had abandoned 8-tracks for cassette tapes—glittered with ABBA and Ziggy Stardust. That year, The National Book Award skewed grotesque to Flannery O'Connor's The Complete Short Stories with E.L. Doctorow's The Book of Daniel among the finalists. Children's literature welcomed Roald Dahl's Charlie and the Great Glass Elevator which I wouldn't love until years later. In October of '72, the "New and Novel" column of The New York Times devoted exactly two paragraphs to American novelist and playwright Ira Levin, best known for jump-starting the horror genre with A Kiss Before Dying and Rosemary's Baby. [End Page 201] Adjacent to a glowing ad for the Doctorow book, The Times called The Stepford Wives "a little ambush of Women's Lib, life and the pursuit of happiness," in a catch-all column for books deemed worthy of mention, but not a stand-alone. On other "Best Of" lists, Wives was nowhere to be seen. In the forty years following, however, Stepford entered the English lexicon, and spawned two major motion pictures plus three television sequels including Revenge of the Stepford Wives, The Stepford Children, and The Stepford Husbands. A short novella by today's standards and a blip on the radar at its release, how did The Stepford Wives become an enduring cultural touchstone? The novel endures in our national consciousness not due to its artistic merit, but because it captures the zeitgeist, providing useful shorthand to a culture as much—some would say, more—in fear of corruption and subjugation today as it was in 1972, functioning exactly as Levin intended. My tattered first edition copy cost me $2 at a library book sale. The yellowing jacket shows rows of disembodied wife heads, their bouffant hairdos tinged pastel. Protagonist Joanna Eberhart's floating head is smack in the middle, her expression the 1970s version of, wtf? Levin's black-and-white author photo peers menacingly from the back cover, his face half-hidden in shadow. The front flap copy is prescient. It is one of those rare novels whose very title may well become part of our vocabulary. For, after reading it, you will never forget Stepford and the horror it contains; and there is a certain kind of woman who, from now on, will be known as a Stepford Wife. The novel is a satirical thriller following photographer and feminist Joanna Eberhart as she moves with husband Walter and their two young children from New York City to idyllic Stepford, Connecticut (based on Wilton, Conn., where Levin lived in the 1960s). Joanna is increasingly disturbed by Stepford's zombie-Barbie-like housewives, as well as the influential Men's Association helmed by ex-Disney animatronics engineer—think: Hall of Presidents—"Diz" Coba. Fearing the women of Stepford are being poisoned or brainwashed, Joanna digs into the library's archives in hopes of solving the mystery. Turns out, the housewives were former professionals and activists leading the now defunct Stepford Women's Club and League of Women Voters. When even her independent friend Bobbie turns robot-June-Cleaver, Joanna has had enough. The quintessential Final Girl of the horror genre, she attempts escape. The story ends with a butcher knife wielded by Bobbie, and Joanna's implied robo-wife conversion; afterward, she glides through the grocery store—Nicole Kidman is hair-raising in the second film adaptation—"looking terrific in a tightly belted pale blue coat." She insists, "Housework's enough for me. I used to feel I had...

Studies on Physical Education Promotion Policy for Young Men's Association in the Taisho Era: Focusing on the Administrative Process in Tokyo Prefecture*

Studies on Physical Education Promotion Policy for Young Men's Association in the Taisho Era: Focusing on the Administrative Process in Tokyo Prefecture*

CÉSAR DE PAEPE AND THE IDEAS OF THE FIRST INTERNATIONAL

This article explores the ideas of a key thinker of the International Working Men's Association in the 1860s and 1870s. César De Paepe, recognized by contemporaries as a major advocate of “collectivism,” attempted to justify social property as the logical consequence both of mutualist justice and of economic necessity. His theories played a significant role in informing the programs of other socialists in the turbulent 1870s, and sustained the successes of the Belgian workers’ party into the twentieth century. While historians focus on Marx and Bakunin or posit a break between “early” and “late” socialism, the study of De Paepe's writings in context draws attention to neglected themes in the intellectual development of modern socialism, and suggests that “utopianism” could underwrite practical politics. The article concludes by reflecting on De Paepe's significance for contemporary politics and the practice of intellectual history.

Automatic Sex-Liking and Sex-Failure Associations in Men With Sexual Dysfunction

Current models of sexual functioning imply an important role for both automatic and controlled appraisals. Accordingly, it can be hypothesized that erectile dysfunction may be due to the automatic activation of negative appraisals at the prospect of sexual intercourse. However, previous research showed that men with sexual dysfunction exhibited relatively strong automatic sex-positive instead of sex-negative associations. This study tested the robustness of this unexpected finding and, additionally, examined the hypothesis that perhaps more specific sex-failure versus sex-success associations are relevant in explaining sexual dysfunction and distress. Male urological patients (N = 70), varying in level of sexual functioning and distress, performed two Single-Target Implicit Association Tests (ST-IATs) to assess automatic associations of visual erotic stimuli with attributes representing affective valence (“liking”; positive versus negative) and sexual success versus sexual failure. Consistent with the earlier findings, the lower the scores on sexual functioning, the stronger the automatic sex-positive associations. This association was independent of explicit associations and most prominent in the younger age group. Automatic sex-positive and sex-failure associations showed independent relationships with sexual distress. The relationship between sexual distress and sex-failure associations is consistent with the view that automatic associations with failure may contribute to sexual distress.

The association between gender role stereotypes, resistance training motivation, and participation

ObjectivesTest the relationships between implicit gender stereotypes and perceptions of resistance training pleasantness, resistance training motivation, and participation among men and women. Test whether gender role moderates the effect of stereotypes on resistance training participation in men and women. DesignImplicit associations between resistance training and masculinity and pleasantness were measured using an Affect Misattribution Procedure (AMP). Moderated mediation analyses were conducted to test motivation as a mediator of the relationship between implicit associations and behavior. MethodParticipants (n = 170; 46% male) completed an AMP and measures of motivation for and participation in resistance training. ResultsWomen's implicit associations between exercise and masculinity were not associated with their motivation for or participation in resistance training. The strength of men's implicit masculinity-resistance training association was negatively related to minutes of resistance training per week, mediated by lower autonomous motivation, 95%CI [−419.15 to −11.10]. The association between implicit resistance training pleasantness and behavior was mediated by autonomous motivation in women, 95%CI [2.54 to 313.55], with similar trends in men 95%CImen [−3.00 to 320.38]. ConclusionBased on these findings, implicit associations with masculinity are not associated with women's participation in exercise. However, implicitly endorsing gender-stereotypes for resistance training is associated with lower participation rates in men.

The Popular Movement for Parliamentary Reform in Provincial Britain during the 1860s

Provincial perspectives are largely lacking in accounts of the emergence of the Second Reform Act, but a vigorous and innovative popular movement for reform emerged in the mid 1860s. A burgeoning newspaper press both conveyed and itself did much to create a sense of accelerating movement unparalleled since Chartism. Former Chartists, notably Ernest Jones, were significant organisers, but the infusion of this movement into communities hitherto untouched by organised popular politics was widespread. Formal organisations can be identified in at least 282 separate localities outside London. Conservative working men's associations, by contrast, were slow to emerge and ephemeral. A rich material and performative culture bore witness to workers’ sense of property in their skill, their education and importance as wealth creators, but also to the popular reform movement's profoundly gendered character. Though committed in principle to manhood suffrage, by the spring of 1867 working‐class reformers were largely reconciled to incremental change and middle‐class opinion about reform similarly softened. This is demonstrated in the history of the Reform League's ‘Yorkshire Department’ and the success of its president, Robert Meek Carter, at the 1868 parliamentary election in Leeds.

‘Pressure from Without’: Karl Marx and 1867

The period 1864 to 1867 was among the most fruitful of Karl Marx's life. As well as writing up the manuscript of Capital, he was an active participant in the International Working Men's Association (IWMA), which had been founded in London in 1864. It was Marx who composed its ‘Inaugural Address’ and the ‘Rules’ of the Association, helping to define the new social democratic language of the 1860s. Internationally, the civil war in America, the Polish Rising and the achievements of Mazzini and Garibaldi in Italy provided a new context for radical thought in Britain, contributing to a new political activism among trade unionists. Marx was closely engaged in these debates, as well as with the leading figures in the campaign for reform of parliament. He followed the reform debates closely, debating both the goals and tactics of reformers as well as the potential for ‘pressure from without’. As such, the reform struggle provides an important case study in Marx's evolving political thought and in his understanding of the means by which political change might be achieved. It is important to remember that, until the eve of publication, his intention was to publish the whole of Capital in two volumes. This would have established a far closer connection between his ‘Critique of Political Economy’ and his concurrent conception of ‘pressure from without’. Had this happened, it would have led to a significantly different conception of the relationship between the politics and economics of ‘Marxism’.

The History of a Professional Organization: NAPEHE/NAKPEHE/NAKHE–Perspectives from Long-Standing Members

ABSTRACTIn 1978, the National College Physical Education Association for Men (NCPEAM) and the National Association for Physical Education College Women (NAPECW), two national professional physical education higher education associations, merged to form the National Association for Physical Education in Higher Education (NAPEHE). In an effort to better understand the perspectives of the two national associations and their philosophical underpinnings, a short history of each is provided as described in the first volume of Quest in 1963, a perspective 15 years prior to the merger.

Injuries sustained in National Collegiate Athletic Association men's and women's basketball, 2009/2010–2014/2015

Background/aimRecent rule changes regarding the safety of basketball athletes necessitate up-to-date reports of injury incidence. This study describes the epidemiology of injuries in men's and women's National Collegiate Athletic Association...

大正前期における報徳会の青年団体育奨励構想に関する研究：機関誌『斯民』を用いた検討

The Young Men's Association (YMA) was an education institute that provided business programs and further education for young men. Although previous research has thoroughly investigated the ideas and aims of the Department of the Army for encouraging physical education in the YMA, almost no investigation has focused on the ideas and aims of the Department of Home Affairs, which managed the YMA. Therefore, the present study focused on the hotokukai, which was an auxiliary organization of the Department of Home Affairs, to clarify the concepts behind the encouragement of physical education in the YMA hotokukai. As a result, the following points were clarified: 1) The hotokukai placed particular importance on cultivating a spirit of diligent service, in other words, vocational training, which is the root of the doctrine of moral requital, when educating young people. 2) The hotokukai sought to encourage physical education for young people to cultivate physical strength for manual labor. This viewpoint of the hotokukai regarding physical education for youth can be perceived as an attempt to improve the lives of individuals through labor. 3) In order to investigate the methods used for encouraging physical education, the hotokukai held conferences on policy matters. These conferences were attended by not only hotokukai councilors but also invited external experts on physical education, education and medicine. 4) The hotokukai compiled the results of these conferences and published recommendations for encouraging physical education in shimin. These recommendations included details of concepts relating to physical education for national citizens and in schools as well as concepts for encouraging physical education in the YMA. Among these, it is possible to perceive independent hotokukai concepts in the sense that encouragement of physical education for young people should not be biased towards military preparation, but with a stated emphasis on adaptation to labor.