Menopausal Women Research Articles

Accuracy of self-perceived cardiovascular disease risk and factors predicting risk underestimation in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women in Ismailia, Egypt.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death globally, with women at higher risk after menopause. This increased risk is attributed to both aging and hormonal changes. Prior research has established a link between CVD risk perception and adopting healthy behaviors to prevent CVD. This study aimed to assess the accuracy of self-perceived CVD risk in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women, and to identify factors that predict CVD risk underestimation among them. A cross-sectional study was conducted in the administrative sectors of Suez Canal University campus in Ismailia, Egypt, over a period of eight months starting in July 2022. A total of 390 eligible women (employees and workers) were randomly selected. Participants were interviewed to obtain data on demographics, medical history, self-perceived risk of CVD, self-perceived general health, awareness of factors that increase the risk of developing CVD, perceived stress, health literacy, numeracy, and self-perceived 10-year risk of developing major cardiovascular events. They also underwent measurements of blood pressure, weight, and height. The updated 2019 WHO/CVD risk non-laboratory-based prediction chart for the North Africa and Middle East Region was used to predict the 10-year risk of major cardiovascular events for the study participants. Risk accuracy was measured by comparing self-perceived CVD risk with predicted CVD risk. The ratio of self-perceived to predicted moderate/high CVD risk was 27.7% to 44.3%, respectively. The accuracy of CVD risk perception was 68.2%. Kappa analysis results showed fair and significant agreement between self-perceived and predicted CVD risk (kappa ± SE = 35.9 ± 4.1%, p < 0 .001). The proportion of women who underestimated their risks was 24.1%. Of those in the high-risk group, 93.3% underestimated their CVD risk, compared to 50.6% in the moderate-risk group. Factors that significantly predicted CVD risk underestimation included being married (aOR 14.5; 95% CI 1.4-149.9), low income (aOR 2.321; 95% CI 1.09-4.909), high BMI (aOR 4.78; 95% CI 1.9-11.9), hypertension (aOR 3.5; 95% CI 2-6.2), and old age (aOR 1.46; 95% CI 1.3-1.6). Approximately one-third of our study participants misperceived their CVD risk; of those who did, 75.8% underestimated it. Marital status, old age, low income, high BMI, and hypertension strongly predicted CVD risk underestimation. These findings identified the menopausal women subgroups that could benefit from targeted health interventions designed to reduce CVD risk underestimation and improve risk accuracy.

A descriptive study on quality of life among menopausal women residing in selected rural areas of Udupi district, Karnataka

Background: Menopause is defined as the period of time when ovarian function stops, resulting in permanent amenorrhea, or as the cessation of periods for a period of time equal to three prior cycles. Materials and Methods: A descriptive study conducted among 100 menopausal women, by using The Menopause-specific Quality of Life (MENQOL) Questionnaire, The data is collected by administering a semi structured socio-demographic proforma, residing at rural area in cherkady village of udupi district. Results: The data in Table 1 depicts the majority of the menopausal women 30 (30%) were in the age group of (46 to 50) years. The maximum percentage of the menopausal women 100(100%) were married. The maximum percentage of the menopausal women 62(62%) belong to the Hindu religion. The majority of the menopausal women with educational status 66(66%) were primary (1st std-7th std). Regarding the menopausal women occupation status 100 (100%) were unskilled workers. The majority of the menopausal women with educational status of husband 70(70%) were primary (1st std-7th std). Regarding the menopausal women occupation status of husband 55(55%) were semi-skilled worker. The majority of the primigravida women with place of residence 100(100%) were from rural area. Regarding the menopausal women type of family 53(53%) belonged to nuclear family. The highest percentage of menopausal women 100 (100%) had a monthly income ranging from Rs.2391-7101.A maximum of 34 (34%) attained menarche at the age of 12 years and 49(49%) of them were of61-70 kg weight. A maximum of menopausal women 100(100%) were doing exercise twice a week. About the majority of 99(99%) menopausal women were anemic. About the majority of 88(88%) menopausal women perceived adequate social support. None of them had habit of smoking and alcoholism.

Membranous Dysmenorrhea: An Underdiagnosed Condition

Dysmenorrhea is the most prevalent gynecological symptom in menopausal women. Currently defined as menstrual cramps, it is on the list of the main complaints in gynecological consultations. A sub-classification forgotten in medical dictionaries is membranous dysmenorrhea (MD), which corresponds to the elimination of membranes through the vaginal canal. The definitive diagnosis requires anatomopathological study, and abortion is the main differential diagnosis. As there are few cases in the literature, this study aims to present a series of eight cases, highlighting the pathophysiology and comparing the data with other studies to encourage discussion on the subject. This is an observational, longitudinal, retrospective study including women with clinical membranous dysmenorrhea (spontaneous elimination of fibroelastic material via the vagina). The results show that of the eight patients, seven had used or were using exogenous female hormones; 62.5% of the total had MD in the 2nd - 3rd decade of life, two had had previous abortions, and one was nulliparous. All these facts have been associated in the literature as etiological or contributing factors to MD. However, while diverging from the literature, our article showed that the infection factor is not mandatory for the occurrence of MD. In conclusion, proposing a single pathophysiological and etiological mechanism based on a series of cases and in comparison with other data in the literature is a challenge. However, consistently with what has been published, most of the cases presented were the result of an increased vascular response of the endometrium when exposed to an exogenous source of estrogen and progesterone, and this could be a hypothesis which, of course, requires further studies to establish the exact casuistry, but which contributes greatly as a source of data for future research.

КЛИНИЧЕСКАЯ ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТЬ НЕГОРМОНАЛЬНЫХ МЕТОДОВ ТЕРАПИИ ПАТАЛОГИЧЕСКОГО КЛИМАКТЕРИЧЕСКОГО СИНДРОМА У ЖЕНЩИН

The purpose of the study is to study the clinical effectiveness of the dietary supplement "Menophen" in comparison with β-alanine in the treatment of menopausal symptoms in women in the perimenopausal, menopausal and postmenopausal periods. Menopausal syndrome is a complex of vegetative-vascular, psycho-emotional, metabolic-endocrine, vaginal, sexual and other disorders. According to domestic authors, vasomotor disorders such as hot flashes, lability of blood pressure and pulse, increased sweating, chills, which significantly reduce the quality of life of patients and disrupt the circadian sleep-wake rhythm, come to the fore. Today, menopausal women continue to work actively, but hot flashes and sleep disturbances significantly reduce their level of performance and increase the number of absences from sick leave by 82%, compared to women without hot flashes. At the same time, 87.5% of women refuse to use and prescribe MHT, expressing doubts about the safety of their use; the main fears of patients are weight gain and the development of oncological pathology. Treatment with the dietary supplement Menofen leads to a decrease in the number and severity of psycho-emotional, metabolic-endocrine and neurovegetative disorders in menopausal women.

Transdermal Carboxytherapy for Treating Vulvovaginal Atrophy: A Pilot Study

Objective: Genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM) is a prevalent disorder that can negatively impact the overall health, sexual function, and quality of life of affected women; however, available data do not support specific treatment protocols. A novel product enables the noninvasive transdermal administration of carboxytherapy with a topical gel (CO2Lift®, Lumisque, Inc.; Weston, FL). The following randomized, placebo-controlled pilot study assessed the safety and efficacy of the transdermal carboxytherapy gel for treating GSM-related vulvovaginal changes. Methods: Menopausal or postmenopausal women 40 to 70 years old with signs or symptoms of vulvovaginal atrophy and Female Sexual Dysfunction were randomized to receive topical carboxytherapy gel (n=40) or placebo gel (n=10) in a randomized, double-blind fashion. The assigned treatments were placed into the vagina and on the vulva for 45 minutes before removal. Treatment was applied daily for 5 days, stopped for 2 days, then continued for 5 additional days. Subjects completed four validated pre- and posttreatment questionnaires to assess female sexual function, sexual health, and genital self-image. Additionally, control (n=10) and treatment subjects (n=10) were randomized to undergo 3 mm pre- and posttreatment punch biopsies of vulva and vaginal tissue. Results: Overall, carboxytherapy-treated subjects achieved significant improvements in Female Sexual Function Index scores with strong positive correlations between sexual desire and arousal, arousal and sexual satisfaction, and sexual satisfaction and desire. The Day-to-Day Impact of Vaginal Aging Questionnaire results demonstrated a significant difference in mean pre- and posttreatment values for each assessment among subjects receiving topical carboxytherapy. Biopsy improvements included hyperplasia of the keratinized squamous epithelium, discrete hyperplasia of the basal layer and neovascularization, and increased thickness of mucous squamous epithelium. There were no adverse events. Conclusion: Transdermal carboxytherapy represents a safe, noninvasive means of treating the genitourinary syndrome of menopause symptoms and is suitable for home use. Additional research on this treatment is warranted.

Estimation of Subfatin, Fetuin-A and other Parameters in Obese Menopause Women

Background: Menopause is an aging in women, it begins in most of them at 45 years old, the main reason of menopause is the decline of the Estrogen result from decline of ovaries function, it’s include many of symptoms such as nocturnal sweats, hot flashes, depression, elevated of anxiety, insomnia, sleep disturbance, genitalia include inflammation, dryness, urinary tract infections, painful urination, gaining weight, usually in the abdomen, hips and joint pain. Menopause leads to many disease include insulin resistance, atherosclerosis, chronic hearts disease, obesity, osteoporosis. The adipose tissue it's secretes active proteins such as subfatin which is adipocytokines regulates food intake. Fetuin-A is adipokines and hepatokiens that generated mainly by liver it serves to act as carrier of free fatty acid in circulation. Materials&amp; Methods: Ninety women ages (50-65) participated in the study. (45) non-obese menopausal women with BMI (22.08±3.39) Kg/m2 as a control group. (45) obese women in the menopause with a BMI (35.38±2.52) Kg/m2 as the second group. أعلى النموذجResults: The results showed that there was a significant decrease at (P≤ 0.01) in the level of Subfatin and increase at (P≤ 0.01) in Fetuin-A in the second group compared to the control group. Conclusion: This study found significant negative correlation between Subfatin and lipid profile and significant positive correlation between Fetuin-A and lipid profile.

The Effect of Hypnotherapy Methods on The Modification Scale of Menopause-Specific Quality of Life (Menqol) and Cortisol in Menopausal Women

A decrease in stressors will be followed by a decrease in cortisol, a basic principle used by researchers to apply hypnotherapy to menopausal women who experience complaints. Judging from treatment techniques, hypnotherapy is very far from pharmacological treatment. The role of the new instrument in measuring the quality of life of menopausal women uses a modified menopause quality of life scale. The general objective of this study is to prove the improvement of the scale of modification of menopausal quality of life with the influence of hypnotherapy through cortisol changes in menopausal women. The design of this study uses quasi-experimental, which is almost similar to the actual experimental method. The approach with the pretest-posttest control group was by comparing between two groups, namely the control group and the treatment group, and analyzed to see the effect of hypnotherapy on the quality of life of menopausal women through the MenQoL modification scale in accordance with the hypothesis that had been proposed previously. Both groups observed changes in the MenQoL modification scale through questionnaire collection and blood serum collection for cortisol examination (during the trance state cessation phase of the hypnotherapy group). After 4 weeks, both groups were again given hypnotherapy and healthy living education script (in the hypnotherapy group) and only given a healthy living education script (control group), then the cortisol test and the second MenQoL modification scale were repeated. The hypothesis is expected to have significant differences.

Managing Menopause: The Evolving Role of Estrogens, Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors, and Phytoestrogens in Balancing Hormonal Fluctuations.

Menopause is characterized by the cessation of menstruation for 12 consecutive months. In this narrative review, we describe the transitional stages of menopause, clinical presentation, pharmacological management of symptoms, and effects on fluctuating hormone levels. To standardize the stages of menopause, the Stages of Reproductive Aging Workshop + 10 (STRAW+10) system was designed with five distinct categories corresponding to symptom presentation and numerical years. Common clinical presentations consist of vasomotor hot flashes, mood changes, decreased libido, osteoporosis, and genitourinary changes, all of which are associated with changes in hormone levels.Because hormones play a major role in the mechanism of menopause, hormone replacement therapy with estrogen, progesterone, or a combination is explored and shown to demonstrate symptom reduction in a large percentage of women. Nonhormonal treatment and alternative therapies are used to treat vasomotor symptoms if contraindications present to hormone therapy or for those who prefer fewer side effects. Thus, many women experience uncomfortable symptoms during menopause, some of which cause significant changes in quality of life. In this regard, understanding the pathophysiology, symptomatology, and current treatment options with side effect profiles allows for continued research and discovery of advanced therapy for treating symptoms to ameliorate discomfort and pain in menopausal women.

Prevalence And Antibiotic Resistance Patterns of Urinary Tract Infections in Menopausal Women

Prevalence And Antibiotic Resistance Patterns of Urinary Tract Infections in Menopausal Women

Hubungan Tingkat Kecemasan dengan Frekuensi Hubungan Seksual pada Ibu Menopause di Desa Ramban Kulon Kecamatan Cermee Kabupaten Bondowoso

Menopause is caused by the decline in ovarian function due to aging, which leads to a decrease in estrogen production. This condition results in both physical and psychological changes, leading to various menopausal complaints. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between anxiety levels and sexual frequency in menopausal women in Ramban Kulon Village, Cermee District, Bondowoso Regency. This research used a quantitative design with a correlational approach and a cross-sectional method. The population consisted of all menopausal women aged 45-59 years in Ramban Kulon Village, totaling 462 individuals. A sample of 82 respondents was selected using random sampling. Data were collected using a questionnaire and analyzed using SPSS with the Spearman Rank test. The results showed that the majority of respondents (31.7%) experienced no anxiety, and most respondents (40.2%) reported low or no sexual activity. The Spearman Rank test yielded a significance value (Asymp. Sig) of 0.000 &lt; 0.05, indicating a significant relationship between anxiety levels and sexual frequency in menopausal women in Ramban Kulon Village. This study confirms the hypothesis and suggests that reducing anxiety may help menopausal women maintain sexual desire during this stage of life.

Effect of Isoflavone on Muscle Atrophy in Ovariectomized Mice.

Sarcopenia, characterized by muscle mass decline due to aging or other causes, is exacerbated by decreased estrogen levels after menopause in women. Isoflavones, a class of flavonoids acting on estrogen receptors, may have beneficial effects on metabolic disorders. We examined these effects in ovariectomized mice fed a high-fat, high-sucrose diet (HFHSD). At 7 weeks old, female C57BL6/J mice (18-20 g, n = 12) underwent bilateral ovariectomy (OVX), and were then fed a high-fat, high-sucrose diet starting at 8 weeks of age. Half of the mice received isoflavone water (0.1%). Metabolic analyses, including glucose and insulin tolerance tests, were conducted. Muscle analysis involved grip strength assays, next-generation sequencing, quantitative RT-PCR, and western blotting of skeletal muscle after euthanizing the mice at 14 weeks old. Additionally, 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis of the gut microbiota was performed. The results demonstrated that isoflavone administration did not affect body weight, glucose tolerance, or lipid metabolism. In contrast, isoflavone-treated mice had higher grip strength. Gene expression analysis of the soleus muscle revealed decreased Trim63 expression, and western blotting showed inactivation of muscle-specific RING finger protein 1 in isoflavone-treated mice. Gut microbiota analysis indicated higher Bacteroidetes and lower Firmicutes abundance in the isoflavone group, along with increased microbiota diversity. Gene sets related to TNF-α signaling via NF-κB and unfolded protein response were negatively associated with isoflavones. Isoflavone intake alters gut microbiota and increases muscle strength, suggesting a potential role in improving sarcopenia in menopausal women.

Women's Experiences of Intimate and Sexual Relationships During Menopause: A Qualitative Synthesis.

The aim of this literature review was to explore women's experiences of their intimate and sexual relationships during menopause. Evidence shows that the menopause transition can be a difficult time for women due to symptoms of menopause. There is little research evidence about how menopause-related symptoms impact women's intimate and sexual relationships. A qualitative synthesis was carried out on research published between May 2005 and July 2023 using five electronic databases: ASSIA, CINAHL, PubMed, PsycINFO and Web of Science. We also searched Google Scholar and used backward and forward chaining methods to identify results not listed in the databases and ensure that no relevant literature was omitted. Eighteen qualitative studies were included in this review. Six main themes were identified: the meaning of menopause to women in different cultures; factors affecting women's sexual lives; changes in sexual desire and orgasm; talking about sexual issues; women's attempts to overcome the impact of ageing and menopause on their sexual lives; and concerns about partner sexual satisfaction during the menopause. During the menopause transition, women can experience sexual difficulties that have an impact on their lives and intimate relationships. Qualitative studies showed that sexual changes associated with menopause can be difficult to manage and must be viewed in the social and cultural contexts of the women's lives. The results of this review will be of interest to nurses to assess patient needs while offering health services to women in menopause. In addition, the results can be used to inform education and support programmes for women. We have adhered to relevant EQUATOR guidelines and used the PRISMA-ScR reporting method. No patient or public contribution was required for this study.

The Effects of Diaphragmatic Breathing Exercise on Hot Flashes in Menopausal Women during the COVID-19 Pandemic Period:

Vasomotor symptoms are the most common problem during the menopausal period. This study investigated the effects of diaphragmatic breathing exercises on hot flashes in menopausal Turkish women during the COVID-19 pandemic period. The study was carried out as a randomized controlled trial with the participation of menopausal women aged 45-60 years in eastern Turkey. A total of 68 women formed two groups, 34 in each group. A Descriptive Characteristics Form and the Hot Flash-Related Daily Interference Scale were used to collect study data.The results of the study showed that the menopause period in most women was between one and five years. The participants stated that the COVID-19 pandemic period increased the frequency of their menopausal hot flashes to a statistically significant extent. While there was a statistically significant difference (p0.05).The diaphragmatic breathing exercises in this study were found to reduce hot flashes complaints during the menopausal period.

Extragonadal function of follicle-stimulating hormone: Evidence for a role in endothelial physiology and dysfunction

AimsFollicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) plays a fundamental role in reproduction stimulating ovarian folliculogenesis, Sertoli cells function and spermatogenesis. However, the recent identification of FSH receptor (FSHR) also in extra-gonadal tissues has suggested that FSH activity may not be limited only to fertility regulation, with conflicting results on the possible role of FSH in endothelial cells. The aim of this study was to investigate FSH role on endothelial function in Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells (HUVECs). ResultsEndothelial Nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) expression, eNOS phosphorylation and Nitric Oxide (NO) production resulted increased after the stimulation of HUVEC with recombinant human FSH (rhFSH) at 3.6x103 ng/ml, with increasing Calcium release from intracellular stores. Furthermore, IP3 production increased after rhFSH stimulation despite PTX treatment and NFAT1 was observed prevalently in nucleus.We observed a statistical difference between untreated cells and cells stimulated with 0.36x103 ng/ml and between cells stimulated with 0.36x103 ng/ml and cells stimulated with 1.8x103 ng/ml at 4 and 8 h by Wound healing assay, respectively. Furthermore, a higher cellular permeability was observed in stimulated cells, with atypical VE-cadherin distribution, as well as filamentous actin. ConclusionsOur findings suggest that FSH at high concentrations elicits a signalling that could compromise the endothelial membrane. Indeed, VE-cadherin anomalies may severely affect the endothelial barrier, resulting in an increased membrane permeability. Although NO is an important vasodilatation factor, probably an excessive production could impact on endothelial functionality, partially explaining the increased risk of cardiovascular diseases in menopausal women and men with hypogonadism.

Prevalence of offering menopause hormone therapy among primary care doctors and its associated factors: A cross-sectional study.

Guidelines recommend Menopausal Hormone Therapy (MHT) as the most effective treatment for menopausal symptoms. However, a local study found that the usage of MHT among menopausal women was low (8.1%), with one of the main reasons being it is not recommended by doctors. Therefore, the objectives of this study are to determine the prevalence of offering MHT in treating symptomatic menopausal women among primary care doctors (PCDs) and its associated factors. This cross-sectional study involved PCDs from the Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur, the Federal Territory of Putrajaya and the state of Selangor. All PCDs provided services in government primary care clinics from the three states were invited through the doctor in charge of each clinic. An online survey links was provided for the participants to the self-administered questionnaire. The questionnaire included PCDs' demographics, their menopause management practices, attitudes towards MHT, perceived barriers in offering MHT, knowledge of related guidelines and received training on menopause management. The outcome variable was offering MHT which defined as either prescription of MHT or referral to hospital for MHT initiation. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the factors associated with offering MHT. The response rate was 42.9% (559/1301). Of those who participated in the study, 77.8% of PCDs were female and 89.1% were medical officer. Although 66.9% of the participants reported offering MHT to their patients, the actual prescription rate was low (0.9%). Most PCDs (66%) would refer the patients to hospitals. 87.1% of PCDs (487/559) reported that MHT was not available in their clinic. In the past 12 months, 83% of PCDs had not received any related training. Female PCDs (AOR:2.5, CI: 1.51-4.13, p<0.001), perceiving MHT as preference treatment for menopause symptom (AOR:3.6, CI: 2.13-6.19, p < 0.001), having likelihood to recommend MHT to family and friends (AOR:3.0, CI: 1.87-4.83, p < 0.001), and receiving training on menopause management (AOR:2.7, CI: 1.30-5.56, p = 0.008) were the positive predictor of offering MHT. The negative predictors in offering MHT were no-experience in prescribing MHT (AOR: 0.4, CI: 0.15-0.87, p = 0.024) and lack of information regarding MHT for the patient (AOR: 0.4, CI:0.20-0.67, p < 0.001). The study revealed a low rate of MHT prescription among PCDs, with many relying on referrals to hospitals for managing menopausal symptoms. The findings underscore the need for strategies that includes fulfilling professional training gaps, improving MHT availability, and improving information dissemination for patient.

Biological Analysis of Factors Influencing the Acceleration of Menopause Age in Indonesian Women

Menopause marks the end of a woman's menstrual cycle, typically around age 51 in Indonesia. Early menopause, before age 45, increases the risk of cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, and mental health issues. This study examined factors affecting menopause age, including BMI, excess weight, menstrual disorders, genetics, collagen supplement use, diabetes history, parity, hormonal contraception, age at menarche, fast food consumption, and nutritional status. Data from 1683 menopausal women were collected through questionnaires, BMI calculations, and analyzed using chi-square tests with SPSS 25. Results showed no significant influence of BMI, excess weight, genetics, collagen supplements, diabetes, fast food, or nutritional status on menopause age (p &gt; 0.05). However, parity, hormonal contraception, age at menarche, and menstrual disorders significantly influenced menopause timing (p &lt; 0.05). These findings offer insights for improving women’s reproductive health and guiding preventive measures.

Gendered Consumer Responsibilization: The Constitution of Menopausal Women as Responsible Feminine Consumer Subjects

Abstract Recent decades have witnessed menopause, an inevitable, natural bodily transition come under the purview of the market. Menopausal women are increasingly expected to be informed entrepreneurs of their bodies, bringing this transition within the domain of self-regulation and responsibility. Using data emanating from institutionalized market actors (ie, pharmaceutical and insurance companies, healthcare professionals) and the accounts of consumers, we investigate the construction of responsibility in the contested field of menopause. We show that the formation of the responsible feminine consumer subject is an adjustive process generated through contestations between different articulations of subjectivity. Specifically, we identify three subject formative subprocesses and show how gender is implicated in each. Instead of following a singular path, these subprocesses culminate in two distinct, yet coexisting routes to responsibilization, either by appealing to the qualities of traditional feminine subjectivity or by aligning with postfeminist subjectivity. We extend existing theorizations by revealing how gender shapes the processes of responsible subject formation and broadening the investigation of consumer responsibilization to a personal and embodied level.

Melatonin Receptors and Serotonin: Age-Related Changes in the Ovaries.

Melatonin and serotonin can influence certain aging processes in the ovaries. The main melatonin receptors are represented by types MT1 and MT2. The goal of investigation. Here, we evaluated the expression of genes and synthesis of MT1 and MT2 receptors, as well as serotonin synthesis in the ovaries during ontogenesis. We analyzed histological material obtained from the ovaries of infants, women of younger and older reproductive age, premenopausal, menopausal, and postmenopausal women. For the analysis of MT1 and MT2 receptors and serotonin expression and synthesis, RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry were used. We found that the synthesis of serotonin, as well as MT1 and MT2 receptors in the ovaries significantly decrease in ontogenesis. The sharpest drop in these molecules was observed in samples obtained from one-year-old infants, as well as from pubescent girls and menopausal women. A statistically significant 2.3-7.6-fold decrease in the expression of MTNR1A and MTNR1B genes in the ovaries was also observed in one-year-old infants, in adolescents, and in middle-aged women. These data are crucial to understanding the fundamental mechanisms of aging of the female reproductive system and the search for molecules predicting its aging.

The Effect of Hypnotherapy Methods On The Quality Of Life Of Menopausal Women Through The Assessment Of The Menopause Specific Quality Of Life (Menqol) Modification Scale And Serotonin Biomarkers

Objective: This study was conducted to measure the potential of hypnotherapy in improving the quality of life of menopausal women, through an assessment study of the Menopause Specific Quality of Life (MenQoL) and Serotonin modification scale. Materials and Methods: The study uses a quasi-experimental design with a pretest-posttest group control approach. Data collection in Malang with menopausal female respondents (45-60 years old), treatment group 75 and control 75. Implantation is carried out 2 times with an interval of 4 mg. It will be carried out from March 2023 to May 2023. Results: Results of the assessment of the MenQoL modified scale questionnaire (44 items) with 30 respondents: The validity test of the questionnaire with an r value between 0.958-0.998 (meaning: Valid) and the reliability test (Cronbach's Alpha) r = 1.00 (meaning: Very High). Results of the Hypnotherapy Effect test on MenQoL (wilcoxon): p-value 0.000 (significantly different) in the experimental group and p-value 0.357 (no significant difference) in the control group. Results of the Hypnotherapy Effect test on Serotonin Biomarkers (wilcoxon test): p-value 0.000 (significantly different) in the experimental group and p-value 0.219 (no significant difference) in the control group. The results of the difference (∆) between the pre and post averages: MenQoL experiment -31.58 &lt; MenQoL control 3.95 and Serotonin experiment -2,733.48 &lt; Serotonin control 51,241.92. Results of the normalized gain test (strength) of MenQoL with decreasing value (improvement): 86.6% of the experimental group and MenQoL with increased value (deterioration): 57.3%. Serotonin with increased values (improvement): 100 % of the experimental group and Serotonin with decreased values (improvement): 52 %. Conclusion: Hypnotherapy provides improvement in the quality of life of menopausal women through improvement of MenQoL and improvement of Serotonin biomarkers.

Research status of hormone replacement therapy on mood and sleep quality in menopausal women

Menopausal syndrome is a common disease of clinical women, which refers to a series of physical and mental symptoms caused by the fluctuation or reduction of sex hormones before and after menopause. Many of these patients have sleep and mood abnormalities that affect their health and quality of life. At present, the understanding of it is gradually improving. This paper mainly analyzes its background and current treatment.