Menofia Governorate Research Articles

Coating Effect of Trimedlure and Methyl Eugenol by Some Polymers on Male Attraction of the Mediterranean Fruit Fly and Peach Fruit Fly Under Field Conditions

The Egyptian fruits are attacked by two tepheritid pests; the peach fruit fly, Bactrocera zonata (Saunders), and the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedmann) causing considerable damage. The ultimate goal of this study is to investigate the response of Mediterranean and peach fruit flies males to trimedlure (TML) and methyl eugenol (ME) coated by different polymers. The impregnated cotton wicks of TML and ME were coated with different types of polymers including chitosan 0.5%, sodium alginate 0.5%, styrene acrylate 8.0% (St Acrylate) and Polyvinyl alcohol 0.5% (PVA 0.5%). The study was carried out by using Jackson trap at different orchards at Dakhlia and Menofia governorates. The attracting efficiency of TML and ME for attracting both of C. capitata and B. zonata males are improved when coating by using some polymers. The TML that coated by St Acrylate 8% polymer was significantly the highest one for attracting C. capitata males, while, the ME that coated by PVA 0.5% was significantly the highest one for capturing B. zonata males. The study suggests that attention should be paid to improve trapping quality by using the mentioned polymers.

Molecular characterization of Newcastle disease virus (genotype VII) from broiler chickens in Egypt

Newcastle disease (ND) outbreaks have been occurred in the Egyptian poultry causing high mortalities with severe economic losses. Samples were collected from 3 to 4weeks-old broiler chickens suffering from high mortalities respiratory and/or nervous signs, located at Beni-Suef, Minia, Fayoum, Ismailia and Menofia governorates and Postmortem examination showed hemorrhages at both proventricular glands and cecal tonsils. The samples were subjected to virus isolation trials by inoculation of the processed samples in the allantoic sac of 9-day-old specific pathogen free eggs (SPF). Hemagglutinating activity was tested by hemagglutination test and the isolated viruses were molecularly characterized by RT-PCR targeting the partial F-gene of NDV. Partial F gene sequence analysis showed that the isolated NDV strains belong to genotype VII with the characteristic amino acid sequences of the F0 protein proteolytic cleavage site motifs (112RRQKRF117) for the velogenic NDV strains. No significant differences in both nucleotide and amino acid sequences were observed among different examined strains. The vNDV isolates in this study were identical to each other and they were similar to strains isolated from Egypt during 2012–2014 with minor genetic variation. This study indicated that though intensive ND vaccination programs using LaSota like strains, the vNDV strains of genotype VII are still circulating in the field causing significant economic losses. The genetic variation between the used vaccine strains and the circulating NDV viruses may explain the inability of the currently used vaccines to protect chicken against vNDV genotype VII. Further studies are needed to screen the protection of the currently used vaccines against recently isolated vNDV strains.

Heavy metals residues of public health significance in some freshwater fish farmed in Kafr-El Sheikh and Menofia governorates

Heavy metals residues of public health significance in some freshwater fish farmed in Kafr-El Sheikh and Menofia governorates

Chemical and mycological evaluation of sweetened condensed and evaporated milks in Menofia governorate

Fifty random samples of imported concentrated milk (25 each of sweetened condensed and evaporated milk)were collected from different supermarkets in Menofia Governorate for chemical and mycologicalexamination. The mean values of total solids, fat, protein, sucrose contents and sugar/water ratio in theexamined sweetened condensed milk samples were 29±0.31, 8.5±1.3, 7.9±1.1, 43±0.32 and 61.91±0.35,respectively. While, the mean values of total solids, fat and protein contents in examined evaporated milksamples were25.7±1.1, 8.5±0.23 and 7.1±1.0, respectively. Mold and yeast were detected in both sweetenedcondensed and evaporated milk. Aspergillus and Pencillium genera were frequently isolated than other generaof fungi. Aspergillus spp. were isolated with percentage of (32%) and (44%) from sweetened condensed andevaporated milk respectively. A. flavus was the most dominant spp.in the examined samples with percentageof (87.5%)and (27.5%) from sweetened and evaporated milk respectively. From yeast isolated the genusSaccharomyces was the most dominant in the contaminated sweetened condensed milk samples (40%),followed by Rhodotorula (12%), then genus Candida (8%).While from evaporated milk the isolated yeast wereRhodotorula, Candida, and Saccharomyces with percentage (12%), (8%)and (4%), respectively

SURVEY OF MITES ASSOCIATED WITH STORED ONION BULBS AT EL-MENOFIA GOVERNORATE

Asurvey on mites associated with stored onion bulbs at El- Menofia governorate during 2014 and 2015 years, proved the occurrence of 21 different species. Of these, eight species from two families Acaridae and Glycyphagidae belong to Astigmata, six species belong to five families (Bdellidae, Rhagididae, Cheyletidae, Tydeidae and Neophyllobidae) under Prostigmata, 6 species in 3 families (Ascidae, Laelapidae and Ameroseiidae) belong to Mesostigmata and one mite species in one family (Oppiidae) under Suborder Cryptostigmata. Members of the families Acaridae, Glycyphagidae and Cheyletidae were the most common mites, found in many samples with high abundance. The storage conditions affected on the abundance of different collected mites, as Rhizoglyphus echinopus, Tyrophagus putrescentiae, Caloglyphus berlesei (Family Acaridae), Glycyphagus ornatus (Family Glycyphagidae); and Cheyletus eruditus, Family (Cheyletidae); were recorded from the different three storage conditions. On the other hand, Lardoglyphus konoi, Lardoglyphus zacheri, Tyrophagus tropicus, Spinibdella bifurcata, Coccorhagidia clavifron, Lasioseius eagypticus, Lasiosius lindiquisti, Androlaelaps wahabi, Kleemenia plumosus and K. zaheri were collected from the bulbs which exposed to straw covered bulbs condition. On the other hand, Pronematus rykei (Tydeidae) and Neophyllobius aegyptium (Neophyllobidae) were identified species when onion bulbs stored with opened and shady room condition; while Cheyletus badryi (Cheyletidae) was isolated from onion bulbs stored at straw covered bulbs and Indoor storage conditions.

PREVALENCE AND ECONOMIC IMPACT OF CYSTICERCUS BOVIS IN SLAUGHTERED CATTLE IN MENOFIA PROVINCE, EGYPT

Bovine cysticercosis considered to be a dangerous problem for both public health and the livestock economy. The present study aimed to determine the cysticercus bovis prevalence and their economic losses in slaughtered cattle in Menofia governorate. Visual meat inspection of 2640 cattle carcasses at different abattoirs of Menofia governorate was carried out allover one year extended from January 2015 to December 2015. The results revealed that, the prevalence of cysticercus bovis in slaughtered cattle was 6.09% and the affected organs were head (masseter and tongue), heart and whole carcass with an infection rate of 3.63%, 2.42% and 0.04% respectively. Moreover, the morphological description and measurements of recovered cysticercus bovis were recorded. It was observed that, the cysticercosis cause sever economic losses, as the estimated annual financial losses of cysticercosis in slaughtered cattle was 87032 Egyptian Pound (EGP).

Effectiveness of nursing intervention regarding self insulin administration among diabetic patients

Objective: the study was carried out to assess effectiveness of nursing intervention regarding self insulin administration among diabetic patients. Methods: Research design: A quazi experimental design was utilized. Setting: Medical Clinic at Health Insurance Hospital, at Shebein El-Kom, Menofia Governorate, Egypt. Subjects: Convenient sample of 200 diabetic patients who were self insulin administered. Tools for data collection: Interviewing questionnaire includes socio demographic date, knowledge questionnaire sheet regarding self-administration of insulin, and observational checklist. Results: Majority of studied sample was married female that have negative family history of diabetes, and are insulin injected for more than 1 year. Majority of studied sample have poor knowledge and incorrect practice their barriers to continuing insulin were pain, too expensive, and weight gain, the main points that improved by nursing intervention were as follows: air bubbles removing before injecting using the insulin syringe, frequently change site of injections, before injection keep insulin vial at room temperature at least for 15 minutes, and disposal of used needles in a safety box at home, the only statistical difference between knowledge and practice was after one week of intervention among study group. Conclusions: The study concluded that the knowledge regarding insulin injection and self-administration of insulin practice after the nursing intervention were increased which is related to the effectiveness of the nursing intervention.

PERFORMANCE EVALUATION FOR LOCAL MANUFACTURED HEATING SYSTEM FOR HEATING BROILER HOUSE

The experimental work was held in commercial broiler house at Babil village, Menofia Governorate, latitude and longitude angles are 30.67°N and 30.98°E, respectively) during winter season of 2015in order to evaluate the performance of manufactured heating system and its effect on indoor air temperature and energy requirements. The indoor air temperature above the floor surface, indoor air relative humidity, fuel consumption, heat energy addition and specific heating power for every cubic meter of house volume were measured and specific fuel consumption also. Broilers performance evaluation was also determined in terms of live body mass. The obtained results showed that using manufactured heater in heating broiler house the weekly average indoor air temperature ranged between 31.61 to 23.26 oC at first and fifth week respectively. Whereas, the indoor relative humidity ranged between 26.15 to 52.48% at the same ages. The average heat energy addition to the house was 63.28 kW throughout the bird's life and specific heating power was 148.4 W/m 3 at the first week and reduced to be 37.07 W/m 3 at fifth week. Heating energy requirements decreased from 422.59 kJ/h.kg at the first week of age until reached to 19.45 kJ/h.kg at fifth week of age where the average broilers body mass was 2.2 kg.

Incidence of Salmonella species in chicken cut -up carcasses and chicken products

A total of 125 samples weight 1kg of frozen packaged raw chicken cut- up (fillet, thigh and drumstick)and frozen packaged uncooked breaded chicken products (pane and drumstick) 25 of each collectedfrom different retail shops and supermarkets for different companies at El Menofia Governorate. Allsamples were examined bacteriologically, serologically and multiplex PCR for isolation andidentification of Salmonella species. Salmonella organisms were isolated from frozen packaged rawchicken cut- up (fillet, thigh and drumstick) and frozen uncooked packaged breaded chicken products(pane and drumstick) with percentages of 8%, 24%, 48%, 32% and 16% (the percent was according ton=25) and 1.6%, 4.8%, 9.6%, 6.4% and 3.2% (the percent was according to n=125), respectively.Moreover, the isolated Salmonella could be serologically identified as S. enteritidis was only detectedin fillet by percent of 100% and S. enteritidis, S. typhimurium and S. kentucky were detected in drumstickby percent of 33% of each, but S. enteritidis, S. typhimurium and S. anatum were detected in thigh bypercent of 33%, 50% and 17%, respectively. And also S. enteritidis, S. typhimurium, and S. haifa weredetected in pane (uncooked breaded product) with percentages of 25%, 50% and 25%%, respectively.S. typhimurium and S. Kentucky were detected in drumstick (uncooked breaded product) with percentageof 50% of each. Also multiplex PCR methods were used for detection of virulence factors (invA, hil A,fimH and Stn genes) of S. typhimurium and S. enteritidis by PCR 2x Reddy Mix TM Master Mix(Thermo Scientific) with Cat No. AB0575/ LD-A, Waltham 02451, USA.

Detection of some heavy metals in fish (Tilapia nilotica and Clarias lazera) at Menofia governorate

Detection of some heavy metals in fish (Tilapia nilotica and Clarias lazera) at Menofia governorate

EFFICIENCY OF METHYL EUGENOL DILUTED WITH CERTAIN OILS ON FIELD ATTRACTION OF THE PEACH FRUIT FLY, BACTROCERA ZONATA

tpeach fruit fly, Bactrocera zonata (Saunders) is considered as one of the most significant insects that attack commercial fruits in Egypt. The fibered blocks treated with methyl eugenol and Sumithion (4 : 1) is one of the most applicable methods that used through Male Annihilation Technique to control this insect. This study was carried out in order to minimize the economic cost by decreasing the consumed quantities of methyl eugenol in control procedures application through two successive trails. The 1st trail aimed to evaluate different doses of methyl eugenol in comparison with the standard dose in fiber blocks. The mean no. of attracted males of tested treatments (8, 6, 4 and 2 cm3) varied significantly and averaged 13.46, 18.55, 8.46 and 4.99 flies / week, respectively, at Fayom governorate. At Dakhlia governorate, the mean no. of attracted males of the tested treatments were 55.67, 34.60, 25.20 and 13.51 flies / week, respectively. The 2nd trail was contributed to evaluate the field efficiency of methyl eugenol diluted by certain oils on attraction of B. zonata males. The tested treatments were; (A) Methyl eugenol 98% , (B) Methyl eugenol 75 % + corn oil 25%, (C)Methyl eugenol 50% + corn oil 50%, (D) Methyl eugenol 75 % + sunflower oil 25% , (E) Methyl eugenol 50 % + sunflower oil 50%, (F) Methyl eugenol 75 % + paraffin oil 25%, and (G) Methyl eugenol 50 % + paraffin oil 50%. At Fayom governorate, the treatments G,F and B were highly significant in capturing averaging 35.85, 24.86 and 24.78 flies / week, respectively. At Menofia governorate, the general means were highly insignificant varied whereas thetreatments A, G and C were the highest insignificantly attracting with the respective means 17.83, 16.58 and 12.55 flies/ week. The obtained results in both governorates revealed the possibility of paraffin oil utilization as diluent for methyl eugenol on fiber block treatments without negative effect on attraction of B. zonata, and hence minimizing the economic costs of peach fruit fly control applications

Effect of High Domestic Microwave Radiations at Sub-Lethal Temperature on the Bacterial Content of Raw Milk

In light of the paucity of knowledge surrounding the existence of specific microwave effects on bacteria, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of high domestic microwave radiation on the safety of raw milk. Forty samples of raw milk were collected from retail shops in El Menofia governorates, Egypt. Milk samples were subjected to conventional heating in water bath to reach temperature of 40°C and 1100 Watt in domestic microwave for 3 minutes in cooled water jacket to reach the same temperature. Counts of different groups of bacteria in microwave treated samples were compared with those treated by conventional heating and non-treated raw milk samples. Additionally, to investigate the minor effects of such type of microwave treatment on the cell permeability to antibiotics, 10 of our laboratory bacterial strains with known antibiotic resistant patterns were treated by microwave and conventional heating. The zone of inhibition for tested antibiotics were measured after each treatment. Of note, the average total aerobic, Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas spp. and staphylococci counts in milk samples were 6.34, 4.20, 3.42 and 3.72 log cfu/ml, respectively. The bacterial counts were nearly similar in samples treated by conventional heating and microwave. Statistical analysis revealed non-significant effect of microwave treatment at sub-lethal temperature as P values were more than 0.05. The diameter of zone of inhibition of tested antibiotics did not change in milk treated by both methods and non- treated samples. In conclusion, this study provide evidence that high domestic microwave irradiation at sub-lethal temperature have no significant effect on the hygienic quality of milk and not provide any degree of safety to the consumer. Additionally, it confirms the hypothesis that microwave radiation under sub-lethal temperature resulting in a reversible microwave-induced poration of the cell membrane that prevent penetration of antibiotics after few minutes.

PERFORMANCE OF SOME CITRUS VARIETIES ON SEVERAL ROOTSTOCKS - INFLUNCE ON LEAF MINERAL CONTENT AND LEAF MINERS INFECTION

This investigation was carried out in 2012 and 2013 seasons on 2 and 3-year-old Washington Navel orange (WO), Valencia orange (VO) and Balady mandarin (BM) budding on five Citrus rootstocks namely; C. volkameriana (VM), Troyer citrange (TC). Rangpur lime (RL), Cleopatra mandarin (CM) and sour orange (SO) grown in a private farm at Menofia Governorate, Egypt, where the soil is slightly saline alkaline clayey. The results indicated that Valencia orange, Washington Navel oranges and Balady mandarin as scion varieties on C. volkaneriana and Rangpur lime rootstocks are characterized by: higher leaf concentrations of N, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, and Zn, lower C/N, N/K and higher K/Na ratio compared to other rootstocks while, leaf P and Mn showed no consistent trend. Moreover, these rootstocks had higher ability to reduce Na and Cl absorption and its accumulation in leaves of the three scion varieties in contrast to the other rootstocks. Also, they had the least values of leaf miners infection. Generally, the five tested rootstocks could be descending arranged due to their effects on these characters of the three scion varieties (WO, VO and BM) under this study conditions as follow: (VM), (RL), (TC & SO) and finally (CM). Accordingly, both rootstocks (VM & RL) may be considered as suitable substitutes for sour orange in Egypt. This evaluation could be of great impact for nurserymen and citrus growers. It help growers to select the right rootstock for the desired variety in a given area.

Nurse's psychological empowerment and perceived autonomy in university and teaching hospitals at Menofia Governorate/Egypt

Background : It is believed that, the greater nurses uncertainty is likely to negative attitude toward their organization and the quality of patient care. Staff nurses can be empowered at all levels of the organization, if management allows them the support, encouragement and rewards them. Empowerment is the process by which a leader shares power with others or enable them to act. Autonomy plays an important part in nurses’ job satisfaction and retention. Autonomy is defined as authority and accountability for one's decision and activities. Aim : To study the relationship between psychological empowerment and perceived autonomy of nurses in University and Teaching Hospitals at Menofia Governorate. Design : a descriptive correlational design. Setting : This study was conducted in two selected hospitals namely Menofia University Hospital and Shebine EL-Kom Teaching Hospital. Sample : A convenint sample of 550 nurses was included in the study. Tool : Two tools wereused to collect the data: 1- Psychological Empowerment Instrument. 2- Nurses’ autonomy questionnaire. Results: There was a highly statistical significant correlation between total psychological empowerment and perceived autonomy of nurses. A significant relation was founded between the levels of autonomy and nurses’ work place. While, there was insignificant relation between both of nurses’ psychological empowerment and autonomy according to their age, level of education and years of experiences. Recommendations : Staff development program for nurse managers to integrate staff nurses in decision-making and to deal effectively with new ideas to promote organizational climate and empowerment of nurses.

Effect of CPPU on Fruit Set, Drop, Yield and Fruit Quality of Hollywood and Santarosa Plum Cultivars

THE present investigation was conducted during two successive seasons of 2012 and 2013 on Hollywood and Santarosa plum Cvs. (Prunus salicina). Trees were 10 years old and grown in a private farm at desert road in Menofia Governorate. CPPU at 5 or 10 ppm were sprayed three times (after one week, two weeks and three weeks of full bloom) on both plum cultivars.

Occurrence of Enterotoxigenic S. aureus in Half-Cooked Chicken Products.

Sixty samples of half- cooked chicken (chicken wings, chicken drumsticks and chicken pane) (20 each) were collected from Menofia governorate and were examined for the incidence of Staphylococcus aureusand their enterotoxins. The percentage of positive samples for S.aureus was 40%, 40% and 25% with mean count0.4X10­2 ±0.15X10­2 , 0.28X102 ±0.2X 102 and 0.19X102 ±0.2X102 for chicken wings, chicken drumsticks and chicken panes, respectively.. All isolated strains of S.aureusshowed positive Catalase, Coagulase and Mannitol Fermentation test and 100% of isolates had hemolytic activity on sheep blood agar and 9.52% had hemolytic activity on human blood agar. The incidence of enterotoxin A produced by S.aureuswas 50% and 37.5% in chicken wings and chicken drumsticks, respectively.

EFFECT OF HEATING SYSTEM ON TEMPERATURE STRATIFICATION INSIDE THE BROILER HOUSING

The experimental work was carried out in private broiler house at Babel village, Menofia Governorate, during the winter season of 2011 in order to reduce the temperature stratifications that usually occurred in the broiler housing when using forced air heating system with and without perforated polyethylene duct. The air temperatures just above the floor surface and underneath the ceiling ambient floor and ceiling were continuously measured. The broiler performance evaluation was also determined in terms of feed conversions efficiency, production index, and efficiency rate of production. The obtained results showed that, when using forced air heating without polyethylene duct temperature stratification ranged between 0.4 and 5.93 oC. Whereas, employing the forced air furnace with perforated duct, led to minimize the temperature stratification to -2.9oC and 0.043oC during the first two days age. Using forced air furnace with perforated duct increased feed conversions efficiency, production index and efficiency rate of production from 60.4 to 65.2 %, 114.8 to130.6 % and from 306.83 to 347.06%, respectively. While, the feed conversions ratio decreased from 1.65 to 1.60 after five weeks age.

KNOWLEDGE OF POTATO GROWERS TO NEW CRITERIA OF EXPORT TO EUROPEAN UNION AND SOCIAL EFFECTS

The study aimed to identify the knowledge level of potato farmerregarding to the export conditions of potatoes to the European Union (EU), todetermine the differences between the knowledge degrees of the farmers in thetwo villages to the study, to identify farmer opinions regarding the socialeffects of the agricultural part of the Egyptian-European convention on then, and to identify the problems facing farmers since implementation of theEgyptian - European convention.The study was conducted in the village of Sayedna Solomon in Nobariyaarea as one of the largest areas Pest Free Area (PFA), and village of Talia,Menofia Governorate as one of the largest areas outside the Pest Free Area(PFA). a random sample was chosen of 50 farmers from Sayedna Solomonvillage and 100 farmers from Talia village.Data were collected through personal interviews with respondents by usingpre-tested questionnaires prepared specifically to achieve the study objectives.Frequencies, percentages, mean, and standard deviation, in addition to t testwere used to present and analysis data study.The most important results of the study were:1- There were a significant differences at 0.05 level between farmers' level ofknowledge in the two studied villages regarding the export condition ofpotatoes to (EU).2- There was increase in the negative social effects on small farmersresulting from applying the Egyptian-European convention as theinvestigated farmers expressed, and the differences between the twostudied villages were significant at 0.01 level.3- There were main problems facing small farmers in the Sayedna Solomonvillage concerning the market of the crop locally, the lowلexport prices,and the shortage of water for irrigation in summer, while the mainproblems in Talia village were concerning the lack and the high prices ofthe inputs, the irrigation problem, and the problem of marketing the crop locally.

Assessing Microbial Pollution of Surface Water Streams at Thirty Villages in Gharbia and Menofia Governorates

The management of microbial pollution sources in rural surface water is challenging. Its management programs often rely on monitoring for a large number of water quality parameters to define contaminant issues. Total coliforms, faecal coliforms, and faecal streptococci have traditionally been used to identify microbial contamination. The objective of this study was to carry out an environmental survey based on the waste drainage systems and to assess the microbial pollution of rural surface waters in thirty Egyptian villages located at Gharbia (10 villages) and Menofia

SEX RATIO AND EMBRYOS NUMBER OF RATTUS NORVEGICUS AND RATTUS RATTUS ALEXANDRINES

Rodent species were surveyed in three locations differed in their ecosystem (poultry farms, stores and houses) at Quesna district, Menofia Governorate. Also, sex ratio and the embryos number per pregnant females were studied. Results showed that two rodent species were trapped from the three tested locations; Norway rat Rattus norvegicus and roof rat Rattus rattus. The highest number of the trapped rats was recorded for poultry farms followed by houses while the lowest number was found in case of stores. Norway rat was the most dominant species in poultry farms and rural houses but roof rat was the prevalent species in stores. On the other hand, the reproduction activity of both rodent species was recorded in high potential during the period from April to November as well, females ratio, pregnant females percentage and the number of embryos per female reached the maximum in these periods. Although the females ratio was more for roof rat than Norway rat, the rate of embryos number / female was higher for Norway rat than roof rat