Since the discovery of Penicillin (Fleming) and Streptomycin (Waksman), many investigators have turned their attention to the research on other antibiotics. There are cases, indeed, who can be completely cured of their infectious diseases by the application of the antibiotics. But at the same time, we must admit there are other infectious diseases which can not be cured or can hardly be cured by the use of such medicines alone. The reasons are: (1) in the latter case, disposition is generally as important as the pathogens for the onset of their diseases, and (2) the allergic reaction plays an important role both in the prognosis of respective diseases. Rheumatism of the joint may be safely included among these diseases. Accordingly, the use of both the antibiotics and the sulfamid-preparations generally failed to cure the patients of this disease. Hench and Kendal discovered that such hormones as pituitary adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and cortisone act very effectively, though transitorily, upon rheumatism of the joint. In my opinion, however, the relation between ACTH or cortisone and rheumatism is somewhat similar to that between adrenalin and asthma. It seems to me, therefore, that for the best therapy of this disease it is absolutely necessary to search not only for the agents that may act upon the pathogens, e.g., Streptococcus haermolyticus, but also for those that may act upon the allergic reactions. The latter agents were almost entirely left unnoticed, so far as the components of the microorganisms are concerned. A series of antihistamine preparation that resulted from the researches of the synthetic agents for this purpose, did not come up to our expectations. For the allergic reactions are not so simple as to be explained either with the histaminetheory or with the acetylcholine theeoy. As is already stated, however, I discovered, in 1949, a new antiallergic and neurotropic component in the lymph of the cow-pox. This component "Neurotropin" was the first component of micro-organism to be applied to such allergic diseases as asthma, eczema, hemicrania, gastric ulcer and Meniere's syndrome. A great many Japanese clinicians have already recognized that this medicine surpasses all the anti-histaminepreparations, and they all agree to imagine that this medicine will take the place of these preparations in the near future, as people come to realize what allergic and analogous diseases are, and how Neurotropin acts upon them. The effect of this medicine upon rheumatism, however, is not of great value when it is applied inr smaller dose (10- 20 microgram). The effectiveness of this medicine in much larger doses, 1-10 mg, fo instance, is still open to research. For we could successfully extract a certain component from the fluorescent bacteria of the cuttle-fish (sepiola maindroni) of the Inland Sea, in Japan, in my researches with Ichiro Kawamura, on some other agents that might act upon rheumatism. This component, "Florads", had far greater effect upon rheumatism of the joint than Neurotropin had. This product is non-protein, non-amino acid, and non-lipoid. The chemical analysis is now being continued by my coworker, Prof. Shiro Akabori and Naoichi Sakota of the Osaka-University.