Age Of Menarche Research Articles

Physiological Characteristics of Young (9-12 Years) and Adolescent (≥13 Years) Rhythmic, Acrobatic, and Artistic Female Gymnasts.

Elite gymnasts are exposed to high levels of physical stress, during both childhood and adolescence, with significantly late maturation and high injury prevalence. Here, we compare the physiological characteristics of female gymnasts in 2 age groups: young (9-12 years) and adolescent (≥13 years) in 3 disciplines of competitive gymnastics. Participants' physiological characteristics will differ by age group and by gymnastic discipline. Cohort study. Level 2. The study included 274 gymnasts, aged 11.8 ± 1.9 years. Data collection included anthropometric measures, Tanner stage, and menarche age; ultrasound assessments were used to assess bone properties, including bone strength, skeletal age, and final-height prediction. Univariate analysis of variance showed age × discipline interactions for body mass index (BMI) percentiles (F(2, 266) = 4.379; P = 0.01), skeletal age (F(2, 241) = 3.808; P = 0.02), and final-height prediction (F(2, 240) = 3.377, P = 0.04). Moreover, in both age groups, artistic gymnasts exhibited significantly higher BMI percentiles than rhythmic gymnasts (P < 0.05). In the adolescent group, final-height prediction for rhythmic gymnasts was significantly greater than that of artistic gymnasts (P < 0.05). Finally, in adolescent gymnasts, regression lines showed that skeletal age was lower than chronological age (P < 0.05). Artistic gymnasts were shorter than rhythmic and acrobatic gymnasts. Despite similar BMI and body fat, maturity patterns, and training-volume history, artistic gymnasts had lower bone-strength than rhythmic and acrobatic gymnasts. Combined with their high-impact and intensive training, this could increase their risk of musculoskeletal injuries. The current study may help athletic trainers and medical teams define "norms" for different age groups and gymnastic disciplines, based on what may be expected during the athletes' early and late maturation. This knowledge can be used to modify, individualize, and optimize training programs.

The study of pubertal stage and age of menarche in girls in Isfahan province, Iran

BackgroundThe onset age of pubertal changes varies widely among girls and has undergone changes over time around the world. This study aimed to determine the age of onset of puberty in healthy Iranian girls living in Isfahan province.MethodsThis cross- sectional study was conducted among 13,886 students aged 6–18 years. They were selected by multistage random cluster sampling from urban and rural areas of Isfahan province of Iran. Pubertal stage was determined according the 5-level Tanner stages proposed by Marshall and Tanner. Trained physicians determined the breast development through both visual inspection and palpation, in addition, mothers assessed their daughter’s pubic hair growth using Tanner’s Sexual Maturation Scale (SMS) by comparison to standard pictures. The data were analyzed by the status quo method. Probit regression analysis was used to evaluate the median age of onset for each characteristic including menarche, breast and pubic hair.ResultsA total of 13,886 healthy girls with mean age (SD) of 11.97 (2.9) were studied. Overall 6968 (50.2%) girls experienced menstruation with a median (95%CI) age of 12.05(11.88–12.21) years at its onset. The median age for onset of breast development was 9.89 (95% CI: 9.77 − 10.02) years and for onset of pubic hair development was 10.14 (95% CI: 9.88– 10.39) years. The 3rd percentile for breast stage 2 (B2) and pubic hair stage 2 (PH2) was 6.85 and 6.75 years, respectively, and the 97th percentile for B2 and PH2 was 12.94and 13.54 years, respectively.ConclusionAccording to our findings, the onset of puberty before 6.85 years should be considered as precocious puberty for Iranian girls. Our study indicated the secular trend toward earlier menarche in girls. Nationally representative surveys and longitudinal studies are necessary to determine the exact age of puberty for future international comparisons.

Differentiating true precocious puberty and puberty variants in consecutive 275 girls: a single center experience.

This study aimed to identify clinical features of girls referred to a pediatric endocrinology clinic for suspected precocious puberty, differentiate true precocious puberty from other variants, evaluate treatment status, and identify distinguishing factors between patient groups. We retrospectively evaluated the records of 275 consecutive girls aged 0-10 years referred for suspected precocious puberty. Among the patients, 30 (10.9 %) were diagnosed with precocious puberty, 35 (12.7 %) with premature adrenarche, 22 (8 %) with premature thelarche, 33 (12 %) with rapidly progressing early puberty, 108 (39.3 %) with early puberty, and 47 (17.1 %) had a normal diagnosis. Precocious puberty was associated with higher rates of overweight/obesity (p=0.002), advanced bone age (p<0.001), height SD, and mid-parental height SD difference (p<0.001), as well as a history of preterm birth (p=0.041). Patients with rapidly progressing early puberty had mothers with a lower age at menarche (p=0.040). No significant differences were found for being born small for gestational age, maternal polycystic ovary syndrome, screen time, and junk food consumption (p>0.05). Treatment was recommended for 32 patients (11.6 %), including 11 with precocious puberty and 21 with rapidly progressing early puberty. Most patients referred for early pubertal development are diagnosed with normal puberty or its variants. Assessing preterm birth, early maternal menarche age, and advanced bone age helps identify true precocious puberty and rapidly progressing early puberty, aiding timely treatment.

The association between age at menarche (AAM) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors in the MASHAD cohort study

Age at menarche may be associated with cardiovascular disease risk factors in different ethnic groups. The purpose of this study was to identify the association of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors with age at menarche (AAM) in Mashhad, the second biggest city in Iran. This was a cross- sectional study based on cohort data of 2353 women (35–65 years) from Mashhad, Iran for whom the age at menarche was reported. Baseline demographic, anthropometric data, and biochemical profiles were also collected. The levels of depression and anxiety were evaluated using a validated Persian version of the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI). Multiple logistic regression models were used to examine the association between age at menarche with CVD risk factors. Anthropometric parameters, short stature, prevalence of diabetes, and CVD risk were significantly higher in women who were younger at menarche (AAM) in comparison to women with an older AAM. Women with a menstruating age of 11 years had a significantly higher weight (P < 0.001), higher BMI (P < 0.001), lower waist circumference (WC) (P = 0.004), higher hip circumference (HC) (P < 0.001) and higher waist-to-thigh ratio (WTR) (P < 0.001) than women with an AAM of ≥ 15 years. University-educated women and employed women were most likely to have menarche at ≥ 15 years (P < 0.001 and P = 0.012 respectively. In girls who menstruated at age ≤ 11 years old, the odds of having a BMI > 28.7 kg/m2, WC > 96 cm, HC > 105 cm and WTR > 61.96 were higher than girls who menstruated at 13 years old. The odds of height > 155 cm was higher in girls with menarche age of ≥ 15 than 13 years and the odds of having depression scores greater than 12 was lower in menarche age group of ≥ 15 years. The girls with menstruation age of 12 years had higher odds of having diabetes mellitus and HC > 105 cm than girls with menstruation age of 13 years. The odds of demi span exceeded 74 cm and height > 155 cm were higher in girls with menarche age of 14 than 13 years. AAM may be a useful factor to identify women at greater risk of CVD to implement appropriate preventive measures.

P-33 PRIMARY OVARIAN INSUFFICIENCY AS A COMPONENT OF AUTOIMMUNE POLYGLANDULAR SYNDROME

Abstract Introduction Primary ovarian insufficiency (POI) is characterized by amenorrhea secondary to ovarian dysfunction accompanied by high gonadotropin levels in women before the age of 40. Autoimmunity is estimated to account for 5-17% of POI etiologies. Although it varies according to its subtype, the prevalence of POI in patients with autoimmune polyglandular syndrome (APS) is reported to be between 16% and 40%. It may take several years to recognize the syndrome. Generally, a multidisciplinary approach is needed to diagnose and treat the cases accurately. The present case report described the diagnostic process of such a patient. Clinical Case A 19-year-old female patient applied to our outpatient clinic with the complaint of disruption of menstrual cycles for nine months. She was diagnosed with type 1 diabetes mellitus and chronic autoimmune thyroiditis for nine years and was receiving insulin glargine, insulin aspart, and levothyroxine treatment. She reported that her menarche age was 12 years, and she had regular menstrual cycles until the previous year; it was learned that she first experienced oligomenorrhea and then amenorrhea for nine months. Her body mass index was within normal limits on examination, and secondary sex characteristics were fully developed. Laboratory tests revealed fasting plasma glucose 180 mg/dL, HbA1c: 9.5%, TSH: 2.2 mIU/L, free T4: 1.4 ng/dL, Anti-TPO: 120 IU/mL, (&amp;lt;34), prolactin: 18 mcg/L, basal serum cortisol: 15 mcg/dL. β-hCG was negative. Karyotype analysis was determined as 46, XX without structural chromosomal abnormality. Following the progesterone challenge test, the patient had no bleeding, and serum FSH level, which was checked twice, was high, serum estradiol was low, and AMH was also low at 0.1 ng/mL. The patient was diagnosed as POI based on this clinic and laboratory features. Bone density was found to be within normal limits in bone densitometry. The patient, who currently does not seek fertility and does not consider oocyte freezing, was started on hormone replacement therapy with transdermal estradiol and oral micronized progesterone. Conclusion POI is rarely seen in women before the age of 30, but patients with APS should be screened and closely followed up to identify other organ dysfunctions that may be targets of the immune system. When POI is diagnosed at an early age, attention should be given to other accompanying autoimmune diseases and polyglandular syndrome.

Cyclic Mastalgia among Sudan International University (SIU) medical students

Background : Breast pain is a main concern for women of all ages. Mastalgia is the medical term for breast pain, ranging from minor discomfort to severely incapacitating pain. Purpose : The main purpose of this study was to study cyclic mastalgia among female medical students at Sudan International University. Methods : A descriptive cross-sectional facility-based study was conducted. Results : Three hundred-five female medical students were included in this study; the results revealed that the prevalence of cyclic mastalgia among them was 55%. Additionally, cyclic mastalgia found no significant difference between the cycle’s regularity and the age of menarche (p = 0.565 &amp; 0.260, respectively). Moreover, a substantial association between indirect variables with mastalgia has been explored. Conclusions: It was concluded that mastalgia was a serious condition that greatly impacts daily activities and interferes with the psychological, social, and even sexual activity of female medical students at Sudan International University (SIU). This issue should be addressed at the university level to reduce the risks of its associated negative outcomes.

Assessment of the impact of HIV infection on the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis and pubertal development among adolescent girls at a tertiary centre in Zimbabwe: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundProper planning of reproductive health needs for HIV-infected adolescents requires a clear understanding of the effects of HIV infection on adolescents’ pubertal development.ObjectiveTo assess the effects of HIV infection on the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian (HPO) axis, ovarian reserve and pubertal development in adolescent girls at a tertiary hospital in Zimbabwe.MethodsThis was a cross-sectional survey of HIV-infected adolescent girls aged 10–19 years, with available CD4 + count results at a tertiary hospital in Zimbabwe. Consecutive sampling was used to select study participants. Pubertal milestones were assessed using the age of menarche and Tanner stage for breast and pubic hair development. Growth was assessed using World Health Organisation growth charts. The HPO axis was evaluated by measuring serum follicular stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinising hormone (LH) and estradiol. The ovarian reserve was assessed in adolescents above 18 years of age by measuring the serum anti-mullein hormone (AMH) levels. Data were analysed in STATA version 13.0, and the results are presented as mean (SD) or median (quartiles) and proportions, as appropriate.ResultsOne hundred and one (101) HIV-infected adolescents were recruited for the study. Menarche, thelarche and pubarche were delayed in 15.9%, 28.6% and 46.8% of the adolescents, respectively. A total of 59.4% had moderate to severe stunting, and 53.5% were either overweight or obese. Most participants had normal serum FSH, LH, and estradiol levels, and there was no association between these hormone levels and growth indicators. The serum AMH levels were reduced in 24.1% of the adolescents. There were no significant differences in the hormonal levels and pubertal development between the WHO CD4 classes.ConclusionHIV infection is associated with stunted growth and delayed sexual maturation with an intact HPO axis in the majority of adolescents. There was no association between growth indicators and FSH and LH levels. The degree of HIV immunosuppression had no significant impact on the HPO axis and pubertal development. A larger study is needed to assess the impact of HIV infection on ovarian reserve.Trial registration: This protocol was approved by the Medical Research Council of Zimbabwe (MRCZ) (reference number MRCZ/A/1730).

Traffic pollution, reproductive health, and depressive symptoms in a healthy multiethnic sample of reproductive age women in the Ovarian Aging Study.

This study aimed to determine whether exposure to traffic-related air pollution (TRAP) is associated with depressive symptoms while also characterizing the contribution of key explanatory factors related to sociodemographics and health. In addition, it aimed to also explore the role of reproductive health as a pathway through which exposure to TRAP may relate to depressive symptoms. Participants were 688 healthy reproductive-age women in the Ovarian Aging Study. TRAP was derived from distance-weighted traffic counts using residential addresses. Depressive symptoms were assessed by the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression scale. Explanatory factors were assessed by interview and clinic measures, including demographics (age, race/ethnicity), socioeconomic status (SES) (individual SES, neighborhood SES), general health (smoking, body mass index), and reproductive health (menarcheal age, contraceptive use, parity, menstrual cycle characteristics). In cross-sectional, step-wise multivariate regression analyses, greater exposure to TRAP was related to more depressive symptoms (b = 0.779, P = 0.015). Lower individual SES, longer menstrual cycle length, and experiencing change (vs no change) in menstrual cycle length were also related to more depressive symptoms (P's < 0.05). Examination of each model step showed that variance in depressive symptoms was attributable to TRAP (1.2%, P = 0.004), demographics (1.0%, P = 0.217), SES (1.4%, P = 0.007), general health (0.3%, P = 0.356), and reproductive health (2.0%, P = 0.015). Finally, menstrual cycle length, a marker of reproductive health status, partially mediated effects of TRAP on depressive symptoms (indirect effect: b = 0.064, P = 0.020). Findings showed that exposure to TRAP is associated with depression, along with SES and reproductive health factors, and that reproductive health may be a pathway through which TRAP relates to depression.

Early menarche is associated with disordered eating-results from a National Youth Survey.

Disordered eating (DE) is highly prevalent among adolescents, though its definition varies. The association between DE and early pubertal maturation (EPM) remains underexplored in Israel, and has not been sufficiently examined using the widely-used SCOFF questionnaire. This study examines these associations in adolescents. Participants (n = 2415 girls, 2095 boys; ages 12-18 years) in a nationally-representative, cross-sectional Youth Health and Nutrition Survey (2015-2016) completed self-administered questionnaires, including the SCOFF questionnaire, and underwent anthropometric measurements. EPM was determined by menarcheal age <11.5 years in girls, and facial hair appearance <12.5 years in boys. Respondents affirming ≥2 SCOFF items were classified as DE cases. Multivariable logistic regression analyses examined the associations between EPM and DE. Among the participants, 12.7% of the girls and 20.4% of the boys met EPM criteria; 55.5% and 33.7%, respectively, were categorized as having DE. Following adjustment for age, socioeconomic status, ethnic background, and weight status, EPM was significantly associated with DE in girls (OR 1.47, 95%CI: 1.12-1.93) and with 3/5 SCOFF items. No such association was found in boys (OR 1.00, 95%CI: 0.77-1.28). EPM in girls was associated with DE. Identifying high risk groups for DE in adolescents is crucial for early intervention and prevention. This study included a large, nationally representative sample of Israeli adolescents and utilized the SCOFF questionnaire, a widely used screening measure for disordered eating (DE). Following comprehensive analyses, a significant association between early pubertal maturation (EPM), defined as early menarche, and DE was documented in Israeli adolescent girls. Identifying girls with EPM and screening for disordered eating will allow for early interventions, potentially improving physical and mental health, and preventing progression to eating disorders.

Intergenerational transitions in age at menarche: insights from Chandauli district, Uttar Pradesh, India

BackgroundMenarche, a milestone in a woman’s reproductive journey, is influenced by various factors such as lifestyle and dietary habits. Recent studies have corroborated this claim and prompted further investigation. This study explores the connection between menarche timing with lifestyle and dietary habits among three generations of women from the Sakaldiha block of Chandauli district and presents valuable insights into the role of diet and lifestyle in this crucial reproductive event.MethodsThe study is based on primary data collected using multistage stratified random sampling. A comparative analysis of the mean age at menarche across independent variables has been conducted using the one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) technique. Additionally, a multiple regression model has been developed to investigate the association between menarcheal age and various dietary, lifestyle and socio-economic factors among 400 respondents.ResultsThe average age of menarche for respondents was 14.29 years (95% CI: 14.12, 14.45), which has decreased by 1.66 years from 14.89 years (95% CI: 14.63, 15.15) in women over 40 years of age to 13.23 years (95% CI: 12.97, 13.49) in the < 20 years age group. The study additionally found that dietary and lifestyle factors had an impact on the age of menarche, with those who regularly consumed junk food, occasionally ate meat/fish or eggs, completely avoided curd or buttermilk and engaged in non-resting leisure activities experiencing an earlier onset of menarche.ConclusionThe study shows that diet and lifestyle affect age at menarche, with current generations experiencing an earlier onset of menstruation. The effect of socioeconomic status remains inconclusive.

Frequency of polycystic ovarian morphology and other ultrasonographic findings in Iranian female athletes.

Polycystic ovary morphology and ovarian cysts are frequent and usually asymptomatic in young female individuals. The present study is the first to examine ovarian sonographic findings in asymptomatic female athletes from Iran. This study aimed to evaluate the frequency of such sonographic findings in healthy female athletes on a screening basis. In this cross-sectional observational study, 455 females from 16 provinces of Iran were evaluated by trans-abdominal sonography during their routine pre-participation medical evaluation. The mean age of participants was 21.8 years (SD 5.3). The mean age at the beginning of exercise was 14.20 years (SD = 4.25). Menarche occurred at 11-20 years with a mean of 13.5 years (SD 1.5). Judokas had the lowest (12.1 years), and football players had the highest menarche age (14.6 years; as compared to 12.8 years in the Iranian female population). In 87.5 % of participants, the sonographic findings were within normal limits. 4.8 % of all examinations revealed polycystic ovary morphology (PCOM), 5.7 % of participants had a simple cyst(s), and 20.8 % of cysts had diameters >49 mm. In those athletes who began regular performance-oriented training before menarche, PCOM was found in only 2.4 %. There was a significant positive linear association between BMI groups and PCOM (p = 0.003), but not for simple cysts. Frequency of PCOM (p < 0.001) as well as ovarian cysts (p = 0.012) were significantly different among studied sport types. There was a significant positive correlation between delayed menarche status and PCOM (p = 0.017). However, no such relationship was found for simple cysts. Maintaining a healthy body mass index and beginning regular exercise before menarche may have a preventative effect for polycystic ovary morphology in female athletes.

Age at Menarche Is Associated With Leg-Length Components Among the Adolescent Girls in West Bengal, India.

The relationship between early age at menarche (AAM) and body height (HT), including its different segments has not been extensively studied among non Western populations. Lengths of the lower (distal) part of the leg, such as knee HT (KH) and tibial length (TbL), are considered to be sensitive indicators of living conditions during early growth and development. Life history theory predicts that within a survival challenge the growth of vital parts of the body shall be prioritized over less essential parts. The present study hypothesized that earlier age at menarche would be associated with shorter tibial length in resource constrained settings. To investigate the potential associations of menarcheal age with HT, KH, TbL, and other linear components of HT among the Bengalee schoolgirls aged 10-13 years. Among the 208 girls aged 10-13 years, menarcheal status and age at menarche were determined by status quo and retrospective methods, respectively. Lower leg length was represented by two measures, KH and the supracutaneous measure of TbL. The differences in HT, sitting HT (SH), total leg length (LL), thigh length (TL), KH, and TbL, between pre-menarcheal-(PMG) and post-menarcheal girls (POMG), as well as between earlier menarcheal-(EMG) and later menarcheal girls (LMG), were assessed by student t-test and analysis of covariance. The POMG were heavier, taller and had higher adiposity than their PMG peers, without showing any significant age-difference. HT, knee HT, TbL, and TbL to HT ratio showed significant differences between the EMG and LMG. The EMG showed lower values for all of those measures and the strongest difference was observed for TbL. However, there were no significant differences in SH and SHR between EMG and LMG. The study indicated a possible effect of early AAM on growth of distal body parts in a resource poor socioeconomic condition. Further studies on the relationship between growth and AAM among different populations living in different socio-ecological conditions could be worth conducting.

Menstrual cyclicity: Pathogenicity, predictability, and reproducibility

The birth of every female child triggers the potential risk of endometriosis is yet to be ascertained. It has brought about the understanding of the untraceable pathophysiological relation between endometriosis and the onset of the menstrual period. It is an estrogen-dependent benign inflammatory disease characterized by the presence of ectopic endometrial implants such as endometrial glands and stroma outside the uterus. The occurrence of the earlier menarche before the onset of the adolescent stage is no longer restricted to the exposure of such metabolic disease. Rather, it is further extended to the normative and the late menarche according to the evidence-based studies. The widespread pathophysiological developments in different menarcheal age and its impact is implicated in disease onset has spurred researchers to investigate a causal relation between the range of menarcheal age and the concomitant increase of civilization chronic diseases due to having multiple factors which directly exacerbate a high degree of the metabolic investment in the widest area of the reproductive functioning, menarcheal age, nutritional status, and parity by virtue of the inextricably interwoven of complexity between the menstrual cycle and pathogen load of the retrograde menstruation. An evolutionary menstrual cyclical model predictably modulates hormonal milieu, inflammation, estrogen exposure, and pinpointing the migration of endometrial debris into the peritoneal cavity, which is up-regulated in the menstrual cycle and eventually increases the chances of the development of estrogen-dependent disease such as endometriosis. The present review evaluates the published evidence on the potential risk of endometriosis irrespective of any menarcheal age.

Menstrual Hygiene Management and its Association with Socio-economic Inequalities: A Cross-Sectional Study at Two Tertiary Care Hospitals of Rawalpindi

Objective: To assess the degree of awareness and affordability of menstrual products among women of various socioeconomic classes. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Obstetrics and Gynecology Outpatient Department, Fauji Foundation Hospital, Rawalpindi and Combined Military Hospital, Rawalpindi Pakistan, from Jan to Jul 2023. Methodology: A total of 434 females aged 15-49 years were included, out of which 217 were from Fauji Foundation Hospital, Rawalpindi and 217 from Combined Military Hospital, Rawalpindi. A validated, structured questionnaire was given to all respondents. to compare associations of socio-economic status with knowledge and affordability of menstrual products. Results: Data showed a positive association between mothers’ level of education and their daughters’ early knowledge of menstruation. The source of this knowledge predominantly is mother. When use of product of choice, reasons for not using a tampon/menstrual cup, washing genitalia after each toilet visit, bathing and reasons for not bathing during menses, pain relieve during menses and indulgence in going out during menses were compared in respondents with higher education versus lower education, there was significant association seen in the higher educational group (p&lt;0.01). Higher family income was also significantly associated with better hygiene practices amongst the respondents. Conclusion: Our research underscores the importance of cognizance of mothers through early education, to ensure that young girls are not only well-aware at the age of menarche but also enabled to track their menstrual health confidently. Education should be coupled with accessible and affordable menstrual products to empower women for making informed choices.

Age of menarche and final height in patients with permanent congenital hypothyroidism.

We compared the age at menarche and standard deviation score (SDS) of final height (FH) in permanent congenital hypothyroidism (CH) patients with those of healthy female adolescents and assessed their associations with CH screening-related variables or demographic factors. In this cross-sectional study, we included 207 female CH patients and 598 healthy age-matched female adolescents. Ages at puberty onset and menarche, height at puberty and menarche, and the FH and its SDS were evaluated in the 2 groups and compared. Associations between screening variables and anthropometric data with age at menarche and SDS of FH were also assessed in CH patients. In the included population, 113 patients with CH and 453 healthy girls attained their FH. The mean ages at puberty onset and menarche in CH patients were higher than those in the healthy population (P<0.05). The mean height at menarche and the FH and its SDS were not different between the 2 groups (P>0.05). There was no significant association between FH SDS in CH patients and age of treatment (P=0.30). Age at menarche was significantly higher in CH patients with delayed age at treatment initiation (P=0.04). The difference between FH and target height was not significantly different among CH patients (P=0.83). While CH patients had a significantly higher age at menarche compared to the healthy population, appropriate treatment changed this age to be similar to that in the healthy group. However, CH patients who experienced delayed treatment had a higher age at menarche. Age at treatment initiation was the only screening-related variable related to age at onset of menarche and puberty.

Study on Predisposing Factors of Adolescent Dysmenorrhoea

Dysmenorrhea is the most common complaint of menstrual pain during adolescence. Relevant risk factors for this condition include early menarche (&lt;12). At this age, the reproductive organs have not fully developed, and the narrowing of the cervix can lead to pain during menstruation. The duration of menstruation may be influenced by continuous uterine contractions, which interrupt blood flow to the uterus. The length of the menstrual cycle plays a role in this, as a longer cycle leads to the release of more prostaglandins, causing pain. A family history of dysmenorrhea is an unmodifiable risk factor. This study aims to identify the predispositional factors that affect dysmenorrhea. The research design used is an analytical survey with a cross-sectional approach, which is a study aimed at exploring the correlation between causative factors and their effects, conducted simultaneously. The population consists of all students who experience menstrual pain. The sampling method used in this study was simple random sampling. The results show that the majority of subjects experienced dysmenorrhea, with 44 subjects (60,3%). Conclusion, there is a relationship between family history and exercise habits with the occurrence of primary dysmenorrhea, while no relationship was found between menarche age, menstrual duration, and nutritional status with the occurrence of primary dysmenorrhea.

Overweight and Age of Menarche in Early Adolescents

Background: Overweight has become a global epidemic, particularly in Indonesia. The prevalence of overweight in elementary school children continues to rise every year, posing a pressing health concern that requires immediate attention. Epidemiological studies reveal that the age of menarche is decreasing globally. This phenomenon reflects improvements in nutrition and overall health. Additionally, it is a consewuence of changes in socio-economic circumstances and human lifestyle. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between overweight and the age of menarche in early adolescent. Methods: The study was analytical observation with a Cross-Sectional research approach conducted at Islamic Elementary School 1 Malang city, with data collection taking place from February to March 2023. The research population consisted of 42 overweight adolescents, and a total sampling technique was utilized. The variables under investigation are the age at which adolescents first experience menarche and the body weight of adolescens. Data was analyzed using the Spearman Rank correlation test. Results: The result of Spearman Rank correlation test, yielded a p-value of 0.408 (&gt;0.05) indicating that there was no significant relationship observed between overweight and the age of menarche among early adolescents at Madrasah Ibtidaiyah Negeri 1 in Malang City. Conclusion: There is no significant relationship between overweight and the age of menarche among early adolescents. It is crucial to monitor balanced food intake to uphold a healty nutritional status. Insufficient nutrition can impair both body and reproductive funcitons.

The influence of hormonal combined contraceptive in the onset of hidradenitis suppurativa: a retrospective cohort study.

Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic inflammatory cutaneous disease characterized by recurrent painful nodules, abscesses and sinus tract on the apocrine gland-bearing skin. The role of sex hormones in the pathogenesis as well as the use of hormonal treatment in the management of HS is still debated. We performed a retrospective cohort study including 183 patients to assess the influence of combined estrogen-progestin oral contraceptive (COC) in HS onset and disease severity. Univariable and multivariable analyses highlighted that the patients undergoing COC therapy had a later onset of HS, more precisely 9 years after the patients who have not received COC, independently to body mass index, family history, smoking, acne, age of menarche, and concomitant gynecological disorders. This study suggests that COC use could influence the development and the progression of HS and supports the key role of sex hormones in the pathogenesis of the disease.

Age at Menarche and Coronary Artery Disease Risk: Divergent Associations with Different Sources of Variation.

In women, both earlier and later age at menarche (AAM) are associated with increased risk of coronary artery disease (CAD). This study sought to determine if the relationship of AAM with CAD and CAD risk factors differs for different underlying sources of variation in AAM - specifically, variation attributable to common genetic variants as represented by a polygenic score (PGS) vs. variation in AAM adjusted for the PGS. Primary analyses were conducted on data from 201,037 women in the UK Biobank and validation studies on data from 23,268 women in the Women's Genome Health Study (WGHS). For each individual, a PGS for AAM was calculated, then two variables were estimated from linear regression models: the genetically predicted AAM (the estimated AAM for each woman solely due to the effects of common genetic variants) and the PGS-adjusted AAM (estimated AAM for each woman solely due to factors other than the PGS). Logistic regression and linear splines were then used to study the relationships of these variables with CAD and CAD risk factors. Genetically predicted AAM demonstrated a linear relationship with CAD and linear or roughly linear relationships with CAD risk factors. In contrast, PGS-adjusted AAM demonstrated a U-shaped relationship with CAD and with hemoglobin A1c, triglycerides, HDL-C, and waist-hip ratio. Validation studies using WGHS data produced similar results. These results suggest that later AAM itself does not cause increased risk of CAD; rather, upstream sources of variation other than common genetic variants can cause both later AAM and increased risk of CAD. Dysglycemia, dyslipidemia, and central adiposity are candidate mediators of the association of later AAM with increased risk of CAD.

Analysis of Biological Factors that Influence the Acceleration of Menarche in Female Students Aged 13-14 Years

Various biological factors influence the acceleration of the age of menarche in female students aged 13-14 years. These factors include exposure to pornographic media, excess body weight, consumption of fast food, nutritional status, history of maternal age at menarche, sexual knowledge, height, and family economic status. Early exposure to sexual content and a high-fat diet can accelerate sexual maturity through changes in hormone production, while nutritional status and history of maternal age at menarche are also associated with accelerated menarche. This research involved 85 class VII female students who were selected purposively to analyze the influence of these factors on the age of menarche. Data was collected through questionnaires and physical measurements, then analyzed using the Chi-square test. The results show that exposure to pornographic media, excess body weight, consumption of fast food, nutritional status, and history of the mother's age at menarche have a significant influence on accelerating the age of menarche (p-value &lt; 0.05). On the other hand, height, sexual knowledge and family economic status did not have a significant effect (p-value &gt; 0.05). It is recommended that parents and schools limit teenagers' access to pornographic media and encourage healthy lifestyles to prevent acceleration of the age menarche.