Age Of Menarche Research Articles

Correlates of Menarcheal Age in a Psychiatric Sample of Adolescents.

Early pubertal timing is associated with more adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and increased risk for psychopathology during adolescence. However, most work to date has used community or epidemiological samples, and it remains unclear whether these associations persist in acute clinical samples. The present study examined associations between age at menarche and ACEs, psychiatric symptoms, and emotion regulation difficulties in a sample of N = 140 adolescents on a psychiatric inpatient unit. Youth with early menarche reported higher levels of depressive symptoms, more severe suicidal ideation, and greater difficulty with emotion regulation than youth with normative age at menarche. There was a marginal effect of youth with early menarche reporting more ACEs and more anxiety symptoms. These results suggest menarcheal age, and ACEs may be useful risk factors to assess in inpatient settings to predict risk for more severe outcomes, and future research on pubertal timing in high acuity settings is warranted.

The J shaped association of age at menarche and cardiovascular events: systematic review and meta-analysis

This study aimed to evaluate the association between age at menarche and cardiovascular (CV) events through a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. A comprehensive literature search covering studies published from January 1, 2000, to October 31, 2023, was conducted in PubMed, MEDLINE, Embase, and Scopus. Twenty-nine observational studies involving 4,931,160 adult women aged 18 years or older were included. The meta-analysis revealed a J-shaped association between age at menarche and CV events. Individuals with menarche at 12–13 years exhibited the lowest risk, while those with younger (≤ 11 years) or older ages (14–15 years and ≥ 16 years) showed an increased risk. Notably, individuals with age at menarche of 16 years and older had the highest risk of CV events. The pooled odds of CV mortality in age at menarche categories 14–15 years and ≥ 16 years were 37% (OR: 1.37, 95% CI 1.14–1.64, I2: 76.9%) and 64% (OR: 1.64, 95% CI 1.20–2.24, I2: 87%) higher than referent age at menarche 12–13 years. No statistically significant difference was found in CV mortality risk between individuals with age at menarche ≤ 11 years and those with age at menarche 12–13 years. The ORs for coronary heart disease were significantly higher for age at menarche ≥ 16 years (35% increase), while no significant difference was found for age at menarche ≤ 11 years or 14–15 years compared to age at menarche 12–13 years. Regarding stroke, the ORs for age at menarche ≤ 11, 14–15, and ≥ 16 years were significantly higher (7%, 24%, and 94% increase, respectively) compared to age at menarche 12–13 years. Dose–response meta-analysis and one-stage random-effect cubic spline models confirmed the J-shaped risk pattern. Meta-regression indicated that age and BMI were not significant sources of heterogeneity. Sensitivity analyses and the absence of publication bias further supported the robustness of the findings. This study concludes that age at menarche is independently associated with CV events, with a J-shaped pattern. The findings underscore the significance of considering menarche age as an independent risk factor for CV events. Further research is warranted to validate these findings and explore potential underlying mechanisms.

A prospective study on the relationship between polycystic ovary syndrome and age at natural menopause.

This study aimed to determine whether polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) was associated with age at menopause, compared with women without PCOS, after adjusting for potential confounders. A total of 1,696 reproductive-aged participants from the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study were included in this population-based prospective study with a follow-up of approximately 20 years. Of these, 348 women with PCOS based on the Rotterdam criteria and 1,348 non-PCOS controls were followed to assess the age at which they reached menopause. An accelerated failure time survival regression model was used to identify the association between PCOS and the age at natural menopause (ANM), with and without adjustment for potential confounders. The unadjusted accelerated failure time survival model revealed a significant positive association between PCOS and ANM; PCOS women experienced time to menopause by a factor of 1.05 than non-PCOS controls (95% confidence interval, 1.02-1.06; P < 0.001). After adjusting for age at baseline, menarche age, history of hypertension, history of type 2 diabetes mellitus, parity, oral contraceptive use, body mass index, education level, physical activity, and smoking, the results remained significant (time ratio: 1.03; 95% confidence interval, 1.01-1.06; P = 0.002). This study indicates that ANM is significantly associated with PCOS in women. Our study findings may have implications for the fertility and reproductive health of women with PCOS. However, further large longitudinal studies on diverse populations accounting for other relevant confounders are still needed to provide data on the actual difference in age at menopause and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of this association.

Post-Menarcheal Growth Patterns in a Contemporary Cohort of Latino Girls

Introduction: Menarche is the last stage of pubertal development, which coincides with the completion of longitudinal growth. As a consequence of the lack of national and up-to-date data related to post-menarcheal (PM) growth, the aim of our work was to evaluate PM growth in a group of contemporary healthy Chilean girls followed, prospectively, until 4 years PM. Methods: This study was nested within the GOCS cohort, in a prospective fashion. The girls were followed yearly after menarche for at least for 4 years. We modeled each girl’s growth using a SuperImposition by Translation and Rotation (SITAR) model. Results: A total of 534 girls were evaluated prospectively; 399 girls had height measured 2 years after menarche, 421 after 3 years, and 364 of 534 had height measured at 4 years PM. Expected height gained PM in the complete study group was 6.6 ± 2.5 cm. We observed that the largest gain in height occurred after the first year PM (3.8 ± 1.5 cm). According to the age of menarche, the group with earlier menarche (p Conclusion: In a national and updated dataset, we observed that girls grew until 4 years PM an average of 6.6 ± 2.5 cm, with greatest gain occurring in the first year PM (3.8 ± 1.5 cm). Age at menarche was associated with menarche growth patterns.

FACTORS AFFECTING THE AGE OF MENOPAUSE IN PADANG CITY IN 2023

AbstractMenopause is characterized by a consecutive period of amenorrhea lasting 12 months without anyunderlying causes or surgical interventions. The age at which menopause occurs can be influenced byvarious factors, including menarche, number of childbirths, body mass index, and the utilization ofhormonal contraceptives. This study aims to determine the factors that influence the incidence ofmenopause in Padang. This study is an analytical research with a cross-sectional study design. Theresearch was conducted in the working areas of all primary public health centers in Padang fromJanuari 2023 to September 2023. The sample consisted of middle-aged women who visited theworking areas of all primary public health centers during the study period. This study is using aquestionnaire as the research instrument and employing the simple random sampling technique toobtain a sample size of 124 participants. The data analysis was conducted using the Chi- Square test,and utilize the statistical software SPSS. A significant relationship between variables was defined if thep-value &lt; 0.05. The results of this study revealed that the majority of respondents experienced earlymenarche (36.3%), had multiparous pregnancies (33.9%), had underweight body mass index (33.1%),used hormonal contraceptives (52.4%), and experienced late menopause (40.3%). The analysisshowed a significant relationship (p&lt;0.05) between the age of menarche (p=0.036) and parity(p=0.002) with the occurrence of menopause. However, there was no significant relationship (p&gt;0.05)between body mass index (p=0.141) and history of contraceptive use (p=0.069) with the occurrenceof menopause. This study found a significant relationship between the age of menarche and paritywith the occurrence of menopause, while there was no significant relationship between body massindex and history of contraceptive use with the occurrence of menopause among middle-aged womenvisiting the primary public health center areas in Padang.

FACTORS RELATED TO PRIMARY DYSMENORHORE IN STUDENTS OF MESUJI JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL 2, MESUJI DISTRICT OGAN KOMERING ILIR 2023

The physiological process of menstruation, which happens periodically in women, has been impacted by reproductive hormones, specifically progesterone and estrogen. Dysmenorrhea, or pain during menstruation, is one of the issues with teenage reproductive health during that time. The purpose of the research was to identify the variables associated with primary dysmenorrhea. This type of study was quantitative, with an analytic survey method and a cross-sectional approach in which the research data used primary data This study used 72 samples to represent the population of female junior high school students. The chi-square test was the data source. The study's findings a correlation between primary dysmenorrhea and physical activity (p value 0.005), menarche age (p value 0.033), and nutritional status (p value 0.044). The incidence of primary dysmenorrhea among female students at SMP Negeri 2 Mesuji in 2023 was shown to be correlated with physical activity, age at menarche, and dietary status. Adolescents should take responsibility for the key modifiable dysmenorrhea causes, like exercise routines and nutritional status, by learning more and adopting a healthy lifestyle.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MATERNAL CHARACTERISTICS AND MENARCHE IN SCHOOLGIRLS AGED 10-12

Adolescence is a period of change or transition from childhood to adulthood which includes biological, psychological and social changes. The most important event in a child's puberty is the first menstruation or menarche, which is a biological sign of sexual maturity. Examine the correlation between maternal characteristics and menarche readiness for female students aged 10-12 years. This study used correlational analysis with a cross sectional approach. Data collection technique used a questionnaire which was conducted on 89 respondents with menarche readiness students aged 10-12 years at SDK Santo Yusup III Malang. The statistical test used the contingency coefficient test. The results of this study indicated that there was correlation between maternal characteristics and readiness for menarche for students aged 10-12 years at SDK Santo Yusup III Malang, the mother's age had p value = 0.000 (r = 0.372), the last education of the mother was p value of 0.001 (r = 0.480), and mother's menarche age p = 0.002 (r = 0.453), which means there was a correlation between the two variables. The correlation value in this study indicated that the direction of the correlation was positive with a fairly strong correlation strength.

The causal effect of reproductive factors on pelvic floor dysfunction: a Mendelian randomization study

BackgroundPelvic floor dysfunction (PFD) is an extremely widespread urogynecologic disorder, the prevalence of which increases with aging. PFD has severely affected women’s quality of life and has been called a social cancer. While previous studies have identified risk factors such as vaginal delivery and obesity for PFD, other reproductive factors, including age at menarche (AAMA), have been largely overlooked. Therefore, we used a Mendelian randomization (MR) study for the first time to investigate the potential causal relationship between reproductive factors and PFD.MethodsWe obtained summary statistics from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) for female genital prolapse (FGP), stress urinary incontinence (SUI), and five reproductive factors. Two-sample Mendelian randomization analysis (TSMR) was performed to explore the causal associations between these factors. The causal effects of reproductive factors on FGP and SUI were primarily estimated using the standard inverse variance weighting (IVW) method, with additional complementary and sensitivity analyses conducted using multiple approaches. A multivariate Mendelian randomization (MVMR) study was also conducted to adjust for pleiotropic effects and possible sources of selection bias and to identify independent exposure factors.ResultsOur findings revealed that advanced age at first sexual intercourse (AFS) and age at first birth (AFB) exhibited negative causal effects on both FGP and SUI. AAMA showed negative causal effects solely on FGP, while age at last live birth (ALB) and age at menopause (AAMO) did not demonstrate any causal effect on either FGP or SUI. And the MVMR results showed that AFB and AFS had independent negative causal effects on FGP and SUI, respectively.ConclusionsThis study, for the first time, investigates the causal relationship between reproductive factors and PFD. The results suggested a causal relationship between some reproductive factors, such as AFB and AFS, and PFD, but there were significant differences between FGPand SUI. Therefore, future studies should explore the underlying mechanisms and develop preventive measures for reproductive factors to reduce the disease burden of PFD.

Menstrual and psychosocial characteristics associated with high-risk of premenstrual dysphoric disorder among university students: a cross-sectional study

ABSTRACT Up to 92 percent of Chinese women of reproductive age have pre-menstrual syndrome (PMS). The severe form of PMS (i.e. pre-menstrual dysphoric disorder [PMDD]) negatively affects women’s everyday functioning and reproductive health. This study examined the relationships between menstrual, psychosocial characteristics and the risk of PMDD among young Chinese women. A cross-sectional online survey was conducted among Chinese university students in Hong Kong. Logistic regression was used to compute adjusted odds ratio (aOR) for the association of high-risk PMDD with menstrual and psychosocial characteristics. A total of 541 Chinese university students were recruited. Approximately 53 percent of female students were at high risk of developing PMDD. The high-risk PMDD group was significantly associated with a heavy volume of menstrual flow (aOR = 2.17, 95 percent CI 1.06–4.45), irregular menstrual cycle (1.72, 1.17–2.52), high dysmenorrhea (2.80, 1.95–4.04) and older ages of menarche (0.67, 0.45–0.98) in the menstrual characteristics. In the psychosocial characteristics, high-risk PMDD was significantly associated with symptoms of anxiety (2.19, 1.48–3.32) and depression (2.22, 1.48–3.32), high loneliness (1.94, 1.34–2.79) and low resilience (2.21, 1.52–3.23) levels. Additionally, resilience had a potential moderating effect on the associations between the high risk of PMDD and anxiety, depression and loneliness. The development and delivery of interventions that can enhance resilience and manage psychological distress would be beneficial for young Chinese women’s reproductive health.

Patient-reported hip pain and function are worse among elite Nordic ski athletes competing in ski jumping versus Nordic combined: a cross-sectional analysis

ObjectivesNordic ski athletes are at increased risk of developing hip pain and dysfunction secondary to femoroacetabular impingement syndrome (FAIS), but it is unclear whether hip symptomatology differs between ski jumping (SJ) and Nordic combined (NC) athletes. The purpose of this study was to compare patient-reported hip pain and dysfunction between elite Nordic ski athletes participating in SJ versus NC. MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted involving SJ and NC athletes who competed at the international and U.S. national levels during the 2021–2022 season. Subjects were excluded if they had hip surgery within two years prior to enrollment. Subjects were asked to undergo diagnostic workups for FAIS, including physical examination and plain radiographic imaging. Subjects were asked to complete a survey that collected information on athletic and training history and to complete the hip disability and osteoarthritis outcome score (HOOS). Demographics, athletic/training history, and HOOS sub-scores were compared between the SJ and NC groups using the Student's t-test, Wilcoxon rank-sum test, or Fisher's exact test, as appropriate. p-values < 0.05 were considered significant. ResultsTwenty-four athletes (13 SJ, 11 NC) were included in the study. There were no statistically significant differences in age, sex, BMI, or age of menarche between the two groups (all p ​> ​0.05). There were also no statistically significant differences in the number of prior sports participated in, total hours of participation in prior sports, or total hours of training in Nordic specialization (all p ​> ​0.05). Among the 18 athletes who underwent physical examination (9 SJ, 9 NC), there were no statistically significant inter-group differences in hip range of motion or incidence of positive impingement tests (all p ​> ​0.05). Among the 19 athletes who underwent imaging (9 SJ, 10 NC), there were no statistically significant inter-group differences in the incidence of cam or pincer morphology in at least one hip (all p ​> ​0.05). SJ athletes had statistically significantly worse HOOS sub-scores for hip symptoms and stiffness, hip function in sports/recreational activities, and hip-related quality of life compared to NC athletes (all p ​< ​0.05). ConclusionElite SJ athletes have worse self-reported hip function compared to elite NC athletes, despite comparable demographics, athletic history, and duration of ski training. Level of evidenceIV.

Correlation Between the Pre and Post Menstrual Symptoms and Body Mass Index Among Females Aged Between 18-25 Years

BACKGROUD AND OBJECTIVE: Menstruation is the cyclical and periodic loss of progestational endometrium and blood. Menorrhagia, Amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, vomiting, mood changes etc., are common forms of pre and post menstrual diseases. The aim of the study was to assess the relationship between pre and post menstrual symptoms and BMI in females aged between 18-25 years. METHODOLOGY: A total of 100 females aged 18 to 25 years volunteered to participate as subject in this study according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The descriptive data like age, weight, height, hip waist ratio and abdominal circumference were collected from each subject after initial brief explanation of the study and written informed consent. The subjects were selected for the study by using a pre designed questionnaire which evaluate the pre and post menstrual symptoms and other factors. Data were analysed by SPSS 21.0 and all the quantitative descriptive data were expressed in mean and standard deviation, and quantitative data expressed in percentage. RESULTS: Among 100 individuals considered for the study, mean age of menarche was 13.22 ± 1.14 years, waist hip ratio 0.74 ± 0.05, abdominal circumference 31.25 ± 3.44 and pain 7.05 ± 1.63. In the study respondents were experiencing abdominal cramps, mood swings, leg cramps, breast tenderness, vaginal discharge, headache, vomiting, giddiness and diarrhea as premenstrual symptoms. And respondents were experiencing dysmenorrhea, menorrhagia, oligomenorrhea, amenorrhea as post menstrual symptoms. CONCLUSION: The present study concluded that there was no statistically significant correlation between the pre and post menstrual symptoms with BMI. Keywords: BMI, Menstruation, Dysmenorrhea, Menorrhagia, Oligomenorrhea, Waist- hip ratio, Amenorrhea, Height, Weight, Menstrual cycle

Differential patterns of reproductive and lifestyle risk factors for breast cancer according to birth cohorts among women in China, Japan and Korea.

The birth cohort effect has been suggested to influence the rate of breast cancer incidence and the trends of associated reproductive and lifestyle factors. We conducted a cohort study to determine whether a differential pattern of associations exists between certain factors and breast cancer risk based on birth cohorts. This was a cohort study using pooled data from 12 cohort studies. We analysed associations between reproductive (menarche age, menopause age, parity and age at first delivery) and lifestyle (smoking and alcohol consumption) factors and breast cancer risk. We obtained hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using the Cox proportional hazard regression analysis on the 1920s, 1930s, 1940s and 1950s birth cohorts. Parity was found to lower the risk of breast cancer in the older but not in the younger birth cohort, whereas lifestyle factors showed associations with breast cancer risk only among the participants born in the 1950s. In the younger birth cohort group, the effect size was lower for parous women compared to the other cohort groups (HR [95% CI] 0.86 [0.66-1.13] compared to 0.60 [0.49-0.73], 0.46 [0.38-0.56] and 0.62 [0.51-0.77]). Meanwhile, a higher effect size was found for smoking (1.45 [1.14-1.84] compared to 1.25 [0.99-1.58], 1.06 [0.85-1.32] and 0.86 [0.69-1.08]) and alcohol consumption (1.22 [1.01-1.48] compared to 1.10 [0.90-1.33], 1.15 [0.96-1.38], and 1.07 [0.91-1.26]). We observed different associations of parity, smoking and alcohol consumption with breast cancer risk across various birth cohorts.

Crecimiento y desarrollo puberal en niñas adoptadas de Rusia: seguimiento de 12 años

Introduction: the objectives were to provide longitudinal data on growth and determine the age of thelarche and menarche in girls adopted from Russia. Material and methods: prospective cohort study in 24 girls from Russia adopted in Spain in the 2002-2010 period, who were followed up for 12 years. The history of adverse childhood experiences was collected by reviewing pre-adoption medical records. We recorded standardised measurements of weight, height and head circumference and the age at thelarche and menarche. The mean values were compared with reference standards. Results: Salient history: preterm birth (33.3%), low birth weight (41.7%), prenatal alcohol exposure (45.8%), abuse and neglect (54.2%). Initial evaluation: mean age, 3 years (standard deviation [SD] 1.6) years; weight z-score (z), −1.35; height z, −2.42; head circumference z −1.77. One year after adoption, there was significant catch-up growth in weight (z +0.68), height (z +0.98), and head circumference (z +0.76). Temporal trends in growth: no weight delay from age 7 years; height continued to recover until age 10 (z −0.40) and remained stable until age 15 (z −0.46); the delay was greater compared to weight at every timepoint. The mean age at onset of thelarche was 9.9 years (SD 0.8) with a height of 135.4 cm (z −0.43). The mean age at menarche was 11.9 years (SD 0.7) years, with a height of 147.6 cm (z −0.44). Conclusions: the pattern of growth and development was characterized by severe delay in linear growth and a moderate delay in weight and head circumference at the time of adoption, rapid, significant and prolonged catch-up growth, acceleration of pubertal development with early thelarche and menarche and an incomplete recovery of linear growth.

BRCA Mutation Patients: Are There Other Predisposing Factors for Ovarian Cancer Occurrence? A Multicenter Retrospective Study

Objectives: The objective of this multicenter retrospective study aimed to evaluate the association of clinical variables and the incidence of ovarian cancer in patients with BRCA 1–2 mutation carriers who underwent risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy (RRSO). Design: Patients with a pathogenic mutation of BRCA 1–2 genes and with no evidence of disease are considered eligible. The exclusion criterion was the refusal to undergo the surgery. The retrospective study included all RRSO performed from May 2015 to April 2022 in the three gynecological Institutions of Southern Italy for were included in this retrospective study. Participants/Materials, Setting, Methods: Age, menarche age, BMI, menopause at time of RRSO, breast cancer first- and second-degree relatives, ovarian cancer first- and second-degree relatives, estroprogestin use, pregnancy normal full-term delivery, history of endometriosis, previous breast cancer and histologic type, previous abdominal/pelvic surgery, BRCA 1 or BRCA 2 status, preoperative serum CA-125 levels (IU/mL), age at time of RRSO and histological analysis were collected. Results: 184 were recruited. One was excluded. To assess cancer risk, the outcome variable was classified into three classes: no event, cancer, and other conditions excluding cancer. 14 women presented ovarian cancer and tubal intraepithelial carcinoma (STIC) on histopathologic final report. Ovarian cancer was found in 8 patients, whereas the presence of STIC was found in 6 of them. Limitations: The low incidence of patients diagnosed with ovarian cancer or STIC compared with the total number of patients undergoing RRSO is a potential bias. Conclusions: Our study did not demonstrate a correlation between clinical features and the occurrence of precancerous or cancerous lesions in BRCA mutation carrier patients.

Reproduction Period Of Javanese Women

A woman's reproductive life goes through several phases including menstruation, childbirth and menopause. The first menstrual event experienced by a woman is called menarche, while the end of the menstrual period is called menopause. The age intervals for menarche and menopause describe the reproductive period or fertile age for a woman to become pregnant and give birth. The postreproductive period characterized by menopause is related to a woman's life expectancy and is important for assessing the quality of life. This research aims to determine the reproductive period of Javanese women in Oransbari, South Manokwari Regency. Cross-sectional research was conducted on women with an average age of 51.73 years with an interval of 40.18-69.59 years. The inclusion criteria were women who had experienced menopause. The age of menarche and menopause were analyzed using the Generalized Linear Model (GLM) in the R program. We found that the age at menarche (12.3 years) and age at menopause (43.1 years) of Javanese women in Oransbari were relatively young. This condition results in a shorter reproductive period (30.8 years) compared to several populations in Indonesia such as Sunda, Baduy, Tengger, Lampung, and Semendo. The reproductive period, which tends to be short, might be an adaptive response to environmental challenges that were less favourable as a pioneer transmigration society, such as high physical activity and low socio-economic conditions. The biocultural conditions experienced in the early life of Oransbari form a reproductive period that starts and ends early as an adaptive response to maximize reproductive success. Thus, women's reproductive health especially communities in isolated and remote areas, needs to be studied and become one of the government's focuses in considering intervention policies related to the health and welfare of the elderly and demographics

Factors Impacting the Staging of Breast Cancer: A Cross-Sectional Study

Breast cancer remains a significant public health concern, with staging at diagnosis being a critical factor in prognosis and treatment planning. While biomedical markers have been extensively studied, there is a growing interest in understanding the diagnostic impact of various factors on the staging of breast cancer. This cross-sectional study was conducted on 50 patients with diagnosed breast cancer, further stratifying them by stage (I-IV) and correlating with different factors which includes socio demographic factors too. A significant association was found between the less than &lt;12 years of age of menarche (p-value 0.038), more than one children (p value 0.014) and no breast feeding history (p-value 0.05) with advanced cancer stage (stage IV). No significant association was observed among age of menopause, marital status with cancer staging. Among the clinical features of respondents, the size of the breast lump, presence of nipple retraction, and axillary lymph node enlargement were found more with stage IV. The findings suggested that while certain social factors like marital status may not directly influence the stage at diagnosis, the number of children a patient has could be an indicator of later-stage diagnosis. About 40% of respondents were diagnosed at stage IV, followed by 28% at stage III, indicating a trend towards late diagnosis. This may reflect broader societal and behavioural patterns that affect health-seeking behaviour and access to healthcare. The staging of breast cancer based on these clinical features not only guides the therapeutic approach, including the decision for surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy, but also has implications for the patient's survival outcomes. Understanding these associations aids clinicians in developing personalized treatment plans and also plays a role in the development of screening guidelines aimed at early detection.

Investigating the Relationship between Birthweight and Breast Cancer from A Non-Linear and Mediation Perspective.

Epidemiological studies have shown a positive relationship between birthweight and breast cancer; however, inconsistent, sometimes even controversial, observations emerged. We re-explored the association between them in the UK Biobank cohort. Relying on the UK Biobank cohort data of white British volunteers recruited between 2006 and 2010 (5,760 cases and 162,778 controls), we evaluated the causal mediation between birthweight and breast cancer, with age of menarche and age at menopause as two potential mediators under the traditional mediation analysis framework. The non-linear relationship between birthweight and breast cancer was also investigated by including the square of birthweight or discretized birthweight categories (<2.5, 2.5~4.0, or >4.0). Furthermore, we performed a stratification analysis in terms of the menopause status. Birthweight can indirectly influence breast cancer risk in adulthood via the path of age of menarche or age at menopause, and found statistical evidence supporting the existence of suggestive non-linear association between birthweight and breast cancer (β=0.062 and P=0.004 for the square of birthweight) although failing to discover a linear relationship (P=0.230). We also demonstrated such non-linear association seemed more pronounced and robust for premenopausal women compared with postmenopausal ones (27.5% vs. 19.5% increase in breast cancer risk). This study provided an in-depth insight into the observed relationship between birthweight and breast cancer and revealed that non-linear impact and causal mediation commonly drive the connection between the two traits.

Menstrual health affecting school absenteeism during menstruation among adolescent girls in Nepal

Background: Girls' adolescence characterized by the multiple changes and the significant one is the initiation of menarche. Despite being the natural regular normal process, there are some menstrual abnormalities female adolescents may encounter in their life. Inability to manage those anomalies efficiently can affect physical, psychological and emotional well-being, including their education because of school absenteeism. Objective: The main aim of the study is to assess characteristics of menstruation and examine its association with school absenteeism among adolescent girls of Nepal. Methodology: A quantitative, community based cross sectional analytical study was conducted among 317 adolescent girls who had already experienced menstruation in 11 different study sites. The questionnaire was self-administered to adolescent girls which was collected on the same day of data collection. Collected data were entered in Epi-data version 3.1 which was further imported to SPSS for further analysis. Logistic regression analysis was used to examine association between school missed due to menstruation and menstrual characteristics. Results: The study showed that the mean age of menarche is 12.9±0.97 years. The majority of adolescent girls (89.6%) have normal length of menstrual cycle where as 42.0% of them had moderate amount of bleeding and 35.3% of them had irregular menstruation cycle. Concerning the menstrual symptoms, adolescent girls experienced depressed mood (30.6%), rapid mood change (24.0%), and dizziness (15.31%). Almost half (46.7%) of adolescent girls had missed school due to menstruation. Dysmenorrhea, (AOR=1.75, 95% CI=1.08-2.83) experience of lower back pain (70.8%, AOR=2.81, 95% CI=1.11-7.10) and dizziness (72.0%, AOR=2.82, 95% CI=1.12-7.10) and use of clothes as absorbent (50.6%, AOR=1.87, 95% CI=1.04-3.38) during menstruation were found significantly associated with missing school during menstruation. Conclusions: Majority adolescent girls have normal menstruation but still there are many girls experiencing varies menstrual issues which influence school absenteeism during menstruation.

Shared Genetics between Age at Menarche and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Genome-Wide Genetic Correlation Study.

Background: Age at menarche (AAM) has been associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, little is known about their shared heritability. Methods: Our data comes from the Taiwan Biobank. Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) were conducted to identify single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) related to AAM-, T2DM-, and T2DM-related phenotypes, such as body fat percentage (BFP), fasting blood glucose (FBG), and hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C). Further, the conditional false discovery rate (cFDR) method was applied to examine the shared genetic signals. Results: Conditioning on AAM, Quantile-quantile plots showed an earlier departure from the diagonal line among SNPs associated with BFP and FBG, indicating pleiotropic enrichments among AAM and these traits. Further, the cFDR analysis found 39 independent pleiotropic loci that may underlie the AAM-T2DM association. Among them, FN3KRP rs1046896 (cFDR = 6.84 × 10-49), CDKAL1 rs2206734 (cFDR = 6.48 × 10-10), B3GNTL1 rs58431774 (cFDR = 2.95 × 10-10), G6PC2 rs1402837 (cFDR = 1.82 × 10-8), and KCNQ1 rs60808706 (cFDR = 9.49 × 10-8) were highlighted for their significant genetic enrichment. The protein-protein interaction analysis revealed a significantly enriched network among novel discovered genes that were mostly found to be involved in the insulin and glucagon signaling pathways. Conclusions: Our study highlights potential pleiotropic effects across AAM and T2DM. This may shed light on identifying the genetic causes of T2DM.

Risk Factors Of Ovarian Cancer Among The Postmenopausal Women

Background: Ovarian cancer ranks 5thin cancer deaths among women. A woman’s risk of getting ovarian cancer during her lifetime is about 1 in 75. Cancer mainly develops in older women.&#x0D; Methods: The case control study was carried out among 154 respondents in medical oncology department, NIRCH, Dhaka from July 2016 to June 2017. Among the participants, 77 were cases who had ovarian cancer and another 77 were controls who had no ovarian cancer. Convenient sampling technique was used and data were collected by face-to-face interview using a pretested semi-structured questionnaire. Data were entered on to the template of SPSS and analysis was done.&#x0D; Results: The mean age of case and control group were 60.06±7.00 and 59.89±6.96 years respectively. Highest number of respondents were illiterate. Majority came from rural area and had no personal monthly income. Most of them were taken high fiber diet, 83.1% in case and 77.9% in control group. About 80.5% in case and 66.2% in control group had BMI ≥25 kg/m2. Sedentary workers 40.3% in case and 13.0% in control group; moderate workers were 31.2% in case and 20.8% in control group and hard workers were 28.5% and 66.2% in case and control group respectively. The mean age of menarche 12.02±1.19 years and 12.87±1.30 years in case and control group respectively and mean age of menopause in case and in control groups respectively 51.54±2.39 and 49.61±1.29 years. In case group 49.3% had early term pregnancy whereas in control group 9.5% had early term pregnancy; in case group 82.1% and in control group 86.5% had breast feeding history. Around 16.9% in case group and 27.3% in control group used to take OCP. Significantly more respondents 6.5% in case group had personal H/O breast cancer than control group. Positive family history of breast and ovarian cancer was found 16.9% in case group and 2.6% in control group. In binary logistic regression analysis for risk factors of OC was found that sedentary activity was associated with increased risk, increased BMI (≥25 kg/m2), early age of menarche (≤12 years), late age of menopause (&gt;51 years), nullipara and early term pregnancy. Family H/O breast or ovarian cancer significantly associated with development of ovarian cancer.&#x0D; Conclusion: Ovarian cancer observed more in older age group (≥60 years) among sedentary worker with high body mass index (≥25 kg/m2). Early age of menarche (≤12 years), late menopause (&gt;50 years), never having given birth to a child in life time, early term of pregnancy and family history of breast and ovarian cancer were significantly associated with ovarian cancer among post-menopausal women.&#x0D; JOPSOM 2021; 41(2):28-35