Men In Ways Research Articles

Epistemology and Social Order

The rise of the nations of Asia and, as one ought to add, Africa, and the invention of atomic weapons are two developments which threaten to shake the way of life the Western World has developed. Is there a way to ban these dangers and to provide for the world an harmonious order? These are the momentous questions to which the author of The Meeting of East and West has addressed himself in his new book. Although of the thirty-two chapters of this work, thirty are adaptations of articles published at earlier dates, the book constitutes a coherent whole and an impressive testimony to the consistency of the thought of the author as it has developed during his incumbency of the philosopher's chair at the Yale Law School. As the title of the book indicates, the author is concerned with human experience, i.e. epistemology in general, and more particularly, the relations between epistemology and man's ways of social order as expressed in ethics and law.

Man's Way: A Preface to the Understanding of Human Society. Walter Goldschmidt

Previous articleNext article No AccessBook ReviewsMan's Way: A Preface to the Understanding of Human Society. Walter Goldschmidt Sister Frances Jerome WoodsSister Frances Jerome Woods Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Social Service Review Volume 34, Number 3Sep., 1960 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/640911 Views: 3Total views on this site Copyright 1960 The University of ChicagoPDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.

Review: C. Charles Darwin: Evolution and Culture, Man's Way: A Preface to the Understanding of Human Society

Review: C. Charles Darwin: Evolution and Culture, Man's Way: A Preface to the Understanding of Human Society

Man's Way: A Preface to the Understanding of Human Society.

Man's Way: A Preface to the Understanding of Human Society.

Man's Way: A Preface to the Understanding of Human Society

Man's Way: A Preface to the Understanding of Human Society

Sexual Division of Labor and Cross-Cultural Research

T HE sexual division of labor is a universal phenomenon in culture which makes for differential productivity by the sexes. The importance of this disparity in relation to other features of social organization has been intimated by several authors. Steward, for example, has made the general statement that, Descent is male or female largely according to the importance of man or woman in that culture.' Gillin has observed that, Polygyny is especially congenial to cultural configurations in which each women is considered an asset on account of her worth or productiveness. 11d2 There has, however, been no attempt to express the factor of economic importance, worth, or productiveness in terms which would allow comparison between societies of differing economies. This paper suggests a unitary means of characterizing the differential contribution to subsistence by the sexes, and attempts to demonstrate the correlation of such contribution with marriage patterns. Such a treatment has methodological implications for further crosscultural research. Subsistence activities have long been a major concern of anthropologists. Ethnologists have dwelt on the food-quest because it looms so large in the lives of many peoples whose cultures are technologically simple, and archeologists have concerned themselves with it as a complex of which many material remains are available. The means of acquisition or production of food have even been used as the basis for differentiating developmental stages in evolutionistic schemes of historical interpretation. The preponderant importance of this aspect within the total economy of most societies is the reason for its selection here as the basis for comparison. Quite distinct from considerations in subsistence have been sociological studies emphasizing the sexual division of labor as an aspect of patterned interpersonal relationships based on ascribed roles, and others emphasizing innate psychological differences between man and woman. I submit that these factors-means of food production and division of labor-gain in significance when considered in relation to each other. It is difficult to evaluate the place of a productive activity in the broader cultural context without knowing just who does the bulk of the work. In like manner, data on sex participation in various activities are virtually meaningless unless related to the import of these undertakings within the total economy. Some means of characterizing the relative contribution of each sex to the common weal would be especially useful in cross-cultural research, where the emphasis is on combinations, or associations, of cultural elements. In attempting to relate factors with those of social organization in a large sample of world cultures, I have devised an index which has yielded some interesting correlations. The sample consists of 556 cultures in 50 geographical regions (which in most cases correspond to culture areas or groups of related culture areas). These cultures were selected by George P. Murdock with the specific aim of representing all the peoples of the world, including historical and contemporary civilizations as well as primitive societies.3 Historical, linguistic, and geographical criteria were all considered in an effort to achieve maximal scatter and to reduce the bias of historical interdependence to a minimum. I abstracted detailed information on subsistence activities and sexual division of labor from source materials on each society in the sample. From these data, it was possible to determine approximately the relative importance of each of the major classes of food-getting activities: namely, hunting and * An earlier version of this paper was presented at the 54th meeting of the American Anthropological Association held at Boston in November 1955. The author is grateful for helpful comments and suggestions supplied by Edward M. B3runer, Clyde Kluckhohn, and George P. Murdock. I Julian H. Steward, Ecological Aspects of Southwestern Society, Antliropos, 32 (1937), pp. 87-104. 2 John P. Gillin, The Ways of Men (New York: Appleton-Century, 1948), p. 426. 3George P. Murdock, World Ethnographic Sample, American Anthropologist, 59 (1957), pp. 664-687.

Religion Among American Indians

The primitive religious ideas of the American Indians. their ritual istic forms, their social function, and their chief practitioners are described in this article. The persistence of these ideas and the manner in which they affect the Indian's acceptance of the white man's ways are illustrated. Special attention is paid to the rise of the Peyote Cult and its development into the Native American Church, which appears to be a transitional institution ultimately leading to the acceptance of the white man's religion.—Ed.

St. Augustine on Signs

M ANY of the topics of Augustinian theology and philosophy in which the notion of 'signs' is central have received a good deal of attention. This is true, above all, of Augustine's sacramental theology. His definition of sacramentum in terms of signum became classical. His definition of signum is rarely mentioned by later writers except in the context of sacramental theology; nevertheless, the notion plays an important part in other contexts. Chief among these is Augustine's discussion of the meanings of Scripture 2, but the concept enters into such diverse fields of his interests as his theory of language, his discussion of miracles, of the relation of the world to God, and of man's way of acquiring knowledge, not least knowledge of himself. Notwithstanding the focal interest of the notions of sign and of meaning in Augustine's thought, they have, so far as I know, not received treatment as such. This essay is, therefore, an attempt to disentangle what Augustine thought about signs, in particular, about words, and meaning. At the risk of ascribing to him preoccupations which he would scarcely have recognisedl, no attempt is made here to (leal with any of the applications made by Augustine of the notion. A survey of the relevant background of discussion, here as in general 3, serves to throw into relief the originality of Augustine's contribution. From Aristotle onwards, the theme of 'signs' recurs regularly in Greek philosophy; indeed, Philodemus in his de Signis and Sextus Empiricus suggest that the question of signs was one of the focal points of the StoicEpicurean debate.4 The broad terms of reference for the debate had

Man's Way from Cave to Skyscraper. Ralph Linton , Adelin Linton

Previous articleNext article No AccessNew Biological BooksMan's Way from Cave to Skyscraper. Ralph Linton , Adelin Linton William L. Straus, Jr.William L. Straus, Jr. Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by The Quarterly Review of Biology Volume 24, Number 2Jun., 1949 Published in association with Stony Brook University Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/397048 PDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.

The Ways of Men

The Ways of Men

The Ways of Men.John Gillin

Previous articleNext article No AccessBook ReviewsThe Ways of Men. John Gillin Alexander SpoehrAlexander Spoehr Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by American Journal of Sociology Volume 54, Number 2Sep., 1948 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/220310 Views: 2Total views on this site PDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.

Books in the Virginia Colony before 1624

F | RCROM James Citty on September 30, i6i9, John Pory, Secretary, wrote to Sir Dudley Carleton, his old friend and benefactor then ambassador at the Hague: I am resolved wholly to minde my busines here, and nexte after my penne, to have some good book alwayes in store, being in solitude the best and choicest company.' An attempt to identify the books available to Pory in Virginia would be fruitless because no complete account exists listing all the books sent to the colony during his residence there. Scattered references are made to some of the volumes sent at various times, however, and those references are cited here. An attempt has also been made to identify the books which may have been available to the colonists in Virginia before i624. The Bible and the Book of Common Prayer, of course, are most frequently mentioned in the remaining records of the first few years of the colony. For example, an itemized account of the cost of furnishing the ship Margaret in July, August and September, i6i9, in preparation for a voyage to Virginia, lists ?3 6s 8d for two church bibles and fourteen shillings for 2 common prayer bookes.2 This same inventory lists 3. bookes of the practise of piety at seven shillings and 3. bookes of the playne man's path way at three shillings six pence. The Practise of Pietie by Lewis Bayly, Bishop of Bangor, was in its third edition by i6I3' and another edition-probably the one sent to Virginia by the Margaret-was published at London in i6i9 with a fuller title, The Practice of Piety, being the substance of several Sermons preached at Evesham.4 No copies of the early editions of this work are in the United

Pecan Industry in the United States

' HE pecan tree and its fruit have become important factors in man's way of life in southern and southeastern United States. The pecan tree is native to much of the region, but not all. In its native habitat it has developed from an the spot food for Indians, early explorers, and pioneers to the source of a significant industry, and in recent years the industry has spread to adjacent regions. (Figures 1 and 2.) Beginnings of the industry were small scale with negligible alterations in patterns of life and landscape. Before 1900 wild nuts were gathered irregularly from time to time as convenience permitted, and were consumed at home or sold locally in conformity to a fluctuating market. Later, when inhabitants of the region began to realize that the nut crop might have permanent commercial value, they became planters as well as gatherers and consumers. With aid of express and mail orders, nuts were sold, first to peripheral areas in proximity to the producing regions, and later to large city markets in more distant regions. When planting of improved varieties of trees became prevalent and pecan production began to take on characteristics of a productive industry, the pattern of life and the cultural landscape of the region were altered. Until that time, man's only interest was in nondescript, scattered pecan trees he found growing wild. Now he became interested in growing homogeneous, well-kept orchards, with real commercial value. As a result, the avocation of nut gathering became a vocation for many people of the area, and the pecan industry became firmly established.

Engineering Training for Women

T HE drafting of civilian college men and the institution of specific military curriculums, such as the Army Specialized Training Program and the Naval College Training Program, are obvious changes in the educational scene. In addition to these which chiefly affect men, there are several which are influencing women as well. Within the past three years many engineering and technical courses have been opened to women for the first time. Previously, women were permitted, but certainly not encouraged, to participate in courses such as mechanical drawing, shop work, or the more advanced technical subjects. The governmentsponsored courses of the Engineering, Science, and Management War Training (ESMWT) in these fields have pointed their offerings directly toward women. College officers and vocational advisers have likewise encouraged women to move into technical fields. Industry has welcomed those who have been trained. Not only have women been warmly welcomed; they have received real recognition. Because a number of women have shown that they have abilities in technical work, there is a growing acknowledgment that women can do the job. They have successfully invaded fields heretofore recognized as suitable for men only. Of course, there has always been the unusual woman who succeeded in a man's field in a man's way, but the present situation goes beyond that. Although equality of opportunity has hardly yet been achieved, the woman is not now a stranger in these fields, and she is well on the way to being accepted there. In all coeducational systems, the girls have had the opportunity to accept the accelerated programs along with the men. They have been urged to do so for patriotic, as well as economic, reasons. This, in itself, has forced college women to recognize themselves as important factors in the economics of production. Industry and education have combined forces to meet specific industrial needs. Special courses and whole curriculums have been developed chiefly for the training of women. The closer association between educational institutions and industrial concerns is in itself a significant change; the fact that it concerns women is of further consequence. The Engineering Cadette Program, which is particularly significant for those concerned with the education of women, combines and illustrates a number of the changes which have been

The Secondary or Psychological Phase of Training Films<!--<xref ref-type="other" rid="fn1-10.5594_J07400">*</xref>-->

By far the larger part of Army training films is “nuts-and-bolts” pictures. About a year ago, it was decided that while the American soldier was getting excellent training in the handling of his weapons and equipment, the mental or psychological side of his training left something to be desired. To counteract the mental stresses and battlefield psychosis common to men who go into combat for the first time, the Army Ground Force Headquarters decided, in September of 1942, that a series of films should be prepared that would serve, in a sense, as precombat conditioning. From the viewpoint of the Army, this series has been an outstanding success. These films have brought a man as close to combat as he can get without actually engaging an enemy. — The Army has pioneered in using the screen as a medium for psychological instruction and conditioning. To change a man's way of thinking and acting under stress is a difficult job, but it has been found that the screen possesses the potential ability to do so.

Man's Way. A First Book in Philosophy.

Man's Way. A First Book in Philosophy.

Prevention of War

THE last word of evolution is this: The race A is not to the swift nor to the strong but to the wise.” With these words Dr. W. Langdon Brown closed an address on biology and politics in which he indicated certain general biological principles which bear on the political difficulties arising in the present conflict between nationalism and internationalism. Among the gravest needs of to-day is that of more intelligence in our national and international affairs, and anything which directs attention to this need is welcome. Nowhere is this more essential than in international affairs, both in our attitude to, and in thinking about, problems of world peace. Despite the quickening pulse of preparations for war during recent months, all the evidence goes to show that the general will to peace is much more conscious and decided than before the War, and there is no reason to question the sincerity of that desire. The growing danger of war is due mainly to lack of intelligent thinking about the problems involved, to a mental lethargy which refuses to face the full facts and to our tendency to desire two mutually inconsistent things. The Intelligent Man's Way to Prevent War. By Sir Norman Angell Prof. Gilbert Murray C. M. Lloyd C. R. Buxton Viscount Cecil W. Arnold-Forster Prof. Harold J. Laski. Edited by Leonard Woolf. Pp. 576. (London: Victor Gollancz, Ltd., 1933.) 5s. net.

The Intelligent Man's Way to Prevent War, In Pursuit of Peace : Ten Addresses delivered at Oxford, the Science of Peace, Patriotism Ltd. : an exposure of the War Machine and World Order Without Arms

The Intelligent Man's Way to Prevent War, In Pursuit of Peace : Ten Addresses delivered at Oxford, the Science of Peace, Patriotism Ltd. : an exposure of the War Machine and World Order Without Arms

BOOK REVIEWS

Book reviews in this article:The Anti‐Slum CampaignBy Sir E. D. Simon.The Cambridge History of the British Empire, Vol. VII. Part I.—Australia; Part 11.—New Zealand.The Intelligent Man's Way to Prevent War. By Sir Norman Angell and others. Edited By Leonard Woolf.Foundations for the World's New Age of Plenty. By Fred Henderson.Broadcasting. By Hilda Matheson.Modern Theories of Law. Being a series of Lectures by A. L. Goodhart A. Meyendorff, Morris Ginsberg, Harold Laski, Ivor Jennings, Sir Maurice Amos, H. Lauchterpacht, B. A. Wortley, William A. Robson, and C. A. W. Manning.Survey of International Affairs, 1932. By Arnold J. Toynbee.Documents on International Affairs, 1932. Edited by John W. Wheeler‐Bennett.

'The Working Man's Way in the World'

Journal Article 'The Working Man's Way in the World' Get access W. C. J W. C. J Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Notes and Queries, Volume s12-II, Issue 40, 30 September 1916, Page 279, https://doi.org/10.1093/nq/s12-II.40.279b Published: 30 September 1916