Trained Men Research Articles

Accuracy of Predicting One-Repetition Maximum from Submaximal Velocity in The Barbell Back Squat and Bench Press.

This study examined the accuracy of predicting a free-weight back squat and a bench press one-repetition maximum (1RM) using both 2- and 4-point submaximal average concentric velocity (ACV) methods. Seventeen resistance trained men performed a warm-up and a 1RM test on the squat and bench press with ACV assessed on all repetitions. The ACVs during the warm-up closest to 1.0 and 0.5m.s-1 were used in the 2-point linear regression forecast of the 1RM and the ACVs established at loads closest to 20, 50, 70, and 80% of the 1RM were used in the 4-point 1RM prediction. Repeated measures ANOVA and Bland-Altman and Mountain plots were used to analyze agreement between predicted and actual 1RMs. ANOVA indicated significant differences between the predicted and the actual 1RM for both the 2- and 4-point equations in both exercises (p<0.001). The 2-point squat prediction overestimated the 1RM by 29.12±0.07kg and the 4-point squat prediction overestimated the 1RM by 38.53±5.01kg. The bench press 1RM was overestimated by 9.32±4.68kg with the 2-point method and by 7.15±6.66kg using the 4-point method. Bland-Altman and Mountain plots confirmed the ANOVA findings as data were not tightly conformed to the respective zero difference lines and Bland-Altman plots showed wide limits of agreement. These data demonstrate that both 2- and 4-point velocity methods predicted the bench press 1RM more accurately than the squat 1RM. However, a lack of agreement between the predicted and the actual 1RM was observed for both exercises when volitional velocity was used.

Short-term effects of isometric exercise with local and systemic hypoxia and normoxia on fatigue and muscle function in trained men

Short-term effects of isometric exercise with local and systemic hypoxia and normoxia on fatigue and muscle function in trained men

Effects of tetraethylammonium-sensitive K+ channel blockade on cholinergic and thermal sweating in endurance-trained and untrained men.

What is the central question of this study? Does inhibition of K+ channels modulate the exercise-training-induced augmentation in cholinergic and thermal sweating? What is the main finding and its importance? Iontophoretic administration of tetraethylammonium, a K+ channel blocker, blunted sweating induced by a low dose (0.001%) of the cholinergic agent pilocarpine, but not heat-induced sweating. However, no differences in the cholinergic sweating were observed between young endurance-trained and untrained men. Thus, while K+ channels play a role in the regulation of eccrine sweating, they do not contribute to the increase in sweating commonly observed in endurance-trained adults. Our findings provide important new insights into the mechanisms underlying the regulation of sweating by endurance conditioning. We evaluated the hypothesis that the activation of K+ channels mediates the exercise-training-induced augmentation of cholinergic and thermal sweating. On separate days, 11 endurance-trained and 10 untrained men participated in two experimental protocols. Prior to each protocol, we administered 2% tetraethylammonium (TEA, K+ channels blocker) and saline (Control) at forearm skin sites on both arms via transdermal iontophoresis. In protocol 1, low (0.001%) and high (1%) doses of pilocarpine were administered at the TEA-treated and Control sites over a 60-min period. In protocol 2, participants were passively heated by immersing their lower limbs in hot water (43°C) until core (rectal) temperature (Tc ) increased by 0.8°C above resting levels. Administration of TEA attenuated cholinergic sweating (P=0.001) during the initial 20min after the treatment of low dose of pilocarpine only whilst the response was similar between the groups (P=0.163). Cholinergic and thermal sweating were higher in the trained relative to the untrained men (all P≤0.033). Thermal sweating reached ∼90% of the response at a Tc elevation of 0.8°C during the initial 20min of passive heating, which corresponds to the period wherein TEA attenuated cholinergic sweating in protocol 1. However, sweating did not differ between the Control and TEA sites in either group (P=0.704). We showed that activation of K+ channels does not appear to mediate the elevated sweating response induced by a low dose of pilocarpine in trained men. We also demonstrated that K+ channels do not contribute to sweating during heat stress in either group.

Pre-sleep protein supplementation after an acute bout of evening resistance exercise does not improve next day performance or recovery in resistance trained men.

ABSTRACTBackgroundTo evaluate the effect of pre-sleep protein supplementation after an acute bout of evening resistance training on next day performance and recovery the following day in physically active men.MethodsEighteen resistance trained men performed a single bout of resistance exercise then received either a pre-sleep protein (PRO) supplement containing 40 g of casein protein (PRO; n = 10; mean ± SD; age = 24 ± 4 yrs; height = 1.81 ± 0.08 m; weight = 84.9 ± 9.5 kg) or a non-caloric, flavor matched placebo (PLA; n = 8; age = 28 ± 10 yrs; height = 1.81 ± 0.07 m; weight = 86.7 ± 11.0 kg) 30 min before sleep (1 h after a standard recovery drink). Blood samples were obtained pre-exercise and the following morning (+12-h) to measure creatine kinase and C-reactive protein. Visual analog scales were utilized to assess perceived pain, hunger, and recovery. One-repetition maximum (1RM) tests for barbell bench press and squat were performed pre-exercise and the following morning (+12-h). Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS (V.23) and p ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant.ResultsThere were no significant differences between the groups in next morning performance or muscle damage biomarkers. However, pre-sleep PRO resulted in a lower perception of hunger that approached significance the following morning when compared to PLA (PRO:43.6 ± 31.2, PLA: 69.4 ± 2.22; 95% C.I. = −53.6, 2.0; p = 0.07; d = 0.95).ConclusionsFollowing an evening bout of exercise, pre-sleep PRO did not further improve next morning muscle damage biomarkers or maximal strength performance in resistance trained men compared to a non-caloric PLA. However, there may be implications for lower perceived hunger the next morning with pre-sleep PRO consumption compared to PLA.

Effects of Loaded Plyometric Exercise on Post-Activation Performance Enhancement of Countermovement Jump in Sedentary Men

ABSTRACT Purpose: Explosive performance is increased right after performing loaded resistance exercise, which is known as post-activation performance enhancement (PAPE). Method: We investigated the effects of a plyometric exercise (PLYO) consisting of five sets of six drop-jumps from a 52-cm platform with a load corresponding to 20% body mass on changes in countermovement jump (CMJ) height in sedentary young men. Eleven young nonresistance trained men (19.6 ± 1.8 y, 69 ± 9 kg, 1.76 ± 0.08 m) who showed more than 4% increase in CMJ height at 4 min after five back squats with five-repetition maximum load participated in the study. Their responses to the back squat exercise were examined before (baseline) and 15 minutes, 24 and 48 hours post-PLYO. Exercise-induced muscle damage markers (maximal voluntary contraction torque [MVC], and quadriceps muscle soreness) were assessed at baseline, 15 minutes, 24 and 48 hours following PLYO. Results: MVC torque decreased (p < .05) at 15 minutes post-PLYO (−15.1 ± 9.7%) but returned to the baseline at 24 hours post-PLYO. Muscle soreness developed (p < .05) at 48 hours (21.0 ± 20.3 mm) after PLYO, indicating minor muscle damage. CMJ height increased (p < .05) after the five squats at baseline (7.6 ± 3.8%) indicating PAPE, but no such increase was found at 15 minutes, 24 and 48 hours after PLYO. However, CMJ height before the squat exercise was greater (p < .05) at 24 (5.9 ± 7.0%) and 48 hours post-PLYO (9.1 ± 8.5%) than the baseline. Conclusions: These results showed that PAPE disappeared after PLYO that induced minor muscle damage, but CMJ height increased at 24–48 hours in the recovery from PLYO exhibiting a priming effect.

The Use of Vibration Training in Men after Myocardial Infarction.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of the applied whole-body vibration training (WBV) as additional training to standard rehabilitation programme on exercise tolerance, evaluated through an exercise test, blood lipid profile, and the changes in selected echocardiographic parameters of patients after myocardial infarction. The study involved 63 males. The subjects were divided into two groups: standard—ST (27) and with vibration training—ST + WBV (36). All the subjects had undergone angioplasty with stent implantation. The standard and with vibration training group carried out a 24-day improvement program comprising 22 training units. Each session consisted of endurance, general stamina, and resistance training. Instead of resistance training, the experimental group performed exercises on the vibration platform. Statistically significant changes in both groups were observed in the parameters of the echocardiographic exercise test, such as test duration (p < 0.001), distance covered (p < 0.001), MET (p < 0.001), VO2max (p < 0.001), and HRrest (p < 0.01). The echocardiographic test revealed significant improvement of Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction in both groups (ST + WBV group p = 0.024, ST group p = 0.005). There were no statistically significant changes in blood lipid profile and body mass and composition.

Easier in Practice Than in Theory: Experiences of Coaches in Charge of Community-Based Soccer Training for Men with Prostate cancer\u2014A Descriptive Qualitative Study

BackgroundEvidence suggests that community-based exercise programs and sports participation benefit long-term physical activity adherence and promote health in clinical populations. Recent research shows that community-based soccer can improve mental health and bone health and result in fewer hospital admissions in men with prostate cancer. However, little knowledge exists on what coaches experience, leading to a scarcity of knowledge on how to assist them in promoting and supporting the sustainability of programs. The purpose of this study was to explore the experiences of non-professional soccer coaches in providing community-based soccer training for men with prostate cancer.ResultsWe interviewed 13 out of 21 eligible non-professional soccer coaches in charge of delivering the Football Club Prostate Community program, which is community-based soccer training for men with prostate cancer at 12 local soccer clubs across Denmark. Qualitative content analysis, as described by Graneheim and Lundman, was applied to analyze the data using NVivo 12 software. We identified the five following overall categories with 10 subcategories on what the coaches experienced: (1) enabling training of a clinical population in a community setting, (2) dedication based on commitment, (3) coaching on the players’ terms, (4) navigating the illness, and (5) ensuring sustainability. Collectively, the findings suggest that, while the coaches felt adequately prepared to coach, their coaching role developed and was refined only through interaction with the players, indicating that coaching clinical populations may be easier in practice than in theory and a potentially transformative learning experience.ConclusionsNon-professional soccer coaches in charge of delivering soccer training for men with prostate cancer value being educated about specific illness-related issues. Initial concerns about how to coach a clinical population disappeared once the coaches engaged with the players and developed their own team norms and illness management strategies. They also gained a broader perspective on their own lives, which they valued and would not otherwise have achieved by coaching a healthy population. Our study indicates that sustainable implementation and the program’s sustainability can be promoted and supported through additional formal, easily accessible communication with trained health professionals and by networking with peer coaches.

The Effectiveness of Pelvic Floor Muscle Training in Men after Radical Prostatectomy Measured with the Insert Test.

A commonly used physiotherapeutic method for the treatment of urinary incontinence (UI) after radical prostatectomy (RP) is pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT). The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of PFMT by enhanced biofeedback using the 1h pad-weighing test. The following factors were taken into consideration in the analysis of PFMT effectiveness: the relevance of the patients’ age, time from RP, BMI, mental health, functional state, and depression. A total of 60 post-RP patients who underwent 10-week PFMT were studied. They were divided into groups: A (n = 20) and B (n = 20) (random division, time from RP: 2–6 weeks) and group C (time from RP > 6 weeks). Group B had enhanced training using EMG biofeedback. UI improved in all groups: A, p = 0.0000; B, p = 0.0000; and C, p = 0.0001. After the completion of PFMT, complete control over miction was achieved by 60% of the patients in group A, 85% in group B, and 45% in group C. There was no correlation between the results of PFMT efficacy and patients’ age, BMI, time from RP, mental health, functional state, and depression. PFMT is highly effective in UI treatment. The enhancement of PFMT by EMG biofeedback seems to increase the effectiveness of the therapy.

Estimating Repetitions in Reserve in Four Commonly Used Resistance Exercises.

Hughes, LJ, Peiffer, JJ, and Scott, B. Estimating repetitions in reserve in four commonly used resistance exercises. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2020-This study aimed to determine the accuracy and reliability of estimating repetitions in reserve (RIR) across the squat, bench press, overhead press, and prone row exercises, using both free-weight and Smith machine modalities. Twenty-one trained men attended the laboratory on 14 occasions. They were assessed for 1 repetition maximum (1RM) for the squat, bench press, prone row, and overhead press exercises and subsequently completed 6 RIR testing sessions using 65, 75, and 85% 1RM. In these trials, subjects indicated when they reached 2 RIR (i.e., perceive they could only perform 2 more repetitions), before continuing the set to failure. The same process was then replicated using the alternative equipment modality. To determine accuracy of 2-RIR estimates, 1-sample t-tests assessed differences between 2 and the actual number of repetitions completed after subjects indicated they had reached 2 RIR. Intraclass correlation coefficients were used to determine the reliability of test-retest RIR estimated. There were no clear differences in the accuracy or reliability of estimating RIR between free-weight and Smith machine exercises. Load, however, proved an important factor with the highest accuracy associated with RIR estimations performed when using 85%, followed by 75 and 65% 1RM, respectively. When using loads of 75 and 65% 1RM, it was increasingly likely that individuals would underestimate RIR by >1 repetition, which would practically lead to an undesired reduction in training volume. These results highlight that although estimates of 2 RIR may be accurate and reliable in heavy load resistance training (≥85% 1RM), practitioners should be wary of using this measure with lighter loads.

Tibial Bone Geometry Is Associated With Bone Stress Injury During Military Training in Men and Women.

Bone stress injuries (BSI) are a common musculoskeletal condition among exercising and military populations and present a major burden to military readiness. The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether baseline measures of bone density, geometry, and strength, as assessed via peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT), are predictive of tibial BSI during Marine Officer Candidates School training. Tibial pQCT scans were conducted prior to the start of physical training (n = 504; Male n = 382; Female n = 122) to measure volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD), geometry, robustness, and estimates of bone strength. Bone parameters were assessed at three tibial sites including the distal metaphysis (4% of tibial length measured from the distal endplate), mid-diaphysis (38% of tibial length measured from the distal endplate), and proximal diaphysis (66% of tibial length measured from the distal endplate). Injury surveillance data was collected throughout training. Four percent (n = 21) of the sample were diagnosed with a BSI at any anatomical site during training, 10 injuries were of the tibia. Baseline bone parameters were then tested for associations with the development of a tibial BSI during training and it was determined that cortical bone measures at diaphyseal (38 and 66%) sites were significant predictors of a prospective tibial BSI. At the mid-diaphysis (38% site), in a simple model and after adjusting for sex, age, and body size, total area [Odds Ratio (OR): 0.987, 0.983], endosteal circumference (OR: 0.853, 0.857), periosteal circumference (OR: 0.863, 0.824), and estimated bending strength (SSI; OR: 0.998, 0.997) were significant predictors of a BSI during training, respectively, such that lower values were associated with an increased likelihood of injury. Similarly, at the proximal diaphysis (66% site), total area (OR: 0.989, 0.985), endosteal circumference (OR: 0.855, 0.854), periosteal circumference (OR: 0.867, 0.823), robustness (OR: 0.007, 0.003), and SSI (OR: 0.998, 0.998) were also significant predictors of BSI in the simple and adjusted models, respectively, such that lower values were associated with an increased likelihood of injury. Results from this investigation support that narrower bones, with reduced circumference, lower total area, and lower estimated strength are associated with increased risk for tibial BSI during military training.

A Systematic Review of The Effects of Different Resistance Training Volumes on Muscle Hypertrophy.

The main goal of this study was to compare responses to moderate and high training volumes aimed at inducing muscle hypertrophy. A literature search on 3 databases (Pubmed, Scopus and Chocrane Library) was conducted in January 2021. After analyzing 2083 resultant articles, studies were included if they met the following inclusion criteria: a) studies were randomized controlled trials (with the number of sets explicitly reported), b) interventions lasted at least six weeks, c) participants had a minimum of one year of resistance training experience, d) participants’ age ranged from 18 to 35 years, e) studies reported direct measurements of muscle thickness and/or the cross-sectional area, and f) studies were published in peer-review journals. Seven studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in the qualitative analysis, whereas just six were included in the quantitative analysis. All participants were divided into three groups: “low” (<12 weekly sets), “moderate” (12-20 weekly sets) and “high” volume (>20 weekly sets). According to the results of this meta-analysis, there were no differences between moderate and high training volume responses for the quadriceps (p = 0.19) and the biceps brachii (p = 0.59). However, it appears that a high training volume is better to induce muscle mass gains in the triceps brachii (p = 0.01). According to the results of this review, a range of 12-20 weekly sets per muscle group may be an optimum standard recommendation for increasing muscle hypertrophy in young, trained men.

Time-course effects of functional fitness sessions performed at different intensities on the metabolic, hormonal, and BDNF responses in trained men

BackgroundTo investigate the time-course effects of a self-regulated training session (performed at an rating perceived exertion of 6/10), all-out session, and a control session on the metabolic, hormonal, and brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) responses in Functional-Fitness (FFT) participants.MethodsIn a randomized, crossover fashion, eight healthy males (age 28.1 ± 5.4 years old; body mass 77.2 ± 4.4 kg; VO2max: 52.6 ± 4.6 mL.(kg.min)−1; 2000 m rowing test 7.35 ± 0.18 min; 1RM back squat 135.6 ± 21.9 kg) performed a FFT session under two different conditions: all-out, or with the intensity controlled to elicit an rating perceived exertion (RPE) of 6 in the Borg 10-point scale (RPE6). A control session (no exercise) was also completed. Metabolic (lactate and creatine kinase), hormonal (testosterone and cortisol), and BDNF responses were assessed pre, post-0 h, 1 h, 2 h and 24 h after the sessions.ResultsCreatine kinase concentrations were significantly higher (p ≤ 0.05) after 24 h for both training sessions. Total and free testosterone concentrations were lower post-2 h for all-out when compared to the RPE6 session (p ≤ 0.05). Serum cortisol concentration increased post-0 h (p = 0.011) for RPE6 and post-0 h (p = 0.003) and post-1 h (p = 0.030) for all-out session when comparing to baseline concentrations. BDNF was significantly higher (p = 0.002) post-0 h only for the all-out session when compared to baseline. A positive correlation between blood lactate concentrations and BDNF (r = 0.51; p = 0.01) was found for both effort interventions.ConclusionsA single FFT session when performed in all-out format acutely increases the concentrations of serum BDNF. However, physiological stress markers show that the all-out session requires a longer recovery period when compared to the RPE6 protocol. These findings can be helpful to coaches and practitioners design FFT session.

A Comparison between Non-Localized Post-Activation Performance Enhancements Following Resistance Exercise for the Upper and the Lower Body

The aim of the present investigation was to compare the acute non-localized post-activation performance enhancement (PAPE) of an exercise protocol involving either the upper or the lower body muscles. Twenty-four resistance trained men participated in the present study and were randomly assigned to an upper body (UB) or to a lower body (LB) group. Both groups tested for upper and lower body power (bench press throw (BPT) and countermovement jump power (CMJP) tests). Participants in the UB group were tested pre and post a high-intensity (HI) and a high-power (POW) bench press protocol while participants in the LB group performed a HI squat and a jump session (POW). A significant group × time interaction was found for CMJP in HI (p = 0.012). Post hoc tests revealed that CMJP was elevated in UB group only (+1.6%; p = 0.025). No other significant interactions were detected. Results of this study indicate that a non-localized PAPE on the lower body may be induced by a HI bench press protocol while a HI squat protocol may not increase upper body power. In particular, the squat protocol performed in the present study (5 sets of 1 rep) may be too demanding to produce a non-localized PAPE.

Difference in circulating fatty acid binding protein 4 concentration in trained men

article: Difference in circulating fatty acid binding protein 4 concentration in trained men - Gazzetta Medica Italiana - Archivio per le Scienze Mediche 2021 October;180(10):575-82 - Minerva Medica - Journals

Effects of 8 weeks of high-intensity interval training or resistance training on muscle strength, muscle power and cardiorespiratory responses in trained young men

Effects of 8 weeks of high-intensity interval training or resistance training on muscle strength, muscle power and cardiorespiratory responses in trained young men

Exponential Relationship Between Maximal Apnea Duration and Exercise Intensity in Non-apnea Trained Individuals.

It is well known that the duration of apnea is longer in static than in dynamic conditions, but the impact of exercise intensity on the apnea duration needs to be investigated. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between apnea duration and exercise intensity, and the associated metabolic parameters. Ten healthy active young non-apnea trained (NAT) men participated in this study. During the first visit, they carried out a maximum static apnea (SA) and a maximal progressive cycle exercise to evaluate the power output achieved at peak oxygen uptake (PVO2peak). During the second visit, they performed four randomized dynamic apneas (DAs) at 20, 30, 40, and 50% of PVO2peak (P20, P30, P40, and P50) preceded by 4 min of exercise without apnea. Duration of apnea, heart rate (HR), arterial oxygen saturation (SpO2), blood lactate concentration [La], rating of perceived exertion (RPE), and subjective feeling were recorded. Apnea duration was significantly higher during SA (68.1 ± 23.6 s) compared with DA. Apnea duration at P20 (35.6 ± 11.7 s) was higher compared with P30 (25.6 ± 6.3 s), P40 (19.2 ± 6.7 s), and P50 (16.9 ± 2.5 s). The relationship between apnea duration and exercise intensity followed an exponential function (y = 56.388e–0.025x). SA as DA performed at P20 and P30 induces a bradycardia. Apnea induces an SpO2 decrease which is higher during DA (−10%) compared with SA (−4.4%). The decreases of SPO2 recorded during DA do not differ despite the increase in exercise intensity. An increase of [La] was observed in P30 and P40 conditions. RPE and subjective feeling remained unchanged whatever the apnea conditions might be. These results suggest that the DA performed at 30% of VO2peak could be the best compromise between apnea duration and exercise intensity. Then, DA training at low intensity could be added to aerobic training since, despite the moderate hypoxia, it is sufficient to induce and increase [La] generally observed during high-intensity training.

Influence of cupping treatment on high-intensity anaerobic performance

The use of cupping therapy prior to sports events has increased in popularity, with limited evidence to support its efficacy. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of dry and wet cupping therapy on subsequent Wingate anaerobic test (WAnT) performance. Twelve trained men participated in this repeated-measures randomized crossover study (age 24.9 ± 4.8 years; body mass index 27.6 ± 14.3 kg.m-2). Participants were familiarized with the ergometer and the Wingate anaerobic test on three separate occasions. They then randomly performed three experimental Wingate tests separated by 48-72 h after either dry cupping (DRY), wet cupping (WET), or no treatment (CON). Repeated measures ANOVA and Pearson’s correlation coefficient were used to analyze data and determine the relationships between WAnT and peak lactate and heart rate (HR). Peak power (PP), mean power (MP), and fatigue index (FI) were similar in all treatments (p=.47-.72). Heart rate (HR) and lactate increased similarly at all time points in all treatments (p&amp;lt;.001 for all comparisons). Post-WAnT peak HR was moderately, negatively correlated with PP in all treatments and MP in CON only (p&amp;lt;.05 for all correlations). No other significant correlations were detected. The present findings demonstrate no beneficial effects of wet and dry cupping therapy, and hence do not support its use prior to high-intensity anaerobic sports events.

Two vs. One Resistance Exercise Sessions in One Day: Acute Effects on Recovery and Performance

ABSTRACT Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare the recovery response of one resistance training session (1TRS) vs. two resistance training sessions (2TRS) performed in 1 day, on upper body performance, muscle morphology and muscle soreness in trained men. Methods: Twenty-four resistance trained men were randomly assigned into a 1TRS group (N = 12; age = 25.0 ± 2.4 years; body mass = 87.6 ± 14.0 kg; height = 177.1 ± 4.9 cm) or into a 2TRS group (N = 10; age = 24.4 ± 1.6 years; body mass = 81.1 ± 5.6 kg; height = 176.6 ± 6.7 cm). 1TRS performed one training session involving eight sets of 10 reps at 70% of 1RM at the bench press, while 2TRS group divided the same training volume in two workouts, with a recovery time of 4 hr. Performance [bench press throw power (BTP) and isometric bench press (IBP)] and muscle thickness of pectoralis major (PECMT) were assessed at baseline (BL), 15-min, 24-hr and 48-hr post-exercise. Results:Training intensity was significantly higher in 2TRS compared to 1TRS (p < .001). Faster recovery rates were detected for BTP (p = .039) and PECMT (p = .05) in 2TRS compared to 1TRS. Both BTP and PECMT were significantly more affected (p < .05) in 1TRS than in 2TRS at 24 h. Conclusions:Results indicate that the recovery process may be accelerated by splitting a high resistance training volume into two different training sessions performed in 1 day.

Acute effect of betaine supplementation on muscular endurance during resistance exercise in trained men: a pilot and randomized study

Objective: To analyse the acute effect of betaine supplementation on muscular endurance in weight training practitioners. Design: An experimental, crossover, randomized and double-blind study. Methods: The sample composed of 10 male subjects practicing resistance training (age: 23.71 ± 4.23 years old). Participants performed 2 sessions (i.e., Betaine x Placebo) with 3 sets of repetitions until failure with 70% of 1RM. The participants were provided 3 minutes of recovery between sets and 48 hours between sessions. The 24H food recall was evaluated before each exercise session. Results: There were no significant differences in carbohydrates (p = 0.732), protein (p = 0.684), fat (p = 0.271), or in total energy consumption (p = 0.865). A time effect occurred for the training session (F (2,18) = 54.626, p < 0.0001, η2 = 0.859), with a linear reduction in the number of repetitions performed throughout the series for both conditions (1set > 2set > 3set). However, there was no interaction (F (2,18) = 0.625, p= 0.546, η2 = 0.065) or condition effect (F(1,9) = 0.045, p = 0.837, η2 = 0.005). Conclusion: Acute betaine supplementation had no effect on muscular endurance performance in the bench press.

Effects of a Single Dose of Beetroot Juice on Functional and Cardiovascular Changes Following Acute Resistance Training in Men with Hypertension

Effects of a Single Dose of Beetroot Juice on Functional and Cardiovascular Changes Following Acute Resistance Training in Men with Hypertension