Memory Regions Research Articles

Prefrontally mediated inhibition of memory systems in dissociative amnesia.

The mechanisms underlying generalized forms of dissociative ('psychogenic') amnesia are poorly understood. One theory suggests that memory retrieval is inhibited via prefrontal control. Findings from cognitive neuroscience offer a candidate mechanism for this proposed retrieval inhibition. By applying predictions based on these experimental findings, we examined the putative role of retrieval suppression in dissociative amnesia. We analyzed fMRI data from two previously reported cases of dissociative amnesia. Patients had been shown reminders from forgotten and remembered time periods (colleagues and school friends). We examined the neuroanatomical overlap between regions engaged in the unrecognized compared to the recognized condition, and the regions engaged during retrieval suppression in laboratory-based tasks. Effective connectivity analyses were performed to test the hypothesized modulatory relationship between the right anterior dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (raDLPFC) and the hippocampus. Both patients were scanned again following treatment, and analyses were repeated. We observed substantial functional alignment between the inhibitory regions engaged during laboratory-based retrieval suppression tasks, and those engaged when patients failed to recognize their current colleagues. This included significant activation in the raDLPFC and right ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, and a corresponding deactivation across autobiographical memory regions (hippocampus, medial PFC). Dynamic causal modeling confirmed the hypothesized modulatory relationship between the raDLPFC and the hippocampus. This pattern was no longer evident following memory recovery in the first patient, but persisted in the second patient who remained amnesic. Findings are consistent with an inhibitory mechanism driving down activity across core memory regions to prevent the recognition of personally relevant stimuli.

Data Race Freedom à la Mode

We present DRFcaml, an extension of OCaml's type system that guarantees data race freedom for multi-threaded OCaml programs while retaining backward compatibility with existing sequential OCaml code. We build on recent work of Lorenzen et al., who extend OCaml with modes that keep track of locality, uniqueness, and affinity. We introduce two new mode axes, contention and portability, which record whether data has been shared or can be shared between multiple threads. Although this basic type-and-mode system has limited expressive power by itself, it does let us express APIs for capsules, regions of memory whose access is controlled by a unique ghost key, and reader-writer locks, which allow a thread to safely acquire partial or full ownership of a key. We show that this allows complex data structures (which may involve aliasing and mutable state) to be safely shared between threads. We formalize the complete system and establish its soundness by building a semantic model of it in the Iris program logic on top of the Rocq proof assistant.

Multiscale Analysis of Alzheimer's Disease Using Feature Fusion in Cognitive and Sensory Brain Regions

Introduction: This research is focused on early detection of Alzheimer's disease (AD) using a multiscale feature fusion framework, combining biomarkers from memory, vision, and speech regions extracted from Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Positron Emission Tomography (PET) images. Methods: Using 2D Gray Level Co-occurrence Matrix (2D-GLCM) texture features, volume, Standardized Uptake Value Ratios (SUVR), and obesity from different neuroimaging modalities, the study applies various classifiers, demonstrating a feature importance analysis in each Region of Interest (ROI). The research employs four classifiers, namely Linear Support Vector Machine (L-SVM), Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA), Logistic Regression (LR), and Logistic Regression with Stochastic Gradient Descent (LRSGD) Classifiers, to determine feature importance, leading to subsequent validation using a Probabilistic Neural Network (PNN) Classifier. Results: The research highlights the critical role of brain texture features, particularly in memory regions, for AD detection. Significant sex-specific differences are observed, with males showing significance in texture features in memory regions, volume in vision regions, and SUVR in speech regions, while females exhibit significance in texture features in memory and speech regions, and SUVR in vision regions. Additionally, the study analyzes how obesity affects features used in AD prediction models, clarifying its effects on speech and vision regions, particularly brain volume. Conclusion: The findings contribute valuable insights into the effectiveness of feature fusion, sex-specific differences, and the impact of obesity on AD-related biomarkers, paving the way for future research in early AD detection strategies and cognitive impairment classification.

Neural activity during working memory predicts clinical response to computerized executive function training prior to cognitive processing therapy.

Executive dysfunction, including working memory deficits, is prominent in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and can impede treatment effectiveness. Intervention approaches that target executive dysfunction alongside standard PTSD treatments could boost clinical response. The current study reports secondary analyses from a randomized controlled trial testing combined PTSD treatment with a computerized training program to improve executive dysfunction. We assessed if pre-treatment neurocognitive substrates of executive functioning predicted clinical response to this novel intervention. Treatment-seeking veterans with PTSD (N = 60) completed a working memory task during functional magnetic resonance imaging prior to being randomized to six weeks of computerized executive function training (five 30-minute sessions each week) plus twelve 50-minute sessions of cognitive processing therapy (CEFT + CPT) or placebo training plus CPT (PT + CPT). Using linear mixed effects models, we examined the extent to which the neurocognitive substrates of executive functioning predicted PTSD treatment response. Results indicated that veterans with greater activation of working memory regions (e.g. lateral prefrontal and cingulate cortex) had better PTSD symptom improvement trajectories in CEFT + CPT v. PT + CPT. Those with less neural activation during working memory showed similar trajectories of PTSD symptom change regardless of treatment condition. Greater activity of frontal regions implicated in working memory may serve as a biomarker of response to a novel treatment in veterans with PTSD. Individuals with greater regional responsiveness benefited more from treatment that targeted cognitive dysfunction than treatment that did not include active cognitive training. Clinically, findings could inform our understanding of treatment mechanisms and may contribute to better personalization of treatment.

Simulation of Fidelity in Entanglement-Based Networks with Repeater Chains

We implement a set of simulation experiments in NetSquid specifically designed to estimate the end-to-end fidelity across a path of quantum repeaters or quantum switches. The switch model includes several generalizations that are not currently available in other tools and are useful for gaining insight into practical and realistic quantum network engineering problems: an arbitrary number of memory registers at the switches, simplicity in including entanglement distillation mechanisms, arbitrary switching topologies, and routing protocols. An illustrative case study is presented, namely a comparison in terms of performance between a repeater chain where repeaters can only swap sequentially and a single switch equipped with multiple memory registers that is able to handle multiple swapping requests.

Impact of Half an Hour Inhalation of Lemongrass Oil on Audio Visual Reaction Time: A Quasi-experimental Study

Introduction: Lemongrass oil has become a significant focus in aromatherapy research due to its psychomodulatory effects, which are believed to act through the limbic system- a critical region for emotional control and memory. Research indicates that lemongrass oil can effectively lower anxiety, improve mood and enhance cognitive performance. However, the specific mechanisms by which lemongrass oil influences neuronal excitability and synaptic transmission remain unclear. Aim: To explore Auditory Reaction Time (ART) and Visual Reaction Time (VRT) to gain a better understanding of the neurophysiological effects of lemongrass oil and its potential therapeutic uses following 30 minutes of inhalation of lemongrass oil. Materials and Methods: This quasi-experimental study was conducted on 30 healthy volunteers after obtaining clearance from the ethics committee and informed consent from the participants. The audio visual reaction times were recorded twice for each subject, before and after the intervention- i.e., 30 minutes of inhalation of lemongrass oil using an aroma lamp. The data were analysed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20.0, and a paired t-test was applied. Results: The present study showed a significant decrease in both ART and VRT (p-value=0.001 and 0.02, respectively) after 30 minutes of inhalation of lemongrass oil. The preexposure values of ART (1.01±0.46 msec) decreased to 0.79±0.29 msec, while VRT (0.70±0.29 msec) decreased to 0.63±0.26 msec. Conclusion: The shortened ART and VRT indicate the stimulatory effect of inhaling lemongrass oil on central neurons, especially in the limbic system, through the activation of GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) receptors. Hence, this results in increased attention and alertness in the brain.

Abstract 4123814: Long-term Incidence of Cardiovascular Events and Mortality in Patients with and without Weight Regain After Bariatric Surgery in the Swedish Obese Subjects Study

Background: Obesity shortens life expectancy, while bariatric surgery causes large weight loss and increases median life expectancy by approximately 3 years. However, weight regain after bariatric surgery is common, and its impact on health remains uncertain. In this study, we examined whether weight regain following bariatric surgery is associated with long-term cardiovascular outcomes and mortality. Methods: We analyzed patients undergoing bariatric surgery in the prospective Swedish Obese Subjects study, aged 37-60 with a BMI≥34 (men) or ≥38 (women), recruited 1987-2001. Patients who regained ≥20% of their 1-year weight loss after 4 years (regain group; n=715) were compared to those who regained less (maintenance group; n=631). Information on cardiovascular disease as well as overall and cardiovascular mortality was obtained from the Swedish Population and Address Register, the Swedish Cause of Death Register, and the Swedish National Patient Register. Median follow-up was 27 years. Results: Average weight change from year 1 to year 4 was +12.8 kg and -0.2 kg in the regain and maintenance groups, respectively. The incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events (myocardial infarction, stroke and heart failure) was similar between the groups, with 185 events in the regain group and 137 in the maintenance group. This corresponds to 11.6 events per 1000 person-years (95% CI: 10.1-13.5) for the regain group, and 10.0 events per 1000 person-years (95% CI: 8.3-12.4) for the maintenance group. The adjusted HR was 1.16 (95% CI: 0.92-1.46), p=0.213. During follow-up, there were 216 deaths in the regain group and 184 in the maintenance group, resulting in nearly identical overall mortality rates of 12.4 per 1000 person-years for both groups (95% CI for regain: 10.9-14.2, maintenance: 10.9-14.3). The number of deaths from cardiovascular disease was 77 in the regain group and 57 in the maintenance group, corresponding to similar incidence rates of 4.4 per 1000 person-years (95% CI: 3.5-5.5) and 3.8 per 1000 person-years (95% CI: 3.0-5.0), respectively (p=0.550). Conclusions: The incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events, as well as total and cardiovascular mortality, was similar between the weight regain and maintenance groups. This suggests that the beneficial association between bariatric surgery and reduced cardiovascular events persists despite weight regain.

Shift-and-Safe: Addressing permanent faults in aggressively undervolted CNN accelerators

Underscaling the supply voltage (Vdd) to ultra-low levels below the safe-operation threshold voltage (Vmin) holds promise for substantial power savings in digital CMOS circuits. However, these benefits come with pronounced challenges due to the heightened risk of bitcell permanent faults stemming from process variations in current technology node sizes.This work delves into the repercussions of such faults on the accuracy of a 16-bit fixed-point Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) inference accelerator powering on-chip activation memories at ultra-low Vdd voltages. Through an in-depth examination of fault patterns, memory usage, and statistical analysis of activation values, this paper introduces Shift-and-Safe: two novel and cost-effective microarchitectural techniques exploiting the presence of outlier activation values and the underutilization of activation memories. Particularly, activation outliers enable a shift-based data representation that reduces the impact of faults on the activation values, whereas the memory underutilization is exploited to maintain a safe replica of affected activations in idle memory regions. Remarkably, these mechanisms do not add any burden to the programmer and are independent of application characteristics, rendering them easily deployable across real-world CNN accelerators.Experimental results show that Shift-and-Safe maintains the CNN accuracy even in the presence of almost a quarter of the total activations with faults. In addition, average energy savings are by 5% and 11% compared to the state-of-the-art approach and a conventional accelerator supplied at Vmin, respectively.

Traditional Chinese medicine prevents and treats depression by regulating hippocampal neuroplasticity: a review

Depression, a heterogeneous disorder with symptoms involving emotion, cognition, and behavior, is characterized by high morbidity, low treatment acceptance, and recurrent episodes. It is expected to become a major disease in the global healthcare burden by 2030. The pathogenesis of depression is complex, involving genetic, environmental, neurological, immune, endocrine and other factors, among which neuroplasticity plays a key role in the development of depression and antidepressant treatment. Neuroplasticity can occur in various brain regions and involves a variety of molecular and cellular mechanisms, including neurogenesis, synaptic plasticity, neurotrophic factors, and neuronal apoptosis. Hippocampus is a key brain region for memory and emotional information processing, and its neuroplasticity has become a research hotspot in neuroscience in recent years. Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) has a long history of preventing and treating depression, with complete basic theories, rich therapeutic experience, and profound therapeutic efficacy. A large number of animal and cellular experiments have shown that TCM can modulate hippocampal neuroplasticity to ameliorate depression, which is another important manifestation of the concept of micro-differentiation in TCM and the modernization of TCM. However, there is a lack of a comprehensive review and summary at present. In view of this problem, this paper systematically reviews the pathological mechanisms of hippocampal neuroplasticity dysregulation in the development of depression and the mechanisms of TCM modulation of hippocampal neuroplasticity in the treatment of depression, with a view to providing new ideas for the in-depth study of TCM in the prevention and treatment of depression.

Parallel Simulations of the Sharp Wave-Ripples of the Hippocampus on Multicore CPUs and GPUs

The simulation of realistic systems plays a crucial role in modern sciences. Complex organs such as the brain can be described by mathematical models to reproduce biological behaviors. In the brain, the hippocampus is a critical region for memory and learning. In the literature, a model to reproduce the memory consolidation mechanism has been proposed. This model exhibits a high degree of biological realism, though it is accompanied by a significant increase in computational complexity. This paper proposes the development of parallel simulation targeting different devices, namely multicore CPUs and GPUs. The experiments highlighted that the biological realism is maintained, together with a significant decrease of the processing times. Finally, the conducted analysis highlights that the GPU is one of the most suitable technologies for this kind of simulation.

Imaging the translocator protein 18 kDa within cognitive control and declarative memory circuits in virally suppressed people with HIV.

Virally suppressed people with HIV (VS-PWH) show heterogeneity in patterns of cognitive dysfunction. To better understand the relationship between the neuroimmune response and cognition, we used PET to image the translocator protein 18 kDa (TSPO). The study examined HIV-serostatus differences in TSPO as well as associations between regional TSPO and select cognitive processes defined using the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) framework. Cross-sectional investigation in VS-PWH ( n = 25) versus HIV-uninfected individuals ( n = 18) of cognitive control and declarative memory, as well as [ 11 C]DPA-713 PET measures of TSPO within cognitive control and declarative memory regions of interest (ROI). Group differences in [ 11 C]DPA-713 binding ( VT ) in cognitive control or declarative memory regions were examined using linear mixed models. Tests of associations between factor-derived cognitive system measures and PET measures were performed, controlling for TSPO genotype. There were no group differences in any of the four factor-derived cognitive system measures. VS-PWH had higher log [ 11 C]DPA-713 VT across cognitive control regions [unstandardized beta coefficient reflecting mean difference [ B ] = 0.23, SE = 0.11, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.01-0.45, P = 0.04] and declarative memory regions ( B = 0.24, SE = 0.11, 95% CI 0.02-0.45, P = 0.03). Higher log [ 11 C]DPA-713 VT in cognitive control regions related to poorer cognitive control in each group, and to worse self-reported cognitive performance in VS-PWH. Log [ 11 C]DPA-713 VT in each declarative memory region did not associate with measured declarative memory. A localized neuroimmune response marked by high TSPO in brain regions that subserve cognitive control may contribute to poorer cognitive control in VS-PWH.

Perceived healthiness of foods, food avoidance and diet-related anxiety in individuals with self-reported irritable bowel syndrome: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundIrritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common gastrointestinal disorder in which the intake of food is known to exacerbate symptoms. Experiencing food related symptoms can lead to avoidance of food, and cause anxiety related to food intake. We aimed to explore perceptions of the healthiness of food, food avoidance, and food-related worry and anxiety among individuals with and without IBS.MethodsThis study was based on a survey conducted in January-February 2017. In total, 2000 participants aged 20–65 were invited by postal letter randomly obtained through the Swedish state personal address register. The questionnaire included aspects of socioeconomic position, different disorders including IBS and food intolerances, food avoidance, and food-related worry or anxiety.ResultsIn total, 538 participants were included in this study, of whom 8.4% (n = 45) reported having IBS. There were few differences regarding the perceived healthiness of foods between individuals with and without IBS. Participants with IBS avoided gluten (OR 3.45, p = 0.002), lactose (OR 5.0, p < 0.001) and alcohol (OR 2.0, p = 0.042) more frequently than individuals without IBS, and avoidance was driven by abdominal pain. Participants with IBS also reported feeling more worried and having anxiety about diet than those without IBS (p = 0.032 and p = 0.002, respectively).ConclusionThis study indicates that individuals with IBS perceive most foods as equally healthy as individuals without IBS. Having IBS increases the odds of avoiding gluten, lactose, and alcohol. Worry and anxiety related to diet were more common among individuals with IBS, and these aspects need to be considered both in clinical practice and in future research.

Practical Verification of Smart Contracts using Memory Splitting

SMT-based verification of low-level code requires modeling and reasoning about memory operations. Prior work has shown that optimizing memory representations is beneficial for scaling verification—pointer analysis, for example can be used to split memory into disjoint regions leading to faster SMT solving. However, these techniques are mostly designed for C and C++ programs with explicit operations for memory allocation which are not present in all languages. For instance, on the Ethereum virtual machine, memory is simply a monolithic array of bytes which can be freely accessed by Ethereum bytecode, and there is no allocation primitive. In this paper, we present a memory splitting transformation guided by a conservative memory analysis for Ethereum bytecode generated by the Solidity compiler. The analysis consists of two phases: recovering memory allocation and memory regions, followed by a pointer analysis. The goal of the analysis is to enable memory splitting which in turn speeds up verification. We implemented both the analysis and the memory splitting transformation as part of a verification tool, CertoraProver, and show that the transformation speeds up SMT solving by up to 120x and additionally mitigates 16 timeouts when used on 229 real-world smart contract verification tasks.

Mark–Scavenge: Waiting for Trash to Take Itself Out

Moving garbage collectors (GCs) typically free memory by evacuating live objects in order to reclaim contiguous memory regions. Evacuation is typically done either during tracing (scavenging), or after tracing when identification of live objects is complete (mark–evacuate). Scavenging typically requires more memory (memory for all objects to be moved), but performs less work in sparse memory areas (single pass). This makes it attractive for collecting young objects. Mark–evacuate typically requires less memory and performs less work in memory areas with dense object clusters, by focusing relocation around sparse regions, making it attractive for collecting old objects. Mark–evacuate also completes identification of live objects faster, making it attractive for concurrent GCs that can reclaim memory immediately after identification of live objects finishes (as opposed to when evacuation finishes), at the expense of more work compared to scavenging, for young objects. We propose an alternative approach for concurrent GCs to combine the benefits of scavenging with the benefits of mark–evacuate, for young objects. The approach is based on the observation that by the time young objects are relocated by a concurrent GC, they are likely to already be unreachable. By performing relocation lazily, most of the relocations in the defragmentation phase of mark–evacuate can typically be eliminated. Similar to scavenging, objects are relocated during tracing with the proposed approach. However, instead of relocating all objects that are live in the current GC cycle, it lazily relocates profitable sparse object clusters that survived from the previous GC cycle. This turns the memory headroom that concurrent GCs typically “waste” in order to safely avoid running out of memory before GC finishes, into an asset used to eliminate much of the relocation work, which constitutes a significant portion of the GC work. We call this technique mark–scavenge and implement it on-top of ZGC in OpenJDK in a collector we call MS-ZGC. We perform a performance evaluation that compares MS-ZGC against ZGC. The most striking result is (up to) 91% reduction in relocation of dead objects (depending on machine-dependent factors).

A Dependent Nominal Physical Type System for Static Analysis of Memory in Low Level Code

We tackle the problem of checking non-proof-carrying code , i.e. automatically proving type-safety (implying in our type system spatial memory safety) of low-level C code or of machine code resulting from its compilation without modification. This requires a precise static analysis that we obtain by having a type system which (i) is expressive enough to encode common low-level idioms, like pointer arithmetic, discriminating variants by bit-stealing on aligned pointers, storing the size and the base address of a buffer in distinct parts of the memory, or records with flexible array members, among others; and (ii) can be embedded in an abstract interpreter. We propose a new type system that meets these criteria. The distinguishing feature of this type system is a nominal organization of contiguous memory regions, which (i) allows nesting, concatenation, union, and sharing parameters between regions; (ii) induces a lattice over sets of addresses from the type definitions; and (iii) permits updates to memory cells that change their type without requiring one to control aliasing. We provide a semantic model for our type system, which enables us to derive sound type checking rules by abstract interpretation, then to integrate these rules as an abstract domain in a standard flow-sensitive static analysis. Our experiments on various challenging benchmarks show that semantic type-checking using this expressive type system generally succeeds in proving type safety and spatial memory safety of C and machine code programs without modification, using only user-provided function prototypes.

Structural diversity inside the mouse subiculum revealed by a new marker protein fibronectin 1.

The subiculum is one of the major output structures of the hippocampal formation and is an important brain region for memory. We have previously reported that the subiculum of rodents can be morphologically divided into its temporal (ventral) two-thirds and the septal (dorsal) third and that the former can be further subdivided into the distal (Sub1) and proximal (Sub2) regions, on a basis of immunohistochemical localizations of several Sub2-specific proteins. However, it remains unclear whether detailed structural organization found in the temporal subiculum is applicable to the septal subiculum. In this study, we found that the distribution of fibronectin (FN1)-positive non-GABAergic, presumptive pyramidal cells exactly coincided with the extent of the Sub1 region of male mice. Using FN1 immunohistochemistry, the Sub1 was found to keep relatively constant size throughout the septotemporal axis of the subiculum. In contrast, the size of the Sub2 became smaller as it approached the septal side, and the Sub2 finally disappeared at the most septal level of the subiculum. Retrograde tracer experiments confirmed that FN1-positive Sub1 neurons projected to the retrosplenial cortex, which is thought to be associated with spatial memory, whereas FN1-negative Sub2 neurons projected to the nucleus accumbens associated with emotional memory. Considering both the functional segregation of these two subicular targets and the relative abundance of the Sub2 on the temporal side, the subiculum can be one of the neural substrates for functional differences between the septal and temporal hippocampal formation associated with the spatial and emotional memory, respectively.

Olfactory bulb stimulation mitigates Alzheimer's-like disease progression.

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) has demonstrated potential in mitigating Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the invasive nature of DBS presents challenges for its application. The olfactory bulb (OB), showing early AD-related changes and extensive connections with memory regions, offers an attractive entry point for intervention, potentially restoring normal activity in deteriorating memory circuits. Our study examined the impact of electrically stimulating the OB on working memory as well as pathological and electrophysiological alterations in the OB, medial prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, and entorhinal cortex in amyloid beta (Aβ) AD model rats. Male Wistar rats underwent surgery for electrode implantation in brain regions, inducing Alzheimer's-like disease. Bilateral olfactory bulb (OB) electrical stimulation was performed for 1 hour daily to the OB of stimulation group animals for 18 consecutive days, followed by the evaluations of histological, behavioral, and local field potential signal processing. OB stimulation counteracted Aβ plaque accumulation and prevented AD-induced working memory impairments. Furthermore, it prompted an increase in power across diverse frequency bands and enhanced functional connectivity, particularly in the gamma band, within the investigated regions during a working memory task. This preclinical investigation highlights the potential of olfactory pathway-based brain stimulation to modulate the activity of deep-seated memory networks for AD treatment. Importantly, the accessibility of this pathway via the nasal cavity lays the groundwork for the development of minimally invasive approaches targeting the olfactory pathway for brain modulation.

Brain network fingerprints of Alzheimer's disease risk factors in mouse models with humanized APOE alleles

Alzheimer's disease (AD) presents complex challenges due to its multifactorial nature, poorly understood etiology, and late detection. The mechanisms through which genetic and modifiable risk factors influence disease susceptibility are under intense investigation, with APOE being the major genetic risk factor for late onset AD. Yet the impact of unique risk factors on brain networks is difficult to disentangle, and their interactions remain unclear.To model multiple risk factors, including APOE genotype, age, sex, diet, and immunity we used a cross sectional design, leveraging mice expressing human APOE and NOS2 genes, conferring a reduced immune response compared to mouse Nos2. We used network topological and GraphClass analyses of brain connectomes derived from accelerated diffusion-weighted MRI to assess the global and local impact of risk factors, in the absence of AD pathology.Aging and a high-fat diet impacted extensive networks comprising AD-vulnerable regions, including the temporal association cortex, amygdala, and the periaqueductal gray, involved in stress responses. Sex impacted networks including sexually dimorphic regions (thalamus, insula, hypothalamus) and key memory-processing areas (fimbria, septum). APOE genotypes modulated connectivity in memory, sensory, and motor regions, while diet and immunity both impacted the insula and hypothalamus. Notably, these risk factors converged on a circuit comprising 63 of 54,946 total connections (0.11% of the connectome), highlighting shared vulnerability amongst multiple AD risk factors in regions essential for sensory integration, emotional regulation, decision making, motor coordination, memory, homeostasis, and interoception. APOE genotype specific immune signatures support the design of interventions tailored to risk profiles. Sparse Canonical Correlation Analysis (CCA) including spatial memory as a risk factor resulted in a network comprising 80 edges, showing significant overlap with risk-associated networks from GraphClass. The largest overlaps were observed with networks impacted by diet (47 edges), immunity (39 edges), APOE3 vs 4 (26 edges), sex (23 edges), and age (19 edges), the resulting networks supporting the use of sensory cues in spatial memory retrieval.These network-based biomarkers hold translational value for distinguishing high-risk versus low-risk participants at preclinical AD stages, suggest circuits as potential therapeutic targets, and advance our understanding of network fingerprints associated with AD risk.

Wigner&amp;apos;s friend&amp;apos;s memory and the no-signaling principle

The Wigner&amp;apos;s friend experiment is a thought experiment in which a so-called superobserver (Wigner) observes another observer (the friend) who has performed a quantum measurement on a physical system. In this setup Wigner treats the friend, the system and potentially other degrees of freedom involved in the friend&amp;apos;s measurement as one joint quantum system. In general, Wigner&amp;apos;s measurement changes the internal record of the friend&amp;apos;s measurement result such that after the measurement by the superobserver the result stored in the observer&amp;apos;s memory register is no longer the same as the result the friend obtained initially, i.e. before she was measured by Wigner. Here, we show that any awareness by the friend of this change of her memory, which can be modeled by an additional register storing the information about the change, conflicts with the no-signaling condition in extended Wigner-friend scenarios.

Development of an enhanced educational IDE for 8051/8052 microcontroller

This paper presents and explains the development of an IDE for microcontroller 8051/8052 with new features and functionalities. These features include a built-in editor; a keypad editor and auto enabling/disabling array of buttons for eliminating syntax errors. The implementation of the interrupts is entirely based on the 8052 datasheets by taking into consideration the “Interrupt Priorities” and “Interrupt Enables”. Multiple view windows for internal ram, external ram, program memory and special function register enhance the developed IDE. One-pass cross technique was adopted for the assembling phase. The assembler plays the role of assigning addresses, translating mnemonics, and recognizing errors by considering all the 255 instructions and directives Step-by-step, skip-line debugging, breakpoints to be inserted at any part of the source code have been included to ameliorate the students’ interaction with the system. An option is provided to users to manually create external incoming transmission for triggering purposes. The IDE passes the test and verification processes successfully.