Memory Recall Research Articles

P2X7 receptors modulate acquisition of cue fear extinction and contextual background memory generalization in male mice

The purinergic P2X7 receptors (P2X7R) are activated by adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in several brain regions, particularly those involved with emotional control and the regulation of fear-related memories. Here, we investigate the role of P2X7R in fear learning memory, specifically in the acquisition and consolidation phases of the cued fear conditioning paradigm. C57Bl/6 wildtype (WT) male mice that received a single i.p. injection of the selective P2X7R antagonist A438079 prior the conditioning session showed generalization of cued fear memory and impaired fear extinction recall in the test session, while those treated prior the extinction session exhibited a similar behavior profile accompanied by resistance in the extinction learning. However, no effects were observed when this drug was administered immediately after the conditioning, extinction, or before the test session. Our results with P2X7R knockout (P2X7 KO) mice showed a behavioral profile that mirrored the collective effects observed across all pharmacological treatment conditions. This suggests that the P2X7R KO model effectively replicates the behavioral changes induced by the pharmacological interventions, demonstrating that we have successfully isolated the role of P2X7R in the fear and extinction phases of memory. These findings highlight the role of P2X7R in the acquisition and recall of extinction memory and supports P2X7R as a promising candidate for controlling abnormal fear processing, with potential applications for stress exposure-related disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

Involvement of a lateral entorhinal cortex engram in episodic-like memory recall

Episodic memory relies on the entorhinal cortex (EC), a crucial hub connecting the hippocampus and sensory processing regions. This study investigates the role of the lateral EC (LEC) in episodic-like memory in mice. Here, we employ the object-place-context-recognition task (OPCRT), a behavioral test used to study episodic-like memory in rodents. Electrophysiology in brain slices reveals that OPCRT specifically induces a shift in the threshold for the induction of synaptic plasticity in LEC superficial layer II. Additionally, a dual viral system is used to express chemogenetic receptors coupled to the c-Fos promoter in neurons recruited during the learning. We demonstrate that the inhibition of LEC neurons impairs the performance of the mice in the memory task, while their stimulation significantly facilitates memory recall. Our findings provide evidence for an episodic-like memory engram in the LEC and emphasize its role in memory processing within the broader network of episodic memory.

The Impact Of State Anxiety On Delayed Memory Recall In College-aged Individuals With Concussion

The Impact Of State Anxiety On Delayed Memory Recall In College-aged Individuals With Concussion

Dose Reconstruction for Epidemiological Studies among Ukrainian Chernobyl Cleanup Workers.

The present paper provides an overview of the methods and summarizes the results of estimating radiation doses and their uncertainties for Ukrainian-American epidemiological studies among the Chernobyl (Chornobyl) cleanup workers. After the Chernobyl accident occurred on April 26, 1986, more than 300,000 Ukrainian cleanup workers took part between 1986 and 1990 in decontamination and recovery activities at the site of the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant. The U.S. National Cancer Institute in collaboration with the Ukrainian National Research Center for Radiation Medicine conducted several epidemiological studies in this population. An important part of these studies was the reconstruction of the study participants' radiation doses and the assessment of uncertainties in doses. A method called realistic analytical dose reconstruction with uncertainty estimation (RADRUE) was used to calculate the doses from external irradiation during cleanup missions, which was the main exposure pathway for most study participants. At the initial phase of the accident during the atmospheric releases of radioactivity from the destroyed reactor, the cleanup workers also received doses from inhalation of radionuclides. In addition, study participants received doses at their places of residence, especially those who lived in highly contaminated areas. The radiation doses estimated for 2,048 male cleanup workers included in the Ukrainian-American epidemiological studies varied widely: (i) bone-marrow doses from external irradiation in the case-control study of leukemia of 1,000 cleanup workers ranged from 3.7 × 10-5 mGy to 3.3 Gy (mean = 92 mGy); (ii) thyroid doses in the case-control study of thyroid cancer in 607 persons from all exposure pathways combined were from 0.15 mGy to 9.0 Gy (mean = 199 mGy); (iii) gonadal doses in 183 cleanup workers from all exposure pathways combined in the study of germline mutations in the offspring after parental irradiation (trio study) ranged from 0.58 mGy to 4.1 Gy (mean = 392 mGy); (iv) thyroid doses in the human factor uncertainties study among 47 persons were from 20 mGy to 2.1 Gy (mean = 295 mGy); and (v) lung doses in the study of germline genetic variants associated with host susceptibility to COVID-19 estimated for 211 cleanup workers were from 0.024 mGy to 2.5 Gy (mean = 249 mGy). Doses of female cleanup workers were much lower than those of male cleanup workers: the mean doses for female cleanup workers were 27 mGy for 34 women included in the trio study and 56 mGy for 48 women participated in the study of germline genetic variants associated with host susceptibility to COVID-19. Uncertainties in dose estimates included two components: (i) inherent uncertainties arising from the stochastic random variability of the parameters used in exposure assessment and from a lack of knowledge about the true values of the parameters; and (ii) human factor uncertainties due to poor memory recall resulting in incomplete, inaccurate, or missing responses during personal interviews with cleanup workers conducted long after exposure. This paper also discusses possible developments and improvements in the methods to assess the radiation doses and associated uncertainties for cleanup workers.

Normative data for tests of visuo-spatial, visuo-constructional skills, and visual memory for Spanish-speaking adults in the United States.

The Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test (ROCFT) and the Clock Drawing Test (CDT) are commonly used in clinical practice. The ROCFT measures constructional praxis, visual perception, and visuospatial learning and memory, and the CDT assesses for visuospatial, constructional, and executive difficulties. Several neurological disorders are associated with visuospatial and visuo-constructional impairments, yet reliable normative data accounting for sociodemographic and acculturative variables are scarce for Hispanics living in the U.S. To generate normative data for the ROCFT and CDT in a Spanish-speaking adult population living in the U.S. The sample consisted of 245 cognitively healthy adults recruited from several states in the U.S. Each participant was administered the ROCFT and CDT as part of a larger cognitive battery. The ROCFT and CDT were normed using a Bayesian approach. Age, age2, education, sex, acculturation, and language proficiency were included as predictors in the analyses. ROCFT performance was associated with education and age, particularly as they interacted with Spanish language proficiency and time spent in the U.S. Education was significantly associated with recall abilities and a lower memory recall on the ROCFT. Age was found to vary depending on a person's bilingual abilities. Sex did not emerge as a predictor of performance, and it did not interact significantly with other variables. This is the first study to include acculturation and language proficiency variables in the creation of norms for the assessment of visuo-constructional abilities. This study will have a large impact on the practice of neuropsychology in the U.S.

TEACHING INFORMATION LITERACY: EFFECTIVE STRATEGIES

Being information literate is crucial for today's pupils if they are to become tomorrow's self-directed learners and innovative employees. Current information literacy (IL) pedagogical practices, however, have not necessarily been effective in providing students with the tools necessary for thorough research and memory recall. Therefore, effective instructional strategies are of utmost importance in IL education. The working hypothesis of this study is that students will have an easier time learning IL skills if they are able to include their interests—which are influenced by their dominant intelligences—into their coursework. As a result, the quality of their work would improve. Using a well-established educational approach—Gardner's idea of multiple intelligences—a course was developed to provide students with the IL skills they would need to test these postulates via project work. What followed was a comparison of the two groups' project quality: the experimental and control groups. Project results were much better for students who had received IL instruction that included the use of learning styles

HEXIM1 is correlated with Alzheimer's disease pathology and regulates immediate early gene dynamics in neurons.

ABSTRACTImpaired memory formation and recall is a distinguishing feature of Alzheimer’s disease, and memory requires de novo gene transcription in neurons. Rapid and robust transcription of many genes is facilitated by the formation of a poised basal state, in which RNA polymerase II (RNAP2) has initiated transcription, but is paused just downstream of the gene promoter. Neuronal depolarization releases the paused RNAP2 to complete the synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA) transcripts. Paused RNAP2 release is controlled by positive transcription elongation factor b (P-TEFb), which is sequestered into a larger inactive complex containing Hexamethylene bisacetamide inducible protein 1 (HEXIM1) under basal conditions. In this work, we find that neuronal expression ofHEXIM1mRNA is highly correlated with human Alzheimer’s disease pathologies. Furthermore, P-TEFb regulation by HEXIM1 has a significant impact on the rapid induction of neuronal gene transcription, particularly in response to repeated depolarization. These data indicate that HEXIM1/P-TEFb has an important role in inducible gene transcription in neurons, and for setting and resetting the poised state that allows for the robust activation of genes necessary for synaptic plasticity.GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

The influence of event similarity on the detailed recall of autobiographical memories

ABSTRACT Memories for life events are thought to be organised based on their relationships with one another, affecting the order in which events are recalled such that similar events tend to be recalled together. However, less is known about how detailed recall for a given event is affected by its associations to other events. Here, we used a cued autobiographical memory recall task where participants verbally recalled events corresponding to personal photographs. Importantly, we characterised the temporal, spatial, and semantic associations between each event to assess how similarity between adjacently cued events affected detailed recall. We found that participants provided more non-episodic details for cued events when the preceding event was both semantically similar and either temporally or spatially dissimilar. However, similarity along time, space, or semantics between adjacent events did not affect the episodic details recalled. We interpret this by considering organisation at the level of a life narrative, rather than individual events. When recalling a stream of personal events, we may feel obligated to justify seeming discrepancies between adjacent events that are semantically similar, yet simultaneously temporally or spatially dissimilar – to do so, we provide additional supplementary detail to help maintain global coherence across the events in our lives.

Involuntary Autobiographical Memory in Alzheimer's Disease: A Double-Edged Way of Remembering the Past?

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by severe memory alterations, affecting especially memories of personal past events. Until now, autobiographical memory impairments have been characterized using formal memory assessments, requiring patients to strategically and deliberately recall past events. However, contrary to this highly cognitively demanding mode of memory recall, autobiographical memories frequently come to mind unexpectedly based on automatic associative processes. The involuntary recall of personal memories is effortless and possibly represents a preserved way for AD patients to remember past events. This study aimed to investigate involuntary autobiographical memory in AD patients and compare the characteristics of these memories with those of healthy controls. Involuntary autobiographical memory was measured in 24 AD patients and 24 matched control participants using self-report measures. Participants were asked to report the frequency with which involuntary autobiographical memories were experienced in their daily life and to describe and self-assess one example of an involuntary memory. We showed that AD patients and control participants did not differ in terms of the frequency or subjective characteristics of their involuntary autobiographical memories in daily life, except for feelings of intrusiveness. Compared to control participants, AD patients reported their involuntary autobiographical memories as being more intrusive. In addition, more negative and vague involuntary autobiographical memories were associated with greater depressive symptoms. These findings open up a new avenue for research to better understand the extent to which involuntary autobiographical memory might be preserved in AD patients and why these memories may in turn become intrusive to patients.

Dissociable dorsal medial prefrontal cortex ensembles are necessary for cocaine seeking and fear conditioning in mice

The dorsal medial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC) plays a dual role in modulating drug seeking and fear-related behaviors. Learned associations between cues and drug seeking are encoded by a specific ensemble of neurons. This study explored the stability of a dmPFC cocaine seeking ensemble over 2 weeks and its influence on persistent cocaine seeking and fear memory retrieval. In the first series of experiments, we trained TetTag c-fos-driven-EGFP mice in cocaine self-administration and tagged strongly activated neurons with EGFP during the initial day 7 cocaine seeking session. Subsequently, a follow-up seeking test was conducted 2 weeks later to examine ensemble reactivation between two seeking sessions via c-Fos immunostaining. In the second series of experiments, we co-injected viruses expressing TRE-cre and a cre-dependent inhibitory PSAM-GlyR into the dmPFC of male and female c-fos-tTA mice to enable “tagging” of cocaine seeking ensemble or cued fear ensemble neurons with inhibitory chemogenetic receptors. These c-fos-tTA mice have the c-fos promoter that drives expression of the tetracycline transactivator (tTA). The tTA can bind to the tetracycline response element (TRE) site on the viral construct, resulting in the expression of cre-recombinase, which enables the expression of cre-dependent inhibitory chemogenetic receptors and fluorescent reporters. Then we investigated ensemble contribution to subsequent cocaine seeking and fear recall during inhibition of the tagged ensemble by administering uPSEM792s (0.3 mg/kg), a selective ligand for PSAM-GlyR. In both sexes, there was a positive association between the persistence of cocaine seeking and the proportion of reactivated EGFP+ neurons within the dmPFC. More importantly, inhibition of the cocaine seeking ensemble suppressed cocaine seeking, but not recall of fear memory, while inhibition of the fear ensemble reduced conditioned freezing but not cocaine seeking. The results demonstrate that cocaine and fear recall ensembles in the dmPFC are stable, but largely exclusive from one another.

Electrophysiological dynamics of salience, default mode, and frontoparietal networks during episodic memory formation and recall: A multi-experiment iEEG replication.

Dynamic interactions between large-scale brain networks underpin human cognitive processes, but their electrophysiological mechanisms remain elusive. The triple network model, encompassing the salience (SN), default mode (DMN), and frontoparietal (FPN) networks, provides a framework for understanding these interactions. We analyzed intracranial EEG recordings from 177 participants across four diverse episodic memory experiments, each involving encoding as well as recall phases. Phase transfer entropy analysis revealed consistently higher directed information flow from the anterior insula (AI), a key SN node, to both DMN and FPN nodes. This directed influence was significantly stronger during memory tasks compared to resting-state, highlighting the AI's task-specific role in coordinating large-scale network interactions. This pattern persisted across externally-driven memory encoding and internally-governed free recall. Control analyses using the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) showed an inverse pattern, with DMN and FPN exerting higher influence on IFG, underscoring the AI's unique role. We observed task-specific suppression of high-gamma power in the posterior cingulate cortex/precuneus node of the DMN during memory encoding, but not recall. Crucially, these results were replicated across all four experiments spanning verbal and spatial memory domains with high Bayes replication factors. Our findings advance understanding of how coordinated neural network interactions support memory processes, highlighting the AI's critical role in orchestrating large-scale brain network dynamics during both memory encoding and retrieval. By elucidating the electrophysiological basis of triple network interactions in episodic memory, our study provides insights into neural circuit dynamics underlying memory function and offer a framework for investigating network disruptions in memory-related disorders.

Seamless switching, feedforward, and feedback mechanisms: Enhancing task performance and user perception in device switch

In an era where digital multitasking is universal, the necessity to switch between devices is vital. The effect of switching modes between devices on the user experience remains unclear. This study investigates the impact of switching modes on task performance and user perception within interconnected device environments. A within-subject experiment utilizing memory recall tasks was implemented to test three switching modes: seamless switching, passive switching, and switching with feedforward and feedback. Task accuracy rate, perceived interruption, perceived control, and behavioral intention were measured. Results indicated that seamless switching outperformed passive switching in task accuracy rate. Passive switching elicited the highest level of perceived interruption, while switching with feedforward and feedback substantially improved the perceived control of users over seamless switching. The behavioral intention to use seamless switching and switching with feedforward and feedback was considerably higher than that for passive switching. This research provides insights into the comparative benefits of seamless switching and switching with feedforward and feedback, particularly regarding their influence on user perception. Practical implications for the design of interconnected device switching and the management of device ecosystems are also presented.

Anatomo-functional changes in neural substrates of cognitive memory in developmental amnesia: Insights from automated and manual Magnetic Resonance Imaging examinations.

Despite bilateral hippocampal damage dating to the perinatal or early childhood period and severely impaired episodic memory, patients with developmental amnesia continue to exhibit well-developed semantic memory across the developmental trajectory. Detailed information on the extent and focality of brain damage in these patients is needed to hypothesize about the neural substrate that supports their remarkable capacity for encoding and retrieval of semantic memory. In particular, we need to assess whether the residual hippocampal tissue is involved in this preservation, or whether the surrounding cortical areas reorganize to rescue aspects of these critical cognitive memory processes after early injury. We used voxel-based morphometry (VBM) analysis, automatic (FreeSurfer) and manual segmentation to characterize structural changes in the brain of an exceptionally large cohort of 23 patients with developmental amnesia in comparison with 32 control subjects. Both the VBM and the FreeSurfer analyses revealed severe structural alterations in the hippocampus and thalamus of patients with developmental amnesia. Milder damage was found in the amygdala, caudate, and parahippocampal gyrus. Manual segmentation demonstrated differences in the degree of atrophy of the hippocampal subregions in patients. The level of atrophy in CA-DG subregions and subicular complex was more than 40%, while the atrophy of the uncus was moderate (-24%). Anatomo-functional correlations were observed between the volumes of residual hippocampal subregions in patients and selective aspects of their cognitive performance, viz, intelligence, working memory, and verbal and visuospatial recall. Our findings suggest that in patients with developmental amnesia, cognitive processing is compromised as a function of the extent of atrophy in hippocampal subregions. More severe hippocampal damage may be more likely to promote structural and/or functional reorganization in areas connected to the hippocampus. In this hypothesis, different levels of hippocampal function may be rescued following this variable reorganization. Our findings document not only the extent, but also the limits of circuit reorganization occurring in the young brain after early bilateral hippocampal damage.

A - 55 Exploring the Impact of Parental Substance Use Problems and Behavior on Pre-Adolescent Cognitive Performance

Abstract Objective Adults with a parental history of substance use problems (PH+) exhibit deficits in verbal, language, visuomotor, visuospatial, and executive functioning skills. However, findings on whether PH+ affects cognition developmentally is limited. This study explored how PH+ relates to preadolescents’ cognitive performance while controlling for environmental parental factors. Methods We sampled 11,633 participants aged 8–11 (47.74% female) from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study at baseline. The Family History Assessment evaluated PH+ of alcohol and other drug use problems, with scores ranging from 0–2 parents with problematic use (PH-, PH + 1, PH + 2). PH+ of alcohol (PHA+) and other drugs (PHD+) were assessed separately. The neurocognitive battery included the NIH Toolbox, RAVLT, and Matrix Reasoning. Parental factors assessed included prenatal substance exposure, family conflict, parental warmth, parental monitoring, and parental mental health history. Hierarchical linear mixed-effects models analyzed relationships between PHA+, PHD+, other parental variables of interest, and cognitive outcomes while controlling for demographics. Results PHA+ significantly predicted inhibitory control performance, with PHA + 1 youth performing better than PHA- youth (β = 0.71, p = 0.04), above and beyond other parental behaviors. Conversely, PHD + 1 youth scored lower on immediate (β = −0.3107, p = 0.02) and delayed (β = −3.58, p = 0.01) verbal memory recall, as well as visuospatial memory (β = −1.50, p = 0.003) compared to PHD- youth. Parental factors broadly predicted performance, with parental monitoring and prenatal exposure emerging as the most consistent predictors. Conclusion These findings underscore the complex relationship between PH+, environmental parental factors, and cognition among preadolescents. Future work should explore mechanisms linking parental behaviors to adolescent cognition, given these modifiable factors offer potential for intervention.

B - 118 Exploration of Supplemental Recognition Measures for the RBANS

Abstract Objective RBANS is a widely used cognitive screener that lacks memory recognition measures for 2 recall tasks. Performance on verbal and visual recognition measures, relative to recall, may help inform clinical decision-making and treatment planning. Our pilot project aims to understand how individuals with valid cognitive data and normal memory functioning perform on newly developed RBANS story and figure memory recognition tests. Method Of those referred for outpatient neuropsychological assessment at a veterans hospital between 2017–2024, 89 received the newly established recognition measures as part of their clinical evaluation. Our analysis included veterans that displayed valid profiles (TOMM trial 1 ≥ 45, n = 53). Assessment occurred 30% face-to-face and 70% telehealth. In addition to key demographic factors listed in table 1, race/ethnicity breakdown included: 92% White, 4% Black, 2% Asian, 2% Hispanic. These veterans were subdivided into 3 intact memory groups: list recall (≥ 25%ile, n = 31), story recall (≥ 25%ile, n = 37), figure recall (≥ 25%ile, n = 42) to determine average recognition performances across domains. Results The individuals with valid cognitive data and normal memory recall performed as listed in table 1. Although our novel story and figure recognition measures differ from those published in Duff et al. (2021), our pilot project data largely overlapped with their reported findings despite demographic differences. Conclusion(s) These novel recognition scores can help establish normal story and figure recognition performance to assist with clinical diagnosis and treatment planning. With greater and more diverse samples, we may be able to establish relative cut points for expected recognition memory performances across intact, amnestic/cortical, and vascular/subcortical.

B - 86 Neurobehavioral Examination Total Memory Score as a Screener for Cognitive Impairment Diagnosis

Abstract Objective The neurobehavioral exam (NBE) quickly assesses patient’s neurological and behavioral status. This study aims to determine whether an individual’s NBE memory subtest is an effective screening tool for predicting cognitive diagnosis following a comprehensive neuropsychological evaluation. Method Data was collected from a clinical population of 173 adults (< 60 years old). Each patient was administered the NBE before comprehensive neuropsychological testing. The Total Memory Free Recall (TMFR) score was compared to the final cognitive diagnosis. Descriptive statistics, linear regression, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis were conducted with IBM SPSS. Results Linear regression indicates that the TMFR accounts for 26.1% of the variance in the cognitive diagnosis (F (1, 171) = 60.29, p = <0.001, adjusted R2 = 0.26). Area under the curve (AUC) indicated good discriminative ability for screening patients with and without cognitive impairment based on their total memory recall score (AUC = 0.83). A TMFR raw score of <6 was determined as the optimal cutoff point for screening cognitive impairment yielding a sensitivity of 0.96 and a specificity of 0.62. Conclusion(s) The analyses completed indicate that TMFR on the NBE is predictive of cognitive diagnosis following comprehensive neuropsychological testing. Total memory recall raw score can be used as a screening measure for identifying cognitive impairment and making appropriate referral for comprehensive neuropsychological assessment.

B - 35 Recall of the Injury Event in Moderate–Severe Traumatic Brain Injury

Abstract Objective Autobiographical recall can be impoverished in Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI). We explored whether the recall of the TBI event was unique to this trend since the event is both self-defining and traumatic. Methods We recruited 30 non-injured comparison participants (NC) and 30 participants in the chronic phase of a moderate–severe TBI from the Brain Injury Patient Registry at Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Participants in the TBI group recalled their TBI event and a self-selected event from 0–5 years before the TBI. The NC group recalled a self-selected event that matched the pre-injury’s temporal distance. We used the Autobiographical Interview scoring system to test whether events differed in the amount and type of details. Results Compared to the pre-injury event, the injury event had a higher number of episodic-like, p = 0.002, and external details (e.g., repetition and meta-comments), p = 0.011. The injury and pre-injury events had a similar proportion of episodic-like details (relative to all details), p = 0.295, indicating events were similarly supplemented with extraneous/inferential information. Further, the pre-injury event of the TBI group had a smaller number of episodic-like details, p < 0.001, and a lower proportion of episodic-like details, p = 0.002, than the events from the NC group. Conclusion Whereas the recall of injury events may be unique due to their higher number of episodic-like details, they were also similar to general autobiographical memory recall in the preponderance of supplementary details. A confluence of factors, like personal relevance, compromised encoding due to loss of consciousness at the time of injury, and general difficulties in retrieval, may explain the findings.

B - 92 Memory Rehabilitation Following Stroke and Traumatic Brain Injury

Abstract Objective Several Meta analyses suggest mixed but objective support for internal strategies. Typically, successful rehabilitation involves at least 8 hour of memory training and often results in 0.25 to 0.50 standard deviation (SD) improvements depending on how long post injury. Intervention dose, strategies, level of impairment, and patient self-awareness and motivation all appear relevant. Methods Data is taken from 21 continuous referrals. Three individuals did not want to work on memory strategies, so their data was separated from the rest. Participants: 18 individuals with acquired brain injuries, with an average age of 51.6 and about 15 years of education, who were 76.6 days post brain injury. Intervention: Each individual was involved in 8 weeks of transdisciplinary rehabilitation. Many goals were addressed and memory rehabilitation was treated via 1 or 2 weekly sessions with a neuropsychologist. Internal and external strategy use was taught. Individuals received 8 to 10 hours of memory rehabilitation involving repetitive practice of clustering, semantic clustering, organizing information into sentences or stories, rhyming, and acronyms. Results Delayed List Recall significantly improved from standard scores of 73.5 to 89.7 and the delayed Story Recall improved from 75 to 90. The mean improvement was nearly 1 standard deviation across measures. Conclusions Individuals showed significant improvement in immediate and delayed recall memory scores. These individuals showed more than 0.5 SD short-term memory (STM) gain and also self-reported improved STM. Durability of gains was not measured in follow-ups. These interventions improve memory skills, but not all patients choose to participate in this type of treatment.

Circadian Rhythms in Conditioned Threat Extinction Reflect Time-of-Day Differences in Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex Neural Processing.

Circadian rhythms in conditioned threat extinction emerge from a tissue-level circadian timekeeper, or local clock, in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC). Yet it remains unclear how this local clock contributes to extinction-dependent adaptations. Here we used single-unit and local field potential analyses to interrogate neural activity in the male rat vmPFC during repeated extinction sessions at different times of day. In association with superior recall of a remote extinction memory during the circadian active phase, vmPFC putative principal neurons exhibited phasic firing that was amplified for cue presentations and diminished at transitions in freezing behavior. Coupling of vmPFC gamma amplitude to the phase of low-frequency oscillations was greater during freezing than mobility, and this difference was augmented during the active phase, highlighting a time-of-day dependence in the organization of freezing- versus mobility-associated cell assemblies. Additionally, a greater proportion of vmPFC neurons were phase-locked to low-frequency oscillations during the active phase, consistent with heightened neural excitability at this time of day. Our results suggest that daily fluctuations in vmPFC excitability precipitate enhanced neural recruitment into extinction-based cell assemblies during the active phase, providing a potential mechanism by which the vmPFC local clock modulates circuit and behavioral plasticity during conditioned threat extinction.

Internet of things enabled E-learning system for academic achievement among university students

The rise of the Internet of Things (IoT) represents a burgeoning frontier in educational innovation, particularly in the realm of e-learning. Despite its expanding capabilities, the integration of IoT technologies into e-learning within higher educational institutions (HEIs) faces numerous challenges and constraints. Limited research has delved into the implementation of IoT in e-learning, especially in developing nations. Consequently, this study seeks to explore the determinants influencing the adoption of IoT for e-learning in HEIs. The aim of the innovative ICT classroom is to assist students in acquiring new skills, adapting to new situations, and utilizing technology in a manner that leads to enhanced learning outcomes and extensive knowledge. Our suggested e-learning system, integrated with IoT technology, gauges student engagement and attentiveness throughout online lectures. The proposed technology integrates electroencephalography (EEG) with IoT. The IoT is a collection of technologies that allow embedded real-world objects to connect to the Internet and is widely used by humans to support a variety of activities. IoT should be taught using developmental learning approaches and included in higher education teaching projects. EEG devices are used to track the psychological movements of students taking online courses. Our findings demonstrate how the proposed method can be used to detect the user’s level of concentration and the required level of educational strategy. A collection of informational indexes for student attention. By using a BiLSTM network to predict undergraduate recall and temporary memory, we can accurately predict undergraduate preferred learning styles. The findings of the research demonstrate that IoT systems and devices play a pivotal role in enhancing access to education. They facilitate easier teaching and learning processes while democratizing education. When employed as educational tools, IoT devices contribute significantly to creating highly engaging learning experiences for students.