Proactive Interference Research Articles

Proactive and reactive response inhibition of individuals with high schizotypy viewing different facial expressions: An ERP study using an emotional stop-signal task

The present study aimed to examine whether impairments in reactive (outright stopping) and proactive (preparation for stopping) response inhibition are affected by negative emotions in individuals with high schizotypy, a subclinical group at risk for schizophrenia, as well as the neural mechanisms underlying these processes. Twenty-seven participants with high schizotypy and 28 matched low-schizotypy individuals completed an emotional stop-signal task in which they responded to facial emotions (neutral or angry) or inhibited their responses (when the frame of the picture turned red). Electroencephalogram (EEG) data were also recorded during the task. At the neural level, analysis of go trials revealed that viewing angry faces impaired proactive inhibition. In addition, the high-schizotypy group exhibited a greater P3 amplitude in go trials in the neutral condition than the low-schizotypy group; however, no group difference was found in the angry condition. For stop trials (reactive inhibition), a smaller P3 amplitude was found in the angry condition than in the neutral condition. Moreover, high-schizotypy individuals showed smaller P3 amplitudes than low-schizotypy individuals. The current findings suggest that, at the neural level, viewing negative emotions impaired both proactive and reactive response inhibition. Individuals with high schizotypy exhibited impairments in proactive response inhibition in the neutral condition but not in the angry condition; they exhibited impaired reactive response inhibition in both emotion conditions. The present findings deepen our understanding of emotional response inhibition in individuals on the schizophrenia spectrum.

Phase-Difference-Dependent Surface Plasmon Polariton Waveguide Coupling in a Symmetrical Dual-Channel Metal-Insulator-Metal Structure

This work reports a phase difference modulated coupling of two surface plasmon polariton (SPP) sources in a symmetrical two-channel metal-insulator-metal (MIM) waveguide device. In the device, two sources with different initial phases interact indirectly through the function of a rectangular cavity. With the phase difference varying, we have achieved tunable SPP coupling followed by continuously adjustable filtering property and Fano resonance. Further results show that the tunable SPP coupling in the resonance cavity can be well described by the electromagnetic wave interference theory. Moreover, we have also demonstrated the excellent performance of this phase-difference-dependent MIM waveguide in refractive-index sensing and have achieved considerable sensitivity as high as 818.8 nm/RIU. This research has great significance for tunable filtering and signal compensation in MIM waveguide-based photonic chips and also provides a device with high potential in refractive-index sensing.

Improved spectral reflectance model of oil films on seawater based on two-beam interference theory.

The theoretical properties of electromagnetic transmission and radiation of light are combined with the propagation law of light in a uniform medium and the Fresnel formula to provide an improved two-beam interference model for simulating oil spills. This model enables the study of spectral reflectance under different thicknesses and different illumination angles. Through observation and analysis of simulation results, it is found that light waves reflected at the interface of water and oil films and of oil films and air oscillate due to interference. In order to overcome this problem, solar irradiance is simulated and multiplied with the reflection model to obtain the outgoing illuminance values at different wavelengths, which are convoluted with the slit function of the hyperspectral camera. The processed results are compared with incoming illuminance values to obtain new simulation results. In addition, based on portable hyperspectral imagery and imported xenon lamp light sources and other experimental equipment, indoor simulated oil spill experiments were conducted. By comparing and analyzing the results of these simulations, the accuracy of the improved model was further improved, demonstrating the feasibility and utility of the model in studying oil spills at water surfaces.

Bifunctional metasurface for cross-polarization conversion and ultra-broadband absorption in terahertz range

A bifunctional terahertz (THz) metasurface based on vanadium dioxide (VO2) was proposed, which can achieve near-perfect cross-polarization conversion (CPC) and ultra-broadband absorption. When VO2 is in insulator state, the metasurface acts as a cross-polarization converter, converting linearly polarized (LP) and circularly polarized (CP) waves into the corresponding cross-polarized waves. The polarization conversion ratio (PCR) exceeds 99.5% in the frequency range of 4.1∼6.7 THz at normal incidence, and can be maintained more than 98.3% even at an incident angle of 20°. When VO2 is in metal state, the metasurface becomes a THz broadband absorber with absorption efficiency above 90% in a wide frequency range of 2.9 THz∼8.4 THz. The absorption efficiency is almost unchanged when the incident angle increases from 0° to 15° for TE wave. In addition, the absorption efficiency can maintain above 90% at 4.0∼7.1 THz when the incident angle is up to 60° for TM wave. Moreover, the interference theory model was utilized for verifying theoretically the validity of the numerical simulation results of our proposed metasurface, and the theoretical calculation results are in good agreement with the simulation results. We believe that this proposed metasurface has potential applications in many fields, such as sensing, imaging, non-destructive detectors, super lenses, and telecommunications.

Towards Conceptual Clarification of Proactive Inhibitory Control: A Review.

The aim of this selective review paper is to clarify potential confusion when referring to the term proactive inhibitory control. Illustrated by a concise overview of the literature, we propose defining reactive inhibition as the mechanism underlying stopping an action. On a stop trial, the stop signal initiates the stopping process that races against the ongoing action-related process that is triggered by the go signal. Whichever processes finishes first determines the behavioral outcome of the race. That is, stopping is either successful or unsuccessful in that trial. Conversely, we propose using the term proactive inhibition to explicitly indicate preparatory processes engaged to bias the outcome of the race between stopping and going. More specifically, these proactive processes include either pre-amping the reactive inhibition system (biasing the efficiency of the stopping process) or presetting the action system (biasing the efficiency of the go process). We believe that this distinction helps meaningful comparisons between various outcome measures of proactive inhibitory control that are reported in the literature and extends to experimental research paradigms other than the stop task.

Design and analysis of a multi-band and dual-functional terahertz wave polarization converter based on asymmetric cross-shaped metasurface

In this paper, a reflective multi-band and dual-functional terahertz wave polarization converter based on a metasurface is proposed. The unit cell of the proposed metasurface consists of a periodic array of two asymmetric Jerusalem cross-shaped resonators. The proposed metasurface behaves as a linear-cross polarization (LCP) converter at dual frequency bands of 0.911∼0.926 THz and 1.088∼1.093 THz. The polarization conversion rate (PCR) of the converter is above 95%, and the ellipticity of the reflected wave is about 0 within these two operating bands. Moreover, the proposed metasurface behaves as a linear to circular polarization (LTCP) converter at dual bands of 0.461∼0.862 THz and 0.968∼1.068 THz. The ellipticity of reflected wave approaches ±1 within these two operating bands. Wide angular stability up to 50° oblique along with high efficiency reveals the good robustness of the converter. The root cause of the polarization conversion has been analyzed through surface current distribution and multiple interference theory as well. We also analyzed the effects of asymmetry and different size structures on polarization conversion, which can provide some reference experience for the design of metasurface polarization converters in the future. The dual-functional, angular stability and simple structure make this converter an outstanding applicant for terahertz detection, dual-link satellite communication, and terahertz imaging.

Waseda Boys’ Phonological Interference of Indonesian Food Names In Nihongo Mantappu Vlogs

Interference is a mistake generally made by second language learners because they are influenced by their first language ability. Meanwhile, phonological interference is a mistake that occurs at the sound level due to changes in phonemes influenced by knowledge of the sound system in the first language. This paper discusses the errors of second language learners in understanding the sound changes that occur in the language they are learning. This study aims to describe the forms and factors that cause phonological interference committed by “Tes Wasedaboys Tulis Nama Makanan Indonesia! Ngakak Banget!”. The method used in the research is descriptive qualitative method with the theory referring to Weinrich's interference theory (1953). The data collection method used is the listening method with free listening technique. Based on the analysis that has been done, the form of phonological interference that occurs in the YouTube video on the Nihongo Mantappu channel entitled “Tes Wasedaboys Tulis Nama Makanan Indonesia! Ngakak Banget!” is divided into 2 classifications, namely 9 data of vowel phoneme interference and 8 data of consonant phoneme interference. Each interference is divided based on the addition of phonemes as much as 3 data, based on phoneme changes as much as 7 data, and based on phoneme reduction as much as 7 data. The factors that cause phonological interference are (1) bilingualism of speech participants which amounted to 3 data, (2) differences in vowel sounds and writing methods which amounted to 11 data, (3) carrying the mother tongue which amounted to 3 data.

The contribution of episodic long-term memory to working memory for bindings

The present experiments support two conclusions about the capacity limit of working memory (WM). First, they provide evidence for the Binding Hypothesis, WM capacity is limited by interference between bindings but not items. Second, they show that episodic LTM contributes substantially to binding memory when the capacity of WM is stretched to the limit by larger set sizes. We tested immediate memory for sets of word-picture pairs. With increasing set size, memory for bindings declined more precipitously than memory for items, as predicted from the binding hypothesis. Yet, at higher set sizes performance was more stable than expected from a capacity limited memory, suggesting a contribution of episodic long-term memory (LTM) to circumvent the WM capacity limit. In support of that hypothesis, we show a double dissociation of contributions of WM and episodic LTM to binding memory: Performance at set sizes larger than 3 was specifically affected by proactive interference – but were immune to influences from a distractor-filled delay. In contrast, performance at set size 2 was unaffected by proactive interference but harmed by a distractor-filled delay.

Phase separation of competing memories along the human hippocampal theta rhythm.

Competition between overlapping memories is considered one of the major causes of forgetting, and it is still unknown how the human brain resolves such mnemonic conflict. In the present magnetoencephalography (MEG) study, we empirically tested a computational model that leverages an oscillating inhibition algorithm to minimise overlap between memories. We used a proactive interference task, where a reminder word could be associated with either a single image (non-competitive condition) or two competing images, and participants were asked to always recall the most recently learned word-image association. Time-resolved pattern classifiers were trained to detect the reactivated content of target and competitor memories from MEG sensor patterns, and the timing of these neural reactivations was analysed relative to the phase of the dominant hippocampal 3 Hz theta oscillation. In line with our pre-registered hypotheses, target and competitor reactivations locked to different phases of the hippocampal theta rhythm after several repeated recalls. Participants who behaviourally experienced lower levels of interference also showed larger phase separation between the two overlapping memories. The findings provide evidence that the temporal segregation of memories, orchestrated by slow oscillations, plays a functional role in resolving mnemonic competition by separating and prioritising relevant memories under conditions of high interference.

Broadband Bilayer Antireflective Coating with Metasurfaces and Chebyshev Transformer

Antireflection coatings with a broad relative bandwidth (RBW) and reduced electrical length are desirable for a variety of applications in the microwave frequencies. Here, we propose the design principle of bilayer metasurfaces with 100% RBW and subwavelength thickness based on the traditional Chebyshev transformer, with excellent agreement with our experimental validation for both transverse electric and magnetic polarizations. We utilize the multiple-beam interference theory to reveal the underlying mechanism of the preferred choices for nonresonant or weakly resonant metasurface unit cells. Being able to manipulate the transmissions and reflections within the bilayer structure, we further demonstrate the universality and sensitivity of the designs capable of providing near-unity microwave transmission from air into the full range of natural media, with prescribed RBW and reduced electrical length.

Action Postponing and Restraint Varies among Sensory Modalities.

Proactive inhibition is divided into two components: action postponing (AP), which refers to slowing the onset of response, and action restraint (AR), which refers to preventing the response. To date, several studies have reported alterations in proactive inhibition and its associated neural processing among sensory modalities; however, this remains inconclusive owing to several methodological issues. This study aimed to clarify the differences in AP and AR and their neural processing among visual, auditory, and somatosensory modalities using an appropriate experimental paradigm that can assess AP and AR separately. The postponing time calculated by subtracting simple reaction time from Go signal reaction time was shorter in the visual modality than in the other modalities. This was explained by faster neural processing for conflict monitoring induced by anticipating the presence of the No-go signal, supported by the shorter latency of AP-related N2. Furthermore, the percentage of false alarms, which is the reaction to No-go signals, was lower in the visual modality than in the auditory modality. This was attributed to higher neural resources for conflict monitoring induced by the presence of No-go signals, supported by the larger amplitudes of AR-related N2. Our findings revealed the differences in AP and AR and their neural processing among sensory modalities.

Neuropsychological, Metabolic, and Connectivity Underpinnings of Semantic Interference Deficits Using the LASSI-L.

LASSI-L is a novel neuropsychological test specifically designed for the early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) based on semantic interference. To examine the cognitive and neural underpinnings of the failure to recover from proactive semantic and retroactive semantic interference. One hundred and fifty-five patients consulting for memory loss were included. Patients underwent neuropsychological assessment, including the LASSI-L, and FDG-PET imaging. They were categorized as subjective memory complaints (SMC) (n=32), pre-mild cognitive impairment (MCI) due to AD (Pre-MCI) (n=39), MCI due to AD (MCI-AD) (n=71), and MCI without evidence of neurodegeneration (MCI-NN) (n=13). Voxel-based brain mapping and metabolic network connectivity analyses were conducted. A significant group effect was found for all the LASSI-L scores. LASSI-L scores measuring failure to recover from proactive semantic interference and retroactive semantic interference were predicted by other neuropsychological tests with a precision of 64.1 and 44.8%. The LASSI-L scores were associated with brain metabolism in the bilateral precuneus, superior, middle and inferior temporal gyri, fusiform, angular, superior and inferior parietal lobule, superior, middle and inferior occipital gyri, lingual gyrus, and posterior cingulate. Connectivity analysis revealed a decrease of node degree and centrality in posterior cingulate in patients showing frPSI. Episodic memory dysfunction and the involvement of the medial temporal lobe, precuneus and posterior cingulate constitute the basis of the failure to recover from proactive semantic interference and retroactive semantic interference. These findings support the role of the LASSI-L in the detection, monitoring and outcome prediction during the early stages of AD.

Highly efficient transmissive wavefront steering with acoustic metagrating composed of Helmholtz-resonators

Recently, a kind simply structured metasurface made of binary phase modulated meta-unit shows extraordinary beam steering functionality especially in the reflective beam manipulation. In this work, we demonstrate a Helmholtz-resonator based acoustic metagrating for high efficient beam wavefront steering in transmissive configuration. The complex meta-unit of the metagrating made of three Helmholtz-resonators combines traditional diffraction and interference theory with the free phase modulation ability of local resonant periodic structure to coherently control the acoustic wavefront steering. We show numerically and experimentally the anomalous refraction can be acquired with the designed metagrating of subwavelength thickness. By properly designing the geometric parameters of the meta-unit, the −1st order diffraction can be retained, and the unexpected diffraction orders are eliminated through destructive interference for a high efficient anomalous refraction. The anomalous refraction performance of the proposed metagrating is achieved over a wide incident range. The reported structure is promising for high efficient and wide angle complex wavefront engineering in e.g. encryption or communications.

A comparison of renewal, spontaneous recovery, and reacquisition after punishment and extinction.

Punishment and extinction are both effective methods of reducing instrumental responding and may involve similar learning mechanisms. To characterize the similarities and differences between them, we examined three well-established recovery or "relapse" effects -renewal, spontaneous recovery, and reacquisition - following either punishment or extinction of an instrumental response. In Experiment 1a, both punished and extinguished responses renewed to similar degrees following a context change at test (ABA renewal). In Experiment 1b, responding spontaneously recovered to similar degrees following punishment or extinction. In Experiment 2, responding was rapidly reacquired when the response was reinforced again following extinction but not following punishment, as predicted by the idea that the reinforcer delivered in reacquisition is part of the context of punishment, but not extinction. The results collectively suggest that both punishment and extinction produce similar context-dependent retroactive interference effects. More broadly, they also suggest that punished and extinguished responses may be equally likely to return following a change of context despite the intuition that punishment might provide a more extreme and effective means of suppressing behavior. To our knowledge, this is the first direct behavioral comparison of response recovery after punishment and extinction within individual experiments.

Sex Does Not Sell: The Effect of Sexual Content on Advertisement Effectiveness and Interference with Memory for Program Information.

Does increasing the sexual content of advertisements lead, though memory processes, to greater sales? By employing a between-participants design, we aimed to explore how sexual advertising affects explicit and implicit memory, and whether it impairs memory for information preceding the commercials (retroactive interference) or following the commercials (proactive interference). We randomly assigned 182 young participants in the UK to one of two groups who watched the same TV program containing an advertisement break during which either sexual or nonsexual advertisements were shown, while brands were held constant across conditions. Participants were then tested on their explicit and implicit memory for both the advertising content and program information. Results revealed that implicit memory was better for nonsexual than for sexual advertisements. Unexpectedly, there was no group difference in participants' explicit memory for the advertisements. Further, sexual advertising resulted in retroactive interference with program information, whereas proactive memory for program information was not impaired. We acknowledge various study limitations and discuss proposals for future research.

Altered basal ganglia output during self-restraint.

Suppressing actions is essential for flexible behavior. Multiple neural circuits involved in behavioral inhibition converge upon a key basal ganglia output nucleus, the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr). To examine how changes in basal ganglia output contribute to self-restraint, we recorded SNr neurons during a proactive behavioral inhibition task. Rats responded to <i>Go!</i> cues with rapid leftward or rightward movements, but also prepared to cancel one of these movement directions on trials when a <i>Stop!</i> cue might occur. This action restraint - visible as direction-selective slowing of reaction times - altered both rates and patterns of SNr spiking. Overall firing rate was elevated before the <i>Go!</i> cue, and this effect was driven by a subpopulation of direction-selective SNr neurons. In neural state space, this corresponded to a shift away from the restrained movement. SNr neurons also showed more variable inter-spike intervals during proactive inhibition. This corresponded to more variable state-space trajectories, which may slow reaction times via reduced preparation to move. These findings open new perspectives on how basal ganglia dynamics contribute to movement preparation and cognitive control.

Is There an Activity-silent Working Memory?

Although storage in working memory (WM) can be tracked via measurements of ongoing neural activity, past work has shown that observers can maintain access to that information despite temporary interruptions of those neural patterns. This observation has been regarded as evidence for a neurally silent form of WM storage. Alternatively, however, unattended information could be retrieved from episodic long-term memory (eLTM) rather than being maintained in WM during the activity-silent period. Here, we tested between these possibilities by examining whether WM performance showed evidence of proactive interference (PI)-a hallmark of retrieval from eLTM-following such interruptions. Participants remembered the colors (Experiments 1-3) or locations (Experiment 4) of serially presented objects. We found PI for set sizes larger than 4, but not for smaller set sizes, suggesting that eLTM may have supported performance when WM capacity was exceeded. Critically, performance with small set sizes remained resistant to PI, even following prolonged interruptions by a challenging distractor task. Thus, we found evidence for PI-resistant memories that were maintained across likely interruptions of storage-related neural activity, an empirical pattern that implies activity-silent storage in WM.

Differential effects of proactive and retroactive interference in value-directed remembering for younger and older adults.

We are often presented with more information than we can remember, and we must selectively focus on the most valuable information to maximize memory utility. Most tests of value-based memory involve encoding and then being tested on a list of recently studied information. Thus, people are focused on memory for the current list and are encouraged to forget information from earlier lists. However, prior learning can influence later memory, in both interfering and beneficial ways, and there may be age-related differences in how younger and older adults are influenced by the costs and benefits of prior learning and interference. In the present study, we presented younger and older adults with words paired with point values to remember for a later test but rather than asking participants to only recall words from the just-studied list, participants were asked to recall all studied words on each recall test. Results revealed that younger adults were more likely to recall words from previous lists than older adults, indicating that older adults were more susceptible to retroactive interference. Moreover, although selectivity is often preserved in older adults when study-test cycles are independent, a buildup of proactive interference arising from previously studied words reduced memory selectivity in older adults. Thus, when presented with more information than one can remember, younger adults are better at combating interference and recalling valuable information, while older adults may engage in selective forgetting of prior lists to enhance a "present-focused" form of memory, possibly as a result of impaired inhibitory control. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Study on preparation and characterization of a functional porous ultra-thin friction course (PUFC) with recycled steel slag as aggregate

The research aims at the preparation and characterization of a functional porous ultra-thin friction course (PUFC) with recycled steel slag as aggregate. At first, the PUFC was designed by modified Bailey method and Particle interference theory, and selected through the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to an Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) method with index of weight. Then the resistance to dynamic water damage of PUFC was characterized byMoisture Induced Sensitivity Tester (MIST). Meanwhile, the SWMM software was used to simulate drainage performance of PUFC under different rainstorm intensities in Wuhan. Finally, the induction heating efficiency, self-healing property and snow and ice melting property of PUFC with steel wool fibers were investigated. The results demonstrate the PUFC gradation with pores ratio of 21.2% presents the best durability performance. The factors of cycles, temperature, and pressure during the dynamic water damage processing will conduct the weaken impact on the mechanics of PUFC, particularly the temperature. It is also found that the PUFC has the capacity to reduce the runoff, but there is a limitation to this reduction which is 10a of the return period. Furthermore, PUFC with steel wool fibers can be inductively heated, which helps to heal the cracks inside PUFC meanwhile also melt the ice and snow on the surface. Thus, the PUFC can be effectively prepared and its performance of self-healing, drainage, and snow and ice melting contribute its applicability in sponge city engineering.

Reliability assessment method for tank bottom plates based on hierarchical Bayesian corrosion growth model

For effectively predicting the tank failure time and analyzing the key elements influencing the reliability of corroded bottom plates, this article presents a model for calculating the reliability of corroded tank bottom plates based on a hierarchical Bayesian corrosion growth model. Firstly, the growth of corrosion defect depth is expressed by the gamma process, and the hierarchical Bayesian model is used to calculate the corrosion depth growth. After that, the reliability calculation model of the corroded tank base plate is established by combining the results of the hierarchical Bayesian model with the stress-strength interference theory, and the three uncertain factors of the base plate thickness, radius, and yield strength are considered in the model. Finally, the reliability assessment and sensitivity analysis of corroded bottom plate are carried out. The results show that the proposed reliability calculation model can provide more accurate failure state prediction results than the reliability calculation model which only considers the influence of corrosion depth, and can provide reference for reducing the failure rate of tank floor and reasonably formulating the maintenance plan of tank floor.