Memory In Mild Cognitive Impairment Research Articles

Characterization of prospective memory in mild cognitive impairment by using the Ecological test of Prospective Memory

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to explore the exact nature, extent, and cognitive correlates of prospective memory deficits in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) by using the Ecological Test of Prospective Memory (TEMP). Twenty-five MCI participants and 25 healthy older adults (HOA) performed the TEMP, the Envelope Task, the Comprehensive Assessment of Prospective Memory (CAPM), and a neuropsychological test battery. Results showed that, during the TEMP, MCI participants had difficulty detecting the moment to perform the intentions in the time-based condition (prospective component) and retrieving the associated actions in the event- and time-based conditions (retrospective component). The prospective component of the event-based condition was correlated with retrospective memory, whereas the prospective component of the time-based condition was correlated with executive functions. Finally, the TEMP yielded good sensitivity and specificity for discriminating between MCI and HOA, contrary to the Envelope Task and the CAPM.

Changes in visual memory in mild cognitive impairment: a longitudinal study with CANTAB.

Mild cognitive impairment (MCI), as a stage in the cognitive continuum between normal ageing and dementia, is mainly characterized by memory impairment. The aims of this study were to examine CANTAB measures of temporal changes of visual memory in MCI and to evaluate the usefulness of the baseline scores for predicting changes in cognitive status. The study included 201 participants aged over 50 years with subjective cognitive complaints. Visual memory was assessed with four CANTAB tests [paired associates learning (PAL), delayed matching to sample (DMS), pattern recognition memory (PRM) and spatial span (SSP)] administered at baseline and on two further occasions, with a follow-up interval of 18-24 months. Participants were divided into three groups according to the change in their cognitive status: participants with subjective cognitive complaints who remained stable, MCI participants who remained stable (MCI-Stable) and MCI participants whose cognitive deterioration continued (MCI-Worsened). Linear mixed models were used to model longitudinal changes, with evaluation time as a fixed variable, and multinomial regression models were used to predict changes in cognitive status. Isolated significant effects were obtained for age and group with all CANTAB tests used. Interactions between evaluation time and group were identified in the PAL and DMS tests, indicating different temporal patterns depending on the changes in cognitive status. Regression models also indicated that CANTAB scores were good predictors of changes in cognitive status. Decline in visual memory measured by PAL and DMS tests can successfully distinguish different types of MCI, and considered together PAL, DMS, PRM and SSP can predict changes in cognitive status.

EVALUATING THE COGNITIVE EFFECTS OF EXERCISE PRIMING AND TRANSCRANIAL DIRECT CURRENT STIMULATION IN MILD COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT AND MILD ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE: THE EXPRESS STUDY

Introduction Current pharmacotherapies for Alzheimer's disease (AD) are only modestly effective. There remains a critical need for treatments focused on early stages of the disease, when quality of life is still potentially excellent. While transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has been shown to improve memory in some people with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) and mild AD with minimal side-effects, recent evidence suggests that tDCS works better when brain circuits are active. As exercise increases brain activity using mechanisms that may support tDCS response, it may be an effective primer given before tDCS. This study assesses whether exercise priming with tDCS can help improve memory in MCI and mild AD, and whether this combination improves memory better than exercise or tDCS alone. Methods In this 5-week, randomized, blinded, sham-controlled clinical trial, eligible patients receive either 1) combined exercise and tDCS, 2) exercise and sham tDCS, or 3) exercise education only and tDCS. Repeated measures analyses of covariance will be conducted to evaluate between-group differences on cognitive outcomes over time. Results Blinded preliminary findings are presented (N=10, mean age=74±6?years, 50% female, mean years of education=16.2±2.5?years, mean Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) score= 21.5±2.9). There was a significant effect of treatment over time on Word Recall scores (F(2,7)=5.5, p=0.036). There were no statistically significant differences between groups over times on MoCA (F(2,7)=3.6, p=0.085) or Word Recognition scores (F(2,7)=4.5, p=0.054). Participants randomized to exercise education only with tDCS did not increase their exercise frequency or intensity according to the Leisure Time Exercise Questionnaire. Participants randomized to exercise priming were able to exercise at a moderate-intensity level for the last two weeks of the study when receiving combined tDCS or sham tDCS treatment. Overall adherence to study interventions was 98%. Conclusions Recruitment is ongoing (N=10/30). Updated results will be presented. This study may identify a new, feasible, non-invasive combination therapy that improves cognitive function in MCI and early stages of AD, therefore having major health implications. This research was funded by: Canadian Institutes of Health Research

Potential Benefits of Physical Activity in MCI and Dementia

Physical activity improves overall health and reduces the risk of many negative health outcomes and may be effective in improving cognition, independent functioning, and psychological health in older adults. Given the evidence linking physical activity with improvements in various aspects of health and functioning, interventions exploring pathways for decreasing risk of dementia in those with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and improving outcomes for those with dementia are of critical importance. The present review highlights the work examining physical activity interventions in order to achieve a comprehensive understanding of the potential benefits of physical activity for individuals experiencing cognitive decline. The primary focus is on aerobic exercise as this is the main intervention in the literature. Our review supports the thesis that physical activity can promote healthy aging in terms of cognition, independent functioning, and psychological health for individuals experiencing cognitive decline. Specifically, physical activity improves cognition, especially executive functioning and memory in MCI, independent functioning in MCI and dementia, and psychological health in dementia. Given that benefits of physical activity have been observed across these domains, such interventions provide an avenue for preventing decline and/or mitigating impairment across several domains of functioning in older adults with MCI or dementia and may be recommended (and adjusted) for patients across a range of settings, including medical and mental health settings. Further implications for clinical intervention and future directions for research are discussed.

A meta-analysis of semantic memory in Mild cognitive impairment

A meta-analysis of semantic memory in Mild cognitive impairment

Visual-verbal paired associate memory in mild cognitive impairment: A neuropsychological and brain volumetric study

Visual-verbal paired associate memory in mild cognitive impairment: A neuropsychological and brain volumetric study

Lost or unavailable? Exploring mechanisms that affect retrograde memory in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease patients.

Retrograde amnesia has been largely documented in patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (a-MCI) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, it is still not clear whether ineffectiveness in recalling past acquired information reflects loss of individual memory traces or failure to access specific stored traces. We aimed to disentangle the differential contribution of storage and retrieval processes to the pattern of retrograde amnesia in these patients. This issue was investigated in 18 a-MCI and 19 AD patients who were compared to 20 healthy controls. A novel questionnaire about public events was used; it consisted of two procedures (i.e., a free recall test and a true/false recognition test). Crucial differences emerged in the way the two groups of patients performed the experimental tasks. In fact, although both a-MCI and AD patients showed a similar pattern of impairment on the free recall test, a-MCI patients were able to normalise their performance on the recognition test, thus overcoming their deficits at the time of recall. Conversely, AD patients showed both reduced free recall ability and diminished sensitivity to benefit from recognition in recalling public events. Our findings suggest that the memory processes underlying RA were different for a-MCI and AD. Deficits in remote memory are prevalently explained by impaired retrieval abilities in a-MCI and by impaired storage in AD. This distinction between retrograde amnesia due to defective trace utilisation in a-MCI and trace storage in AD is consistent with the temporal unfolding of declining anterograde memory over the course of disease progression to AD.

Clustering and Switching Patterns in Semantic Fluency and Their Relationship to Working Memory in Mild Cognitive Impairment.

Background and PurposeSemantic verbal fluency test is a neuropsychological assessment that can sensitively detect neuropathological changes. Considering its multifactorial features tapping various cognitive domains such as semantic memory, executive function, and working memory, it is necessary to examine verbal fluency performance in association with underlying cognitive functions. The objective of the current study was to investigate semantic fluency patterns of people with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) based on clustering and switching and their relationship with working memory.MethodsTwenty-six individuals with MCI and 23 normal elderly adults participated in this study. A semantic verbal fluency test (animal version) was administered and the performance was analyzed using the following measures: number of correct words, cluster size, and number of switches. Scores of digit forward (DF) and backward span tasks were employed as working memory measures.ResultsAnalyses of variance revealed significant group differences in the numbers of correct words and switches. Multivariate logistic regression and receiver-operating characteristic analyses showed that the number of switches more sensitively distinguished MCI existence than the number of correct words. Stepwise linear regression analysis showed that DF task and age significantly predicted the number of correct words while only the DF task significantly predicted the number of switches.ConclusionsDecrement in semantic verbal fluency in MCI seems to be associated with impaired switching abilities. Working memory capacity might serve as the underlying cognitive factor related to decreased verbal fluency in MCI.

Associative memory for conceptually unitized word pairs in mild cognitive impairment is related to the volume of the perirhinal cortex.

Unitization, that is, the encoding of an association as one integrated entity, has been shown to improve associative memory in populations presenting with associative memory deficit due to hippocampal dysfunction, such as amnesic patients with focal hippocampal lesions and healthy older adults. One reason for this benefit is that encoding of unitized associations would rely on the perirhinal cortex (PrC) and thus minimize the need for hippocampal recruitment. Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is accompanied by a deficit in associative memory. However, unitization has never been studied to explore the potential benefit in associative memory in MCI, maybe because MCI is characterized by PrC pathology. However, the PrC may potentially still function sufficiently to allow for the successful adoption of unitization. In this study, we aimed at assessing whether unitization could attenuate MCI patients' associative memory deficit, and whether the ability to remember unitized associations would be modulated by the integrity of the PrC in MCI patients. Unitization was manipulated at a conceptual level, by encouraging participants to encode unrelated word pairs as new compound words. Participants also underwent a structural MRI exam, and measures of PrC were extracted (Brodmann Areas [BA] 35 and 36). Results showed that, contrary to healthy controls, MCI patients did not benefit from unitization. Moreover, their memory performance for unitized associations was related to the measure of PrC integrity (BA35), while it was not the case in controls. This finding thus suggests that unitization does not help to attenuate the associative deficit in MCI patients, and brings support to the literature linking unitization to the PrC function.

Episodic memory in mild cognitive impairment inversely correlates with the global modularity of the cerebral blood flow network

Cerebral blood flow (CBF) SPECT is an interesting methodology to study brain connectivity in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) since it is accessible worldwide and can be used as a biomarker of neuronal injury in MCI. In CBF SPECT, connectivity is grounded in group-based correlation networks. Therefore, topological metrics derived from the CBF correlation network cannot be used to support diagnosis and prognosis individually. However, methods to extract the individual patient contribution to topological metrics of group-based correlation networks were developed although not yet applied to MCI patients. Here, we investigate whether the episodic memory of 24 amnestic MCI patients correlates with individual patient contributions to topological metrics of the CBF correlation network. We first compared topological metrics of the MCI group network with the network corresponding to 26 controls. Metrics that showed significant differences were then used for the individual patient contribution analysis. We found that the global network modularity was increased while global efficiency decreased in the MCI network compared to the control. Most importantly, we found that episodic memory inversely correlates with the patient contribution to the global network modularity, which highlights the potential of this approach to develop a CBF connectivity-based biomarker at the individual level.

Assessing Working Memory in Mild Cognitive Impairment with Serial Order Recall.

Working memory (WM) is often assessed with serial order tests such as repeating digits backward. In prior dementia research using the Backward Digit Span Test (BDT), only aggregate test performance was examined. The current research tallied primacy/recency effects, out-of-sequence transposition errors, perseverations, and omissions to assess WM deficits in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Memory clinic patients (n = 66) were classified into three groups: single domain amnestic MCI (aMCI), combined mixed domain/dysexecutive MCI (mixed/dys MCI), and non-MCI where patients did not meet criteria for MCI. Serial order/WM ability was assessed by asking participants to repeat 7 trials of five digits backwards. Serial order position accuracy, transposition errors, perseverations, and omission errors were tallied. A 3 (group)×5 (serial position) repeated measures ANOVA yielded a significant group×trial interaction. Follow-up analyses found attenuation of the recency effect for mixed/dys MCI patients. Mixed/dys MCI patients scored lower than non-MCI patients for serial position 3 (p < 0.003) serial position 4 (p < 0.002); and lower than both group for serial position 5 (recency; p < 0.002). Mixed/dys MCI patients also produced more transposition errors than both groups (p < 0.010); and more omissions (p < 0.020), and perseverations errors (p < 0.018) than non-MCI patients. The attenuation of a recency effect using serial order parameters obtained from the BDT may provide a useful operational definition as well as additional diagnostic information regarding working memory deficits in MCI.

A-23Bilingualism and Memory in Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI)

A-23Bilingualism and Memory in Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI)

Resting-State Connectivity of the Left Frontal Cortex to the Default Mode and Dorsal Attention Network Supports Reserve in Mild Cognitive Impairment.

Reserve refers to the phenomenon of relatively preserved cognition in disproportion to the extent of neuropathology, e.g., in Alzheimer’s disease. A putative functional neural substrate underlying reserve is global functional connectivity of the left lateral frontal cortex (LFC, Brodmann Area 6/44). Resting-state fMRI-assessed global LFC-connectivity is associated with protective factors (education) and better maintenance of memory in mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Since the LFC is a hub of the fronto-parietal control network that regulates the activity of other networks, the question arises whether LFC-connectivity to specific networks rather than the whole-brain may underlie reserve. We assessed resting-state fMRI in 24 MCI and 16 healthy controls (HC) and in an independent validation sample (23 MCI/32 HC). Seed-based LFC-connectivity to seven major resting-state networks (i.e., fronto-parietal, limbic, dorsal-attention, somatomotor, default-mode, ventral-attention, visual) was computed, reserve was quantified as residualized memory performance after accounting for age and hippocampal atrophy. In both samples of MCI, LFC-activity was anti-correlated with the default-mode network (DMN), but positively correlated with the dorsal-attention network (DAN). Greater education predicted stronger LFC-DMN-connectivity (anti-correlation) and LFC-DAN-connectivity. Stronger LFC-DMN and LFC-DAN-connectivity each predicted higher reserve, consistently in both MCI samples. No associations were detected for LFC-connectivity to other networks. These novel results extend our previous findings on global functional connectivity of the LFC, showing that LFC-connectivity specifically to the DAN and DMN, two core memory networks, enhances reserve in the memory domain in MCI.

THALAMIC CONNECTIVITY CONTRIBUTES TO EPISODIC MEMORY IN MILD COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT

The medial temporal lobe has traditionally been viewed to instigate episodic memory loss. However, a more extended memory circuit might be involved, in particular the limbic thalamus with its rich hippocampal connections. In addition, the topology of whole-brain networks has been related to cognitive decline. We investigated how hippocampal and thalamic connectivity, as well as whole-brain structural network topology, are related to episodic memory in mild cognitive impairment (MCI). 19 patients with MCI and 18 age-matched controls underwent magnetic resonance imaging and cognitive assessment. Diffusion tensor imaging-based tractography was used to construct whole-brain tractograms, which were represented as network graphs weighted by fractional anisotropy of the edge between any two nodes. Whole-brain graph theoretical measures and local measures for the hippocampi and thalami were compared between groups and correlated with cognitive scores. Linear regression models were constructed to investigate how local and whole-brain measures predict episodic memory. MCI patients showed reduced global efficiency (t=2.6, p=.019) and mean clustering coefficient (t=3.1, p=.005). In MCI, global efficiency was associated with episodic memory performance (r=.50, p=.042). Local efficiency of the left hippocampus was decreased in MCI (t=2.1, p=.045), while there were no group differences in clustering and efficiency for the right hippocampus and the thalami. Episodic memory correlated with local measures of the left hippocampus (local efficiency: r=.68, p=.003; clustering coefficient: r=.59, p=.012) and the left thalamus (local efficiency: r=.51, p=.038; clustering coefficient: r=.48, p=.049). Measures of network topology did not correlate with cognition in controls. When global efficiency was added to the regression models for episodic memory performance in MCI, the relationships with local efficiency and the clustering coefficient for the left thalamus were no longer significant. In contrast, measures of the left hippocampus retained independent relationship in combined regression models. Both local and whole-brain measures of network topology correlate with episodic memory in MCI. The influence of hippocampal connections is independent of global network structure. In contrast, alterations in global efficiency mediate the effect of thalamic connectivity on memory performance. Our results challenge the hippocampal-centred view by suggesting that episodic memory impairment might also be dependent on a distributed mnemonic system.

Molecular imaging of serotonin degeneration in mild cognitive impairment

Neuropathological and neuroimaging studies have consistently demonstrated degeneration of monoamine systems, especially the serotonin system, in normal aging and Alzheimer's disease. The evidence for degeneration of the serotonin system in mild cognitive impairment is limited. Thus, the goal of the present study was to measure the serotonin transporter in vivo in mild cognitive impairment and healthy controls. The serotonin transporter is a selective marker of serotonin terminals and of the integrity of serotonin projections to cortical, subcortical and limbic regions and is found in high concentrations in the serotonergic cell bodies of origin of these projections (raphe nuclei).Twenty-eight participants with mild cognitive impairment (age 66.6±6.9, 16 males) and 28 healthy, cognitively normal, demographically matched controls (age 66.2±7.1, 15 males) underwent magnetic resonance imaging for measurement of grey matter volumes and high-resolution positron emission tomography with well-established radiotracers for the serotonin transporter and regional cerebral blood flow. Beta-amyloid imaging was performed to evaluate, in combination with the neuropsychological testing, the likelihood of subsequent cognitive decline in the participants with mild cognitive impairment. The following hypotheses were tested: 1) the serotonin transporter would be lower in mild cognitive impairment compared to controls in cortical and limbic regions, 2) in mild cognitive impairment relative to controls, the serotonin transporter would be lower to a greater extent and observed in a more widespread pattern than lower grey matter volumes or lower regional cerebral blood flow and 3) lower cortical and limbic serotonin transporters would be correlated with greater deficits in auditory-verbal and visual-spatial memory in mild cognitive impairment, not in controls.Reduced serotonin transporter availability was observed in mild cognitive impairment compared to controls in cortical and limbic areas typically affected by Alzheimer's disease pathology, as well as in sensory and motor areas, striatum and thalamus that are relatively spared in Alzheimer's disease. The reduction of the serotonin transporter in mild cognitive impairment was greater than grey matter atrophy or reductions in regional cerebral blood flow compared to controls. Lower cortical serotonin transporters were associated with worse performance on tests of auditory-verbal and visual-spatial memory in mild cognitive impairment, not in controls.The serotonin system may represent an important target for prevention and treatment of MCI, particularly the post-synaptic receptors (5-HT4 and 5-HT6), which may not be as severely affected as presynaptic aspects of the serotonin system, as indicated by the observation of lower serotonin transporters in MCI relative to healthy controls.

Usefulness of Discriminability and Response Bias Indices for the Evaluation of Recognition Memory in Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer Disease

Background: Most studies examining episodic memory in Alzheimer disease (AD) have focused on patients' impaired ability to remember information. This approach provides only a partial picture of memory deficits since other factors involved are not considered. Objective: To evaluate the recognition memory performance by using a yes/no procedure to examine the effect of discriminability and response bias measures in amnestic mild cognitive impairment (a-MCI), AD dementia, and normal-aging subjects. Methods: We included 43 controls and 45 a-MCI and 51 mild AD dementia patients. Based on the proportions of correct responses (hits) and false alarms from the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT), discriminability (d′) and response bias (C) indices from signal detection theory (SDT) were calculated. Results: Results showed significant group differences for d′ (F (2) = 83.26, p < 0.001), and C (F (2) = 6.05, p = 0.00). The best predictors of group membership were delayed recall and d′ scores. The d′ measure correctly classified subjects with 82.98% sensitivity and 91.11% specificity. Conclusions: a-MCI and AD dementia subjects exhibit less discrimination accuracy and more liberal response bias than controls. Furthermore, combined indices of delayed recall and discriminability from the RAVLT are effective in defining early AD. SDT may help enhance diagnostic specificity.

Neural Underpinnings of the Decline of Topographical Memory in Mild Cognitive Impairment.

Spatial navigation is one of the cognitive functions known to decline in both normal and pathological aging. In the present study, we aimed to assess the neural correlates of the decline of topographical memory in patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI). Patients with aMCI and age-matched controls were engaged in an intensive learning paradigm, lasting for 5 days, during which they had to encode 1 path from an egocentric perspective and 1 path from an allocentric perspective. After the learning period, they were asked to retrieve each of these paths using an allocentric or egocentric frame of reference while undergoing a functional magnetic resonance imaging scan. We found that patients with aMCI showed a specific deficit in storing new topographical memories from an allocentric perspective and retrieving stored information to perform the egocentric task. Imaging data suggest that this general decline is correlated with hypoactivation of the brain areas generally involved in spatial navigation.

EVIDENCE-BASED COMPUTERIZED COGNITIVE TRAINING: WHAT, HOW, WHEN AND WHERE

Computerised cognitive training, commonly referred to as brain training, has now been shown to be effective in over 100 RCTs across a broad spectrum of brain disorders. Brain training is effective for general cognitive outcomes in healthy elderly and for memory in Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI). It is unlikely to be effective for cognitive outcomes in established dementia, however, some forms of training may help preserve a sense of self-efficacy and hence quality of life. Clearly, the field needs to move beyond, ‘does it work?’, to more sophisticated questions about how to best implement, understand and maximize effectiveness. For example, we now understand that unsupervised, home-based training is generally ineffective for older adults and that high-frequency dosing subverts efficacy. Furthermore, our group has defined three key clinical phases to brain training: loading dose, peak-plateau dose and maintenance dose. Evidence-based practice will therefore consider each of these when planning an intervention. Interestingly, different brain mechanisms may important at these different phases. On the basis of two RCTs we have shown that sensori-motor cortex plasticity is related to cognitive gains in the early loading dose phase in contrast to strengthening of hippocampus-frontal cortical connectivity in the later peak-plateau phase. Several translational hurdles remain to be overcome. Transfer of cognitive gains to day-to-day function remains challenging for any intervention yet there are emerging positive signals from large studies. Long-term engagement is arguably the greatest challenge -- a rethink of the experience of online brain training is now required. In this respect, social gaming technology and principles have great potential.

LONGITUDINAL CHANGES IN VISUAL MEMORY IN MILD COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT VERSUS NORMAL AGING IN PEOPLE WITH SUBJECTIVE COGNITIVE COMPLAINT

LONGITUDINAL CHANGES IN VISUAL MEMORY IN MILD COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT VERSUS NORMAL AGING IN PEOPLE WITH SUBJECTIVE COGNITIVE COMPLAINT

The Effect of Processing Load on Semantic and Phonological Working Memory in Mild Cognitive Impairment

ë°°ê²½ 및 ëª©ì : 처리부담조건 및 ì–¸ì–´ì  ìž‘ì— ê¸°ì–µê³¼ì œ ìœ í˜•ì´ ìž‘ì— ê¸°ì–µê³¼ì œ 수행에 ì–´ë– í•œ 영향을 미치는지 ê²½ë„ì¸ì§€ìž¥ì• (MCI)와 ì •ìƒ ë ¸ì¸ì„ 대상으로 ì‚´íŽ´ë³´ê³ ìž 한다. 방법: ì •ìƒ ë ¸ì¸ 16ëª ê³¼ MCI 16ëª ì´ 32ëª ì„ 대상으로 하였다. 처리부담조건을 ì‹œê°„ì  처리부담과 ê°„ì„­ì  처리부담으로 반영하여 ì–¸ì–´ì  ìž‘ì— ê¸°ì–µê³¼ì œë¥¼ ì œìž‘í•˜ì˜€ë‹¤. ì‹œê°„ì  처리부담은 자극 간 간격(ISI)를 1초 vs. 5초로 조작하였으며, ê°„ì„­ì  처리부담은 간섭자극의 ìœ vs. 무로 조작하였다. 대상자가 화면에 ì œì‹œëœ 목표단어를 ë³´ê³ ëª©í‘œë‹¨ì–´ì™€ 같은 의미범주 또는 ëìŒì ˆ 단어를 판단하여 ì„ íƒí•¨ìœ¼ë¡œì¨ ì •í™•ë„ì™€ 반응시간을 ì¸¡ì •í•˜ì—¬ 분석하였다. ê²°ê³¼: ì‹œê°„ì  처리부담이 반영된 ìž‘ì— ê¸°ì–µê³¼ì œì—ì„œ MCI가 ì •ìƒ ë ¸ì¸ì— 비해 ISI -1초인 조건보다 ISI -5초인 조건에서 낮은 ì •í™•ë„ì™€ 느린 반응시간을 보였으며, MCI가 ì •ìƒ ë ¸ì¸ì— 비해 음운 ìž‘ì— ê¸°ì–µê³¼ì œë³´ë‹¤ 의미 ìž‘ì— ê¸°ì–µê³¼ì œì—ì„œ 느린 반응시간을 보였다. ê°„ì„­ì  처리부담이 반영된 ìž‘ì— ê¸°ì–µê³¼ì œì—ì„œ MCI가 ì •ìƒ ë ¸ì¸ì— 비해 간섭이 없는 조건보다 간섭이 있는 조건에서 낮은 ì •í™•ë„ì™€ 느린 반응시간을 보였다. 하지만 의미, ìŒìš´ê³¼ì œ ìœ í˜•ì— 따른 집단 간 차이는 나타나지 않았다. ë ¼ì˜ 및 ê²°ë¡ : ì‹œê°„ì  요소가 MCI의 언어 하위 ìœ í˜•ì— 따른 ì •ë³´ 망각을 í™•ì¸í• ìˆ˜ 있는 민감한 요소인 반면, ê°„ì„­ì  요소는 언어 하위 ìœ í˜•ë³´ë‹¤ MCI와 ì •ìƒ ë ¸ì¸ì§‘ë‹¨ 자체를 구분하는 ìš”ì†Œë¼ê³ í• ìˆ˜ 있다. Keywords: ê²½ë„ì¸ì§€ìž¥ì• , ì–¸ì–´ì  ìž‘ì— ê¸°ì–µ, ìž‘ì— ê¸°ì–µê³¼ì œ, 처리부담