Memory Failures Research Articles

Formal description model and conditions for detecting linked coupling faults of the memory devices

Objectives. The aim of the work is to develop and analyze a formal model for describing complex linked coupling faults of memory devices and to formulate the necessary and sufficient conditions for their detection. The relevance of these studies lies in the fact that modern memory devices, characterized by a large amount of stored data and manufactured according to the latest technological standards, are distinguished by the manifestation of complex types of faults in them.Methods. The presented results are based on the classical theory and practice of march tests (March tests) of memory devices. In particular, the paper uses formal mathematical models for describing memory faults and shows their limitations for representing complex linked coupling faults. The main idea of the approach proposed by the authors is based on the use of a new formal description of such faults, the key element of which is the introduction of roles performed by the cells involved in the fault.Results. Three main roles are defined that cells of the complex linked coupling faults perform, namely the role of the aggressor (A), the role of the victim (V), as well as the role of both the victim and the aggressor (B), performed by two cells simultaneously in relation to each other. It is shown that the scenario for the implementation of the roles of memory failure cells is determined by the marching test used, and, first of all, by the address sequence used to access the cells. The procedure for setting a formal model of a linked fault is given, the basis of which is the roles performed by the cells included in the fault and the scenario specified by the test. A statement is given that determines, on the basis of a new formal description of linked coupling faults, the necessary and sufficient conditions for the detection of such faults. The presence of undetectable linked coupling faults is shown, and the conditions for their detection are formulated using multiple March tests. The conducted experimental studies have confirmed the validity of the formulated provisions of the article. On the basis of the classical example of a linked coupling fault, the fulfillment of necessary and sufficient conditions for its detection by a single march test is shown.Conclusion. The results of the research confirm that the proposed formal mathematical model for describing linked coupling faults makes it possible to determine their detection by marching tests. Within the framework of the proposed model, the necessary and sufficient conditions for detecting linked coupling faults by marching tests that detect single coupled faults are determined.

Working Memory Failures and Comprehension Monitoring Impairments in Primary Readers

Background This paper investigates the relationship between working memory (WM) failures and comprehension impairments in text comprehension among L2 primary readers in primary four through primary six in selected schools in Ghana. Method Five measures—decoding, vocabulary, working memory, comprehension monitoring, and reading comprehension—were used to test three research questions on the L2 primary reader’s ability to notice inconsistencies in paragraphs, stronger academic language, re-reading times for mismatched words in sentences, and self-reporting and comprehension. Results Major findings were that the primary readers’ ability to notice inconsistencies between paragraphs showed a significant average change between primary 4 and 5 in non-linear terms, with a correlation of r=-0.51 and a significant inverse correlation between the inability to see inconsistencies and the ability to recognize them. Vocabulary had a stronger positive relationship with comprehension monitoring (β=0.07, p<0.001) for primary five and six and primary four and five (β=0.04, p<0.001), respectively. Conclusion Decoding, vocabulary, and WM were found to be predominant factors for reading (β=0.46, p<0.00010), (β=0.37, p<0.0001), and (β=0.45, p<0.0001), while vocabulary and WM combination accounted for 25% of the additional reading variance in primary six, suggesting the significance of WM on self-reporting as a comprehension measure. The recommended classroom practice was for teachers to be mindful of working memory capacities, imposing mental demands on struggling L2 pupils.

Memory, Emotion, and Quality of Life in Patients with Long COVID-19.

(1) Background: Persistent COVID is characterized by the presence of fatigue, mental fog, and sleep problems, among others. We aimed to study cognitive abilities (attention, executive functions, memory, language) and psychological and emotional factors in a group of participants of the population with persistent COVID-19 and asymptomatic or non-COVID-19-infected patients; (2) Methods: A total of 86 participants aged 18 to 66 years (X = 46.76) took part in the study, with 57 individuals (66.27%) in the experimental group and 29 (33.73%) in the control group. A comprehensive assessment included neuropsychological evaluations, evaluations of anxious and depressive symptomatology, assessments of the impact of fatigue, sleep quality, memory failures in daily life, and the perceived general health status of the participants; (3) Results: significant differences between groups were found in incidental learning within the Key Numbers task (U = 462.5; p = 0.001; p = 0.022) and in the Direct Digit Span (U = 562; p = 0.022), but not in the Inverse Digit Span (U = 632.5; p = 0.105). Differences were also observed in the prospective memory task of the Rivermead Prospective Memory Tasks (from the Rivermead Behavioural Memory Test) in the recall of quotations (U = 610; p = 0.020) as well as in the recall of objects (U = 681.5; p = 0.032). Concerning the task of verbal fluency, significant differences were found for both phonological cues (p- and s-) (t = -2.190; p = 0.031) and semantic cues (animals) (t = -2.277; p = 0.025). In terms of the psychological impact assessment, significant differences were found in the emotional impact across all variables studied (fatigue, quality of sleep, memory lapses, and the perceived general health status), except for quality of life; (4) Conclusions: Our results suggest that the sequelae derived from persistent COVID may have an impact on people's lives, with higher levels of anxiety and depression, worse sleep quality, a greater number of subjective memory complaints, and a greater feeling of fatigue and impact on quality of life. Furthermore, poorer performance was observed in memory and verbal fluency.

Mind over memory: reducing fear and avoidance of memory loss (REFRAME) study in older adults

AbstractBackgroundFear of Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias (ADRD) is a growing concern among older adults. High levels of fear are associated with poorer health outcomes, lower levels of psychological well‐being, and the perpetuation of harmful cognitive‐behavioral cycles that can potentially hasten cognitive decline. Interventions that disrupt these cycles could bring both immediate and long‐term benefits for reducing ADRD‐related fears. Given the projected increase in the number of people living with ADRD and accompanying fears, effective interventions are needed to address the emotional needs of older adults. We evaluated a brief psychological intervention aimed at promoting adaptive coping in older adults with heightened ADRD‐related fear and examined its effects on broader health outcomes.MethodEighty‐one older adults experiencing heightened ADRD‐related fear were recruited to participate in a 3‐week online intervention aimed at reducing fear (primary outcome) and improving secondary health‐related outcomes (i.e., anxiety, depression, social function). Participants were randomly assigned to REFRAME or active comparison group. Both groups completed psychoeducation and mindfulness activities designed to reduce fear. The REFRAME group completed an additional behavioral activation module designed to disrupt patterns of avoidant behavioral coping. Participants completed measures at baseline, weeks 1‐3 of the intervention, post‐intervention, and 4‐week follow‐up. Outcomes were analyzed using linear mixed effects models.ResultParticipants ranged from 55 to 90 years, (M = 65.4, SD = 7.1). Intervention adherence was high (>75%) across both groups. ADRD‐related fear decreased significantly over time in both groups. Anxiety, depression, and self‐reported memory failures also decreased significantly in both groups, while social function and well‐being improved. The REFRAME group exhibited a greater reduction in depression compared to the control group.ConclusionOur brief psychological intervention had positive effects on ADRD‐related fear among older adults. However, further research is needed to determine the long‐term benefits and their effectiveness in at‐risk populations (e.g., people with a family history of dementia), as well as the acceptability of this intervention in clinical settings. These findings highlight the potential benefits of disrupting harmful cognitive‐behavioral cycles, as this may encourage older adults to stay engaged in healthy behaviors for longer, ultimately improving their quality of life.

Efficacy of a mobile based multidomain intervention to improve cognitive functions and health related outcomes among Korean older adults with a high risk of dementia

AbstractBackgroundSubjective cognitive decline is a self‐reported experience of declining cognitive function showing normal performance in cognitive assessments, which is a known risk factor for dementia. Recent studies highlight the importance of nonpharmacological multidomain interventions that can target multiple risk factors of dementia in older adults. We investigated the efficacy of the Silvia program, a mobile‐based multidomain intervention, to improve cognitive function and health‐related outcomes of older adults with a high risk of dementia. Additionally, we compared its effects to a conventional paper‐based multidomain program on various health indicators related to risk factors of dementia.MethodThis prospective randomized controlled trial involved 77 older adults with a high risk of dementia recruited from the Dementia Prevention and Management Center in Gwangju, South Korea during May to October 2022. Participants were randomly assigned to either the mobile‐ or paper‐based group. Interventions were administered for 12 weeks, where pre‐ and post‐assessments were conducted.ResultThe Korean version of the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological status (K‐RBANS) total score did not show significant differences between groups. The mobile group showed better improvement in K‐PRMQ scores and PSS scores than the paper group. Differences within groups showed that mobile‐based interventions significantly improved the Korean version of the prospective and retrospective memory questionnaire (K‐PRMQ), State‐Trait Anxiety Inventory‐X‐1 (STAI‐X‐1), Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), and e EuroQoL 5‐Dimension 5‐Level (EQ‐5D‐5L) scores, while paper‐based interventions significantly improved PSS, and EQ‐5D‐5L scores.ConclusionThe Silvia program was more effective than paper‐based intervention in improving self‐reported memory failures, stress, anxiety, and health‐related quality of life. However, longer periods of administration for more than 12 weeks may be needed to achieve significant improvements in cognitive function by objective measures

Reducing fear and avoidance of memory loss improves mood and social engagement in community-based older adults: a randomized trial

BackgroundAlzheimer’s disease and related dementias (ADRD) are among the most feared age-related conditions. The aim of this study was to evaluate a brief psychological intervention to promote adaptive coping in older adults experiencing heightened fear of ADRD and investigate positive downstream effects on health-related secondary outcomes, including frequency of reported memory failures, psychosocial functioning, and quality of life.MethodsEighty-one older adults were recruited and randomized into REFRAME or active control intervention arms. Both groups received psycho-education and training in mindful monitoring of fears related to ADRD. The REFRAME group received an additional behavioral activation component intended to disrupt maladaptive avoidant coping (i.e., avoidance) strategies. Both groups completed 3-weeks of intervention exercises with accompanying questionnaires (baseline, mid- and post-intervention and 4-week follow-up).ResultsAdherence was strong (> 75%). We observed a significant reduction in ADRD-related fear and avoidance in both groups. Significant reductions were also observed for frequency of self-reported memory failures, anxiety, and depression. Depression was significantly reduced in the REFRAME group compared to the control group. Significant increases in participants’ ability to participate in social activities and well-being were also observed.ConclusionsFindings suggest that a brief psychological intervention can mitigate ADRD-related fears and avoidant coping in older adults, and that benefits extend to broader health-related outcomes including anxiety, depression, social functioning, and well-being. Addressing ADRD-related fear has implications for healthy aging and risk reduction, as individuals may be more likely to engage in activities that are protective against ADRD but were previously avoided.Trial registration: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04821960.

ML-driven risk estimation for memory failure in a data center environment with convolutional neural networks, self-supervised data labeling and distribution-based model drift determination

With the trend towards multi-socket server systems, the demand for random access memory (RAM) per server increased. The consequence are more DIMM sockets per server. Since every dual in-line memory module (DIMM), which comprises a series of dynamic random-access memory integrated circuits, has a probability of failure, RAM issues became a dominant failure pattern for servers. The concept introduced in this work contributes to improving the reliability of data centers by avoiding RAM failures and mitigating their impact. For this purpose, an ML-driven framework is provided to estimate the probability of memory failure for each RAM module. The ML framework is based on structural information between correctable (CE) and uncorrectable errors (UE). In a common memory scenario, a corrupted bit within a module can be restored by redundancy using an error correction code (ECC), resulting in a CE. However, if there is more than one corrupted bit within a group of bits covered by the ECC, the information cannot be restored, resulting in a UE.Consequently, the related task requesting the memory content, and the corresponding service may crash. There is evidence that UEs have a CE history and structural relation between the CEs. However, for the case of UEs without a CE history or of a false decision of the ML framework, we extend the total framework by engineering measures to mitigate the impact of a UE by avoiding kernel panic and using backups. The engineering measures use a mapping between physical and logical memory addresses.

Anxiety related distractibility deficits: too much smartphone use is not such a smart call

ABSTRACT Smartphones can increase productivity and ease accessing information, however the possible negative implications for high smartphone use or problematic smartphone use (PSU) are not fully understood. The current study examined anxiety-linked memory and attention deficits to determine whether PSU moderates these relationships. Cross-sectional data from 506 young adults aged 18–29 years (68% female) were analysed in separate regression models to investigate whether PSU (Mobile Phone Problem Use scale) moderated the relationship between state and trait anxiety (State-Cognitive and Trait-Cognitive subscales of State Trait Inventory for Cognitive and Somatic Anxiety) and everyday memory and attentional failures (the False Triggering, Forgetfulness and Distractibility subscales of the Cognitive Failures Questionnaire). Our results showed that PSU moderated the combined influence of state and trait anxiety for distractibility, such that those who reported higher PSU and higher trait anxiety reported greater errors of distractibility during higher, but not lower state anxiety. However, our predictions for false triggering and forgetfulness were not supported; the only significant finding was a trend for higher trait anxiety to be related to increased failures of false triggering and forgetfulness. Real-world implications of findings are discussed.

Prospective Memory and Sleep Quality

Sleep is a state in which the human mind and body are rested, while prospective memory helps humans remember future tasks or plan future events.[1] This study used the Comprehensive Assessment of Prospective Memory (CAPM) and the Sleep Quality Questionnaire (PSQI) to assess whether sleep quality affects prospective memory performance. The results showed that participants with PSQI scores between 6 and 21 had significantly lower CAPM scores than those between 0 and 5. Therefore this paper shows poor sleep quality, as measured by PSQI scores, was associated with a higher frequency of prospective memory failure. This result suggests better sleep quality is associated with better performance in prospective memory. Prospective memory is crucial to our daily life, and loss of prospective memory can have dire consequences. For example, people with diabetes forget to take their daily insulin injections. Thats why research on prospective memory is essential.

THE ROLE OF DENTISTRY IN THE DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF OBSTRUCTIVE SLEEP APNEA SYNDROME (OSAS): literature review

Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is a chronic, progressive, disabling respiratory disorder with serious systemic repercussions; It is characterized by recurrent events of upper airway obstruction (UA) during sleep. In this way, it directly affects the individual's quality of life, since this occurrence causes daytime hypersomnolence, a feeling of suffocation when waking up, memory failure, sexual impotence, psychological changes such as anxiety and depression and, even, in more severe cases, acute heart attack. myocardial injury (AMI), cerebrovascular accident (CVA), as well as car accidents, which, therefore, constitute a public health problem. The objective of this literature review is to highlight the importance of the dentist's knowledge and conduct regarding the early diagnosis and treatment of OSAS, the request for appropriate complementary exams, their classifications and assertive therapeutic measures according to the individual's peculiarities. As a methodology, several searches were carried out in the SciELO, LILACS, PubMed, MEDLINE and Google Scholar databases from 1999 to 2023, with the following indexing terms: Sleep apnea syndrome, polysomnography, diagnosis, treatment, snoring, sleep. In this sense, it appears that Sleep Dentistry is a new field of activity for dental surgeons as a result of the possibility of conservative, effective and cost-effective treatments favorable to patients through clinically manufactured intraoral appliances (AIO). Therefore, it is expected that, in the medium term, the Federal Council of Dentistry (CFO) will recognize it as a dental specialty.

A recognition test in monkeys to differentiate recollection from familiarity memory

Episodic memory is memory for experiences within a specific temporal and spatial context. Episodic memories decline early in Alzheimer’s Disease (AD). Recollection of episodic memories can fail with both AD and aging, but familiarity and recollection memory uniquely fail in AD. Finding a means to differentiate specific memory failures in animal models is critical for translational research. Four cotton top tamarins participated in an object recognition test. They were exposed to two unique objects placed in a consistent context for 5 daily sessions. Next a delay of 1 day or 1 week was imposed. Subjects’ memory of the objects was tested by replacing one of the familiarized objects with a novel one. The tamarins looked longer at the novel object after both delays, an indication of remembering the familiar object. In other tests, the test pair was relocated to a new location or presented at a different time of day. With context changes, tamarins showed greater interest in the novel object after a 1-week delay but not after a 1-day delay. It seems that context changes disrupted their recollection of recent events. But the monkeys showed accurate familiarity memory across context changes with longer delays.

Lived Experiences of Everyday Memory in Adults with Dyslexia: A Thematic Analysis.

Dyslexia-related difficulties with memory are well documented under laboratory conditions and via self-report questionnaires. However, the voice of the individual with dyslexia regarding the lived experience of memory across different memory systems and different daily settings is currently lacking. To address this gap in the literature, semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted with 12 adult female university students with dyslexia. Questions probed different memory systems and experiences across different settings, with interviewees also being asked about their use of technology to support their memory. Two overarching themes were identified in the subsequent thematic analysis. The theme of fallibility of memory had two sub-themes of (i) a lack of trust and confidence in memory and (ii) factors contributing to memory failure. The second theme, facilitators of memory, also consisted of two sub-themes, relating to (i) a preference for traditional tools to support memory and (ii) the use of digital tools to support memory: benefits and limitations. The current study gives insights into the rich and complex extended and distributed cognitive systems of adults with dyslexia. The implications of the findings for dyslexia theory, support in educational and work settings as well as assistive technology development are considered.

Theorising Lebano-Pathography: A Biographical Exploration of Medical-Cultural Pathologies

ABSTRACT To introduce the special issue on illness writing in Lebanon, I theorise Lebano-pathography as a dual, potentially adaptable and reusable, (i) narrative intervention (form/method) that does not depoliticise the traumatic subject. Simultaneously, it is (ii) a body of writing (text) that seeks to illuminate the different ways one can be ill, and try to recover, in present-day Lebanon. While somatic manifestations of illness and their concomitant patient accounts are central to previous research in narrative medicine and illness writing, Lebano-pathography underscores a more versatile interpretation of illness encompassing cultural practice and/or clinical disease, and exploring in critically informed autobiographical text the two illness categories’ causal interrelationship. In the backdrop of the cadaverous political grid and economic tensions rending the country since the national tragedy of the August 4, 2020 explosion of Beirut Port, this volume unpacks the following thematic clusters: (1) Rewriting Illness: Pathographies of Gender and Sex; (2) The Alzheimer Spectrum: Cognitive and/or Cultural Memory Failure; (3) Walking the City: Medical Malpractice, Pedestrian Injuries, and Claustophobia; (4) The Bones Within: Immigrant Narratives and Vicarious Trauma; and (5) Surviving Trauma: Coping and Mental Health.

A Robust and Energy Efficient Hyperdimensional Computing System for Voltage-scaled Circuits

Voltage scaling is one of the most promising approaches for energy efficiency improvement but also brings challenges to fully guaranteeing stable operation in modern VLSI. To tackle such issues, we further extend the DependableHD to the second version DependableHDv2 , a HyperDimensional Computing (HDC) system that can tolerate bit-level memory failure in the low voltage region with high robustness. DependableHDv2 introduces the concept of margin enhancement for model retraining and utilizes noise injection to improve the robustness, which is capable of application in most state-of-the-art HDC algorithms. We additionally propose the dimension-swapping technique, which aims at handling the stuck-at errors induced by aggressive voltage scaling in the memory cells. Our experiment shows that under 8% memory stuck-at error, DependableHDv2 exhibits a 2.42% accuracy loss on average, which achieves a 14.1 × robustness improvement compared to the baseline HDC solution. The hardware evaluation shows that DependableHDv2 supports the systems to reduce the supply voltage from 430mV to 340mV for both item Memory and Associative Memory, which provides a 41.8% energy consumption reduction while maintaining competitive accuracy performance.

The relationship of hypertension and dementia in the elderly: A comparative cross-sectional Study

Abstract Background: Ageing and vascular factors are the dominating causes for the onset and progression of dementia. Memory declines with age and such declines can be especially worrisome to older individuals concerned about the potential onset of dementia. Objectives: In the hypertensive and normotensive, elderly medicine OPD participants, of a tertiary care centre in Siddipet, Telangana; to find out: the prevalence of dementia and mild cognitive impairment (MCI); the relation between hypertension and dementia; and memory mistakes committed. Methodology: A comparative cross-sectional study was done in 2020-21 at Siddipet GGH, Telangana State. 80 Hypertensive and 80 normotensive participants were recruited and assessed on socio-demographic factors like age, occupation, behavioral risk factors; along with measures like BMI and blood pressure. Participants were evaluated for cognitive functioning and memory failures with the help of HMSE and MMQ-ability questionnaires respectively. Results: The prevalence of severe cognitive impairment/dementia was found to be 3.75% in our study participants. A statistically significant difference was found in the distribution of the HMSE as well as memory mistakes scores (p-value <0.001) when compared between hypertensive and normotensive participants. Memory mistakes/memory failures were seen in all the participants. The highest and lowest scores obtained in the MMQ-Ability questionnaire were 73 and 18 respectively. Conclusion: This study throws light on the cognitive and memory related problems prevalent in the elderly population. More studies need to be conducted to capture the bigger picture on how these problems affect the day-to-day life of elderly.

Bend but don't break: Prioritization protects working memory from displacement but leaves it vulnerable to distortion from distraction

Perceptual distraction distorts visual working memory representations. Previous research has shown that memory responses are systematically biased towards passively viewed visual distractors that are similar to the memoranda. However, it remains unclear whether the prioritization of one working memory representation over another reduces the impact of perceptual distractors. We designed a study with five different types of visual distraction that varied in engagement and found evidence for both subtle distortions and catastrophic failures of memory. Importantly, prioritization protected working memories from catastrophic loss (fewer “swap errors”) but rendered them more vulnerable to distortion (greater attractive “biases” towards the distractor). Our findings demonstrate that prioritization does not simply protect working memory from any and all interference, but rather it reduces the likelihood of catastrophic disruption from perceptual distraction at the cost of an increased likelihood of distortion.

Spontaneous detection of Visual Working Memory failures and subsequent performance recovery

Spontaneous detection of Visual Working Memory failures and subsequent performance recovery

Discovery of triazole-bridged aryl adamantane analogs as an intriguing class of multifunctional agents for treatment of Alzheimer's disease

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive brain disorder associated with slow loss of brain functions leading to memory failure and modest changes in behavior. The multifactorial neuropathological condition is due to a depletion of cholinergic neurons and accumulation of amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques. Recently, a multi-target-directed ligand (MTDL) strategy has emerged as a robust drug discovery tool to overcome current challenges. In this research work, we aimed to design and develop a library of triazole-bridged aryl adamantane analogs for the treatment of AD. All synthesized analogs were characterized and evaluated through various in vitro and in vivo biological studies. The optimal compounds 32 and 33 exhibited potent inhibitory activities against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) (32 - IC50 = 0.086 μM; 33 - 0.135 μM), and significant Aβ aggregation inhibition (20 μM). N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor (GluN1-1b/GluN2B subunit combination) antagonistic activity of compounds 32 and 33 measured upon heterologous expression in Xenopus laevis oocytes showed IC50 values of 3.00 μM and 2.86 μM, respectively. The compounds possessed good blood-brain barrier permeability in the PAMPA assay and were safe for SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma (10 μM) and HEK-293 cell lines (30 μM). Furthermore, in vivo behavioral studies in rats demonstrated that both compounds improved cognitive and spatial memory impairment at a dose of 10 mg/kg oral administration. Together, our findings suggest triazole-bridged aryl adamantane as a promising new scaffold for the development of anti-Alzheimer's drugs.

Diabetes in old age

Diabetes is one of the most common chronical diseases in old age. More than 50 % of the patients are older than 65years. Elderly with diabetes often suffer from functional or cognitive deficits that should be registered in therapy. These include special geriatric syndromes like memory failure, frailty, falls, immobility or higher vulnerability for drug interactions. Comorbidity und functional deficits influence each other. Simple therapy regimens should be preferred to avoid polypharmacia and to preserve patient's independence. Specific risks of old age under new antidiabetic drugs should be noted. Check-ups and treatment of diabetic complications, especially the diabetic foot should be consequently induced considerating age-specific features.

Remembering the Shoah without Jewish Voices: "We Remember" as a Failure of Memory

No abstract is available.