Children's Memory Research Articles

Bestiary images in the autobiographical book “The Butterfly of Dinard” by Eugenio Montale

The article explores the typology of the bestiary presented in the stories from Eugenio Montaleʼs autobiographical book “The Butterfly of Dinard”, which the poet himself perceived as a whole work and called a “quasi-novel”. Montaleʼs prose and poetry are united by themes, ideological content, and imagery, so his poems serve as valuable commentary on the book “The Butterfly of Dinard”. Of particular interest is the poetʼs epistolary heritage, which helps to reveal the autobiographical basis hidden behind the fiction. In the story “Get a Taste”, the eel appears to the protagonist as a link to the world of nature, reviving memories of childhood. In the poetʼs work, the eel is associated with moments of epiphany, serving as a symbol of resilience. The story “Clizia in Foggia” contains a surrealist insert episode, the main characters of which are insects. The metamorphosis described in the story refers to the circumstances of the poetʼs personal life and is imbued with self-irony. In the story “The Bat”, the animal serves as a messenger from the other world. The characters in the story “Relics” view their past through the prism of relationships with animals, whom they perceive as a miracle of nature, givers of hope, and prophets pointing the way. In the story “Falling Ash”, the snail acts as a magical helper, prompting the right decision. In “The Butterfly of Dinard”, animals become guides to the world of memories and, moreover, intermediaries between the knowable and the transcendent.

Vjatka-taguste udmurtide rituaalne roog tšek-tšegei

The article deals with the ritual dish chek-chegey / shesheri common among Zavyatsky Udmurts. Chek-chegey is a pastry in the form of small dough balls, which are baked for the spring holiday Akashka (in local tradition it coincides with Easter). The dish is analyzed in comparison with similar dishes of neighboring peoples (Tatars, Kryashens). Local legends about the connection of the dish chek-chegey with the Akashka ritual are given. The article contains memories of informants about the peculiarities of cooking the dish and its microlocal differences. For the first time, materials from field research conducted by the author in 2021–2022 have been introduced into scientific circulation. In addition, the author cites his childhood memories associated with this holiday treat.

Ethnophilosophy as intellectual resources: self-reflective inquiry into the onto-epistemic foundations of global education policy research

ABSTRACT This paper exemplifies a way of recasting researchers’ autobiographical narratives as an intellectual resource. In so doing, it aims to describe the inherent complexity and multilayered nature of the onto-epistemic foundations for studying global education policy (GEP). It seeks to achieve this aim through self-reflective thinking about my own trajectory that encompasses my origin and professional experiences. One’s origin and professional experiences interrelate in shaping their decisions about ‘what to study’ and ‘how to study’, decisions that ultimately influence the nature of the knowledge created on political and educational practices in different parts of the world. In reflecting on my trajectory toward becoming a researcher, I am attentive to how my childhood memories, which are coloured by Shinto spiritualities, Buddhist doctrines and Japanese naturalism, gave rise to my interests in actor-network theory (ANT), which has recently become an influential part of the ‘material turn’ in the GEP field.

The effect of retrieval-induced forgetting for pain-related memories on child pain-related outcomes: A randomized experimental study.

Children's inability to forget the negative aspects of a painful event is associated with more anticipatory anxiety at an upcoming pain task and lower pain thresholds; however, the impact of forgetting on children's pain outcomes has not been examined. Retrieval-Induced Forgetting (RIF) was experimentally induced to investigate whether children would (1) forget more negative details of a previous painful autobiographic event and; (2) report better pain-related outcomes for an unrelated pain task (i.e., cold pressor task; CPT). Additionally, it was investigated whether the success of RIF was dependent on child characteristics known to influence children's memories for pain (i.e., attention bias to pain, attention switching ability and pain catastrophizing). Healthy school children (N = 128; 9-16 years old) recalled and rehearsed memory details of two painful autobiographical events, while only children in the randomized RIF group rehearsed positive details. All children underwent two CPTs (before and after RIF) and reported pain-related outcomes. Two weeks later, children recalled CPT pain and reported on future pain expectancies. Children in the RIF group remembered less negative details of their past autobiographical pain events, but also reported a greater reduction in pain-related fear from the CPT 2 compared to their ratings for CPT 1, than children in the control group. They furthermore expected less pain-related fear 2 weeks later for a future pain task. Findings suggest that RIF is a promising avenue in pediatric pain management that could be harnessed to foster more positive memories and better future pain experiences. Retrieval-induced forgetting (RIF) makes children forget negative details of a past autobiographical pain experience, decreases experienced pain-related fear for experimental pain and lowers future pain-related fear expectancies. Results show a promising role for RIF- based memory interventions in the context of paediatric pain care.

Teacher Competency in Using Image Media to Improve Children's Memory at RA A Miftahul Ulum Sana Daja Village, Pasean District, Pamekasan Regency

Learnig media is very useful to use in learning. The use of media in learning can make it easier and attract students' learning interest. This research aims to analyze teacher competence in using image media to improve children's memory at RA A Miftahul Ulum Sana Daja Pasean Pamekasan. This research use desciptive qualitative approach. The subjects in this research were the principal and class A teacher at RA Miftahul Ulum. Data collection used in this research was observation, interviews and documentation, data analysis was carried out by data condensation, data presentation and conclusions. The results of this research show that teacher competence in using image media to improve children's memory at RA A Miftahul Ulum is very good. This can be seen from how the teacher's ability to plan lessons using image media to improve children's memory runs smoothly and children are able to recall what they have learned using images.

Early childhood memories of animals: reflections and considerations in relation to posthuman education

ABSTRACT This study focuses on literary arts education, especially childhood memories of pets and other more-than-humans. Memory writings were collected as data using the Pritney method among students in early childhood teacher education. The written memories were analysed through the lens of bibliotherapy. Practices with reflections provide also perspectives on posthumanities and offer a sense of wellbeing. Bibliotherapy approach and posthuman theory allow exploring our position as humans and more-than-humans in the educational system. Students (n = 200) are recalling their primary memories related to animal/pet contacts, toys, play, and characters in literature. Memories through close readings illuminate how the animal theme and bibliotherapy approach are employed in this project. Students may develop an awareness of the value of animal geographies and literary arts in education, thus moving towards posthuman education and fostering different ways of caring and wellbeing, ethics, and education that also encompass more-than-humans.

Reflection of local cultural tradition in oral childhood memories (based on the speech of speakers of Kuban subdialects)

The article examines the functional potential, subject matter, content, and linguistic specific features of oral stories-memories of native speakers of Kuban subdialects of their childhood years (the 30, 40, 50, 60, 70s of the twentieth century). The main corpus of texts was collected through the field method within the framework of dialectological expeditions (2005–2023). Textual analysis, thematic classification, and linguistic commentary on linguistic facts were used to analyse the language material. The study shows that the subject matter and content of old Kuban residents’ oral childhood memories reflect the local cultural tradition, which, while organically fitting into the national cultural context, has peculiarities determined by the specific features of the region as a Cossack land. We describe recurring plots which appear due to life circumstances common to this dialect community. The research has also established the functional potential of childhood memories in terms of identifying conceptual meanings of individual concepts. It is demonstrated that the Kuban dialect is an important component of the local cultural tradition. The storytellers learnt it in the childhood, and it remains a natural means of communication for most of them. The analysis of the linguistic features of the memories shows a consistent manifestation of dialectal features at all linguistic levels, which enables us to recognise the informants’ stories about their childhood as one of the effective ways of preserving the dialect. The conclusion notes the scientific potential of oral memories of childhood as valuable materials for multidimensional analysis of the childhood phenomenon, as well as for studying such a unique phenomenon as linguistic genetic memory which preserves dialect not only in space but also in time. Additionally, the article focuses on the didactic potential of the analysed texts. Familiarisation with such materials during Russian language, history, and library lessons, as well as homeroom periods will contribute to strengthening generational continuity. Moreover, it will enhance ethnic identity formation and involvement in the family history of people whose destinies shape the history of the country and the nation.

The lasting effect of childhood circus memories: nostalgia and guilt

ABSTRACT Traditional Big Top Circus has experienced a decline in popularity due to changing attitudes to its former elements and to the competition from other accessible forms of entertainment. Our study explores how childhood memories of circus experiences are retold and how these are revisited in the light of changing social values and life experiences. Data was generated through sixteen discussion groups with a total of eighty people over the age of 65 who had experienced circus in their childhood. Thematic analysis found that the circus experience still creates vivid memories decades later. These memories are based around emotions engendered by the sights, sounds and smells of the circus but also the fear of danger and the unknown. Our participants fondly remembered who they were with, highlighting the importance of the relational and social aspects in such leisure experiences. These factors induced a strong sense of nostalgia, but this was tainted by the recognition that what was enjoyed then may no longer be socially acceptable. We conclude that for traditional circus to remain relevant, it needs to harness the strength of nostalgia but separate this from guilt at what circus once included. In a highly competitive live experience, environment circus needs to create heightened sensory experiences (including fear), alongside family togetherness appealing to multiple generations with potentially different values.

Documentary Objects, Textual Materials, and Performative Testimony in Memory Reconstruction – Mi vida después (2009) by Lola Arias

Mi vida después by Lola Arias premiered in 2009 in Buenos Aires, as a stage proposal about people who reconstruct their childhood experiences and the life stories of their parents, some of them disappeared because of the repressive State that organized and executed the most atrocious dictatorship in Argentine history between 1976-1983. In this paper, we inquire about the use of documentary materials on stage, the figure of the witness, and the value given to testimony. We postulate that this stage experience develops procedures that give shape to a dramaturgy of the living based on performative testimony that allows new approaches to the memories presented in the public sphere as proof of truth. The documents and testimonies emerge from the representational gap that opens up between the generation of the parents who suffered censorship and repression and the generation of the young performers who can give an account of their childhood memories. From their stories, one can see the lack, the absence, the emptiness, and the difficulties in speaking. These forms of expression function as dual discursive devices that express both subjective experience and the reflection of a political and social dimension.

Asthma and Memory Function in Children

Asthma is a chronic respiratory disease affecting approximately 5 million children in the US. Rodent models of asthma indicate memory deficits, but little is known about whether asthma alters children's memory development. To assess whether childhood asthma is associated with lower memory abilities in children. This cohort study used observational data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study, a multisite longitudinal investigation that began enrollment in 2015. Approximately 11 800 children aged 9 to 10 years were enrolled at baseline with follow-up at 1 and 2 years. Participants were selected based on exposures described subsequently to determine longitudinal and cross-sectional associations between asthma and memory. Data were analyzed from Month year to Month year. Asthma was determined from parent reports. For the longitudinal analysis, children were selected if they had asthma at baseline and at the 2-year follow-up (earlier childhood onset), at the 2-year follow-up only (later childhood onset), or no history of asthma. For the cross-sectional analysis, children were selected if they had asthma at any time point, or no history of asthma. The comparison group of children with asthma history was matched on demographic and health covariates for each analysis. The primary outcome was episodic memory. Secondary outcomes included processing speed, inhibition and attention. Four hundred seventy-four children were included in the longitudinal analysis (earlier childhood onset: 135 children; mean [SD] age, 9.90 [0.63] years; 76 [56%] male; 53 [28%] Black, 29 [21%] Hispanic or Latino, and 91 [48%] White; later childhood onset: 102 children; mean [SD] age 9.88 [0.59] years; 54 [53%] female; 22 [17%] Black, 19 [19%] Hispanic or Latino, and 83 [63%] White; comparison: 237 children; mean [SD] age, 9.89 [0.59] years; 121 [51%] male; 47 [15%] Black, 48 [20%] Hispanic or Latino, and 194 [62%] White). Children with earlier onset of asthma exhibited lower rates of longitudinal memory improvements relative to the comparison group (β = -0.17; 95% CI, -0.28 to -0.05; P = .01). Two thousand sixty-two children were selected for the cross-sectional analysis (with asthma: 1031 children; mean [SD] age, 11.99 [0.66] years; 588 [57%] male; 360 [27%] Black, 186 [18%] Hispanic or Latino, and 719 [54%] White; without asthma: 1031 children; mean [SD] age 12.00 [0.66] years; 477 [54%] female; 273 [21%] Black, 242 [23%] Hispanic or Latino, and 782 [59%] White). Children with asthma (1031 children) showed lower scores on episodic memory (β = -0.09; 95% CI, -0.18 to -0.01; P = .04), processing speed (β = -0.13; 95% CI, -0.22 to -0.03; P = .01), and inhibition and attention (β = -0.11; 95% CI, -0.21 to -0.02; P = .02). In this cohort study, asthma was associated with memory difficulties in children, which may be more severe if asthma onset is earlier in childhood and may extend to executive function abilities.

THE FUNCTIONING OF COMONYMS IN MODERN SONG TEXTS OF THE TATAR AND MARI PEOPLES

The article is devoted to the analysis of the modern musical and song tradition of the contacting ethnic groups of the Middle Volga region. The main attention is focused on the study of song texts in the Tatar and Mari languages contained in the names of rural settlements of the Republic of Tatarstan and the Republic of Mari El. The preservation of a common trend for all ethnic groups, expressed in the unification of thematic groups, the preservation of common features of national and cultural specificity in the performance of musical works, has been established. An archaic pentatonic characteristic of the Tatar song model, borrowed into the Mari folk song, has been recorded. It is confirmed that the basis of the modern Tatar and Mari musical and song culture of the village is the genre of village chant, marking the place of existence of the song and informing about the attribution of the song to a certain locality. There is a direct connection between the village and the rustic motif (chant). The implementation of the village tune is carried out mainly in everyday languages through lyrical songs and “takmak”. “Takmak” (analogous to Russian chastushka), as a legacy of the musical influence of the Turkic-Tatar population of the Middle Volga region, retained its influence on the musical tradition of the Cheremis (Mari) people, which allowed to establish a certain kinship of modern folkish songs of these peoples in rural society. The marking of the geographical affiliation of the song works is provided by toponyms describing the location of a particular locality. Song collections of a consolidated type in the Tatar and Mari languages are presented in printed and electronic versions. A comparative analysis of modern songs, including comonyms, revealed the manifestation of similar features when they are implemented in a natural cultural environment. Most modern folkish songs, both Tatar and Mari, are based on traditional motifs of the small homeland, nostalgia for the rural nativity, love of nature, autobiographical history, memories of past youth and childhood, indicating the characteristic features of the geo-landscape for this territory, as well as linguistic and cultural images based on the motives of sociocommunication – the presentation of the settlement, its residents, outstanding natives, self-presentation, promotion of village traditions, relationships of the multiethnic composition of the village, etc.

Children, common bracken and cows at work: re-considering work in multispecies relations through childhood memories

ABSTRACT Drawing on Tim Ingold’s conceptualization of taskscape, this article explores children´s being and working within the landscape through childhood memories and walking ethnography. It examines situated relationships among children, common bracken and cows as they jointly inhabited and shaped steljniki – specific patches of land in South Eastern Slovenia. In contrast to conventional perspectives that narrowly frame children’s work as either an economic necessity or an educational endeavour, our emphasis is on the symmetrical unfolding of work in the multispecies collaboration of children, common bracken and cows in shaping the landscape in keeping with the seasons, natural rhythms, topography, soil composition and temporality. Situated in the context of the subsistence agriculture of extensive farming, where children have actively participated in work for generations, our study reimagines work within multispecies relationality. This conceptual shift responds to the imperative of challenging prevailing paradigms governing the relationship between young people and the environment.

Challenges Of Obtaining Reliable Eyewitness Testimony from Children and Practical Implications

The reliability of eyewitness testimony provided by children has always been a controversial area in research. This paper addresses the challenges of obtaining reliable eyewitness testimony from children and explores its practical implications. The research background highlights the importance of understanding children's developmental stage, memory and language skills, and how these factors influence their ability to provide accurate testimony. The review explores the different aspects that influence the reliability of children's testimony, including verbal and non-verbal factors, cognitive instructions, and how to build trust. As children have high emotional needs, it is important to provide support while obtaining eyewitness testimony. The final section summarizes the main findings, highlighting the effectiveness of multiple interviews, flexible questioning strategies and the importance of parent and interviewer support. Disadvantages include differences in children's anxiety levels and the need to adapt interview techniques to children. Future research should focus on refining these techniques and studying the impact of different support systems on children from different backgrounds.

Active and Passive Offline Breaks Differentially Impact the Consolidation of Procedural Motor Memories in Children and Adults.

Short post-learning breaks, lasting from 5 to 30min, transiently enhance procedural motor memory performance in adults. However, the impact of activity type (active vs. passive) during the offline break on sequential motor performance remains poorly investigated in children. This study examined the impact of active versus passive post-learning breaks on procedural motor memory in 116 healthy participants (58 children, aged 9.03±1.19; 58 adults, aged 22.89±1.77years). Participants practiced a Finger Tapping Task, reproducing a five-element keypress sequence as fast and accurately as possible. The task included two sessions (S1 and S2) separated by either a short (30min) or long (4h) break. The first 30-min of the post-learningbreak included either a passive (remaining still) or an active (engaging in daily activities) condition. Repeated-measures ANOVA revealed significant Session×Age group×Break duration and Session×Break type interaction effects (ps<0.05). Post hoc analyses indicated Session effects in adults after both Break types, but only after short Break duration (S1<S2, p<0.001; long delay p=0.1). In children, Session effects were observed after both short and long breaks, but only in the active Break type (S1<S2, ps<0.001; passive condition p=0.1). These results revealed spontaneous post-learning motor performance improvements at both short and long delays in children, but only in the active post-training condition, unlike adults who showed improvements only at short delays, regardless of activity type. This suggests developmental differences in offline conditions (duration and activity) linked to plasticity mechanisms underlying procedural motor memory consolidation.

‘Flow’: A Film About the Disclosure of Childhood Sexual Abuse

Trauma-informed care is growing in importance in health and social care, with disclosure as a vital first step. Yet evidence suggests that individual interactions with professionals may not facilitate trauma disclosure. ‘Flow’ aimed to address this. The film represents a high-quality, behaviour change resource that can be utilised in a wide range of circumstances. It was co-produced by representatives from the University of Sheffield, NHS England, the Department of Health and people with lived experience of childhood sexual abuse. The film follows the story of Amy, who is preparing for her art exhibition when a comment reignites traumatic childhood memories. She wants to approach her General Practitioner for help but is hindered both by family loyalty and barriers to disclosure within the NHS. ‘Flow’ has been used both in statutory services and non-governmental organisations, as well as being selected for inclusion in two film festivals. It represents an innovative way to communicate research results and foster change.

Key Drivers of Consumption, Conceptual, Sensory, and Emotional Profiling of Cheeses Based on Origin and Consumer Familiarity: A Case Study of Local and Imported Cheeses in Greece

The origin of a product, consumer familiarity, and purchasing identity are factors that affect the perception of cheese consumption. The present study aims at identifying consumers’ conceptualizations and attitudes towards local Greek cheeses of the North-Aegean Sea islands, such as Ladotyri, Graviera, Kasseri, Kaskavali, Melichloro, and Kalathaki, some of which have a Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) status, as opposed to cheeses of non-Greek origin, such as Cheddar, Regatto, and Gouda. Sensory and emotional attributes of local, local PDO, and imported cheeses, as well as drivers associated with consumers’ choice and acceptance above and beyond their sensory attributes, were studied using three methods: (a) flash profile to gain insight into the sensory positioning of products and description of samples; (b) qualitative analysis of focus groups to pinpoint consumer knowledge, preference, and consumption criteria; and (c) a new methodology for natural language processing and sentiment analysis of social media posts to determine consumer conceptualizations. Social media posts have proven to be a valuable source of linguistic and cultural data for cheeses. Local cheeses, including PDO products, were found to be linked to village life and family gatherings, home, tradition, and childhood memories, with saltiness and hardness being their main sensory attributes. Imported cheeses were linked to fast food, pizza, and snacking, with elasticity and gumminess as prominent sensory qualities. The main criteria for purchase were intended usage and versatility, taste and texture, price, and familiarity. The findings provide key sensory attributes, information about consumer purchasing criteria, and relevant vocabulary for the promotion of cheeses as agri-food and gastronomic identity key products.

Tracing Memory, Trauma, and Childhood: The Bangladesh Liberation War in Sorayya Khan’s Noor

This article addresses the representation of childhood memory and trauma in Sorayya Khan’s novel Noor (2003) against the backdrop of the 1971 Bangladesh Liberation War. It discusses how personal recollections of public events contribute to the collective memory of the nation-state. The exploration includes the intergenerational transmission of trauma, employing Marianne Hirsch’s concept of ‘Postmemory,’ which describes how traumatic experiences are passed down, particularly in the context of the Holocaust. This framework has been contextualized within the 1971 Bangladesh Liberation War and its aftermath on children, carrying the memories of war trauma forward, as illustrated in the novel through Noor and Sajida’s experiences. Through a close reading of the novel, this article aims to extricate the underlying patterns of childhood war memory and personal experiences that often get subsided in historical representations and emphasizes the pertinence of reading a representational narrative of the 1971 Bangladesh Liberation War even after half a century.

Mitochondrial DNA copy number and neurocognitive outcomes in children.

Low mitochondria DNA copy number (mtDNAcn) has been linked to cognitive decline. However, the role of mtDNAcn in healthy cognitive development is unclear. We hypothesized early-life mtDNAcn would be associated with children's learning and memory. We quantified mtDNAcn in umbilical cord blood and child blood at ages 5-7 from participants in a prospective birth cohort. We administered the Children's Memory Scale (CMS) at ages 9-14 (N = 342) and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-IV) at ages 7 and 9 (N = 457). Associations between mtDNAcn tertiles and CMS and WISC were evaluated with linear regression and linear mixed-effects models, respectively. We examined non-linear associations using generalized additive mixed models. Relative to the middle tertile of mtDNAcn, lower childhood mtDNAcn was associated with lower WISC Working Memory (β = -2.65, 95% CI [-5.24, -0.06]) and Full-Scale IQ (β = -3.71 [-6.42, -1.00]), and higher CMS Visual Memory (β = 4.70 [0.47, 8.93]). Higher childhood mtDNAcn was linked to higher CMS Verbal Memory (β = 7.75 [2.50, 13.01]). In non-linear models, higher childhood mtDNAcn was associated with lower WISC Verbal Comprehension. Our study provides novel evidence that mtDNAcn measured in childhood is associated with children's neurocognitive performance. mtDNAcn may be a marker of healthy child development. Mitochondrial DNA copy number (mtDNAcn) may serve as a biomarker for early-life neurocognitive performances in the children's population. Both low and high mtDNAcn may contribute to poorer neurocognition, reflected through learning and memory abilities. This research elucidated the importance of investigating mitochondrial biomarkers in healthy populations and facilitated advancements of future studies to better understand the associations between mitochondrial markers and adverse children's health outcomes.

Auditory Memory and Visual Memory in Typically Developing Children: Modality Dependence/ Independence.

The study aimed to determine whether there was a difference or an association between auditory memory and visual memory in typically developing children. Eighteen children, aged 8 to 12 years, with normal hearing and visual acuity, were evaluated using the Children's Memory Scale (CMS) to determine their auditory and visual memory performance. Using the core subtest battery of the CMS, auditory/verbal (immediate and delayed), visual/nonverbal (immediate and delayed), and general memory index scores were assessed. No significant difference was found between auditory/verbal memory and visual/nonverbal memory scores for both immediate and delayed recall. Likewise, no correlation between auditory/verbal memory and visual/nonverbal memory scores was found. However, there was a significant correlation between immediate and delayed recall scores within each modality. The non-significant difference between the two modalities for both immediate and delayed recall gives the impression that memory is modality independent. However, the lack of any correlation between the two suggests there was no association between them. The absence of a significant difference between modalities can be attributed to the auditory and visual test material used in CMS not being analogous. It can thus be inferred that the auditory and visual modalities are independent. While the visual material evaluates simultaneous/concurrent perception, the auditory material assesses sequential perception.

Reference Range of Quantitative MRI Metrics Corrected T1 and Liver Fat Content in Children and Young Adults: Pooled Participant Analysis.

Multiparametric MRI markers of liver health corrected T1 (cT1) and proton density fat fraction (PDFF) have shown utility in the management of various chronic liver diseases. We assessed the normal population reference range of both cT1 and PDFF in healthy child and adult volunteers without any known liver disease. A retrospective multi-centre pooled analysis of 102 child and young adult (9.1 years (6-18)) volunteers from three centres: Children's Memorial Health Institute (N = 21), University Hospital Southampton (N = 28) and Hospital Infantil de Mexico (N = 53). Sex and ethnic differences were investigated for both cT1 and PDFF. Age effects were investigated with comparison to a pooled adult cohort from the UK Biobank (N = 500) and CoverScan (N = 71), covering an age range of 21 to 81 years. cT1 values were normally distributed with a median of 748 ms (IQR: 725-768 ms; 2.5-97.5 percentiles: 683-820 ms). PDFF values followed a normal distribution with a median of 1.7% (IQR: 1.3-1.9%; 2.5-97.5 percentiles: 1-4.4%). There were no significant age and sex differences in cT1 and PDFF between children and young adults. No differences in cT1 and PDFF were found between ethnicities. Age comparisons showed statistically significant, but clinically negligible, cT1 (748 ms vs. 732 ms) and PDFF (2.4% vs. 1.9%) differences between paediatric and adult groups, respectively. Median healthy cT1 and PDFF reference ranges in children and young adults fall within the reported limits for normal of 800 ms and 5%, respectively.