Membrane Stabilization Method Research Articles

Toxicity and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Agave sisalana Extract Derived from Agroindustrial Residue.

In several countries, the leaf juice of Agave sisalana (also known as sisal) is widely used topically, especially as an antiseptic, and orally for the treatment of different pathologies. However, in Brazil, which is the largest producer of Agave sisalana, its residue, which represents the majority of its weight, has been thrown away. For this reason, the determination of the pharmacological and toxicological potentials of sisal residue and its possible therapeutic use is seen as a way to contribute to the sustainable development and social promotion of the largest producer of sisal in Brazil, the interior of Bahia State, which is among the poorest areas in the country. Given the scarcity of available scientific studies on the pharmacological and toxicological properties of sisal residue juice, this study aimed to promote the acid hydrolysis of this juice to potentiate the anti-inflammatory effect already described in the literature. Furthermore, it aimed to evaluate the toxicological profile of the hydrolyzed extract (EAH) and to determine its acute toxicity, as well as its side effects on the reproductive aspects of rats. The anti-inflammatory effect of EAH was evaluated in vitro using the induction of hemolysis by hypotonic solution and in vivo in rats using the carrageenan-induced paw edema test and the xylene-induced ear edema test. The acute toxicity, resulting from a single-dose administration, was investigated for some manifestation of toxic symptoms related to motor control and consciousness in rats. At a concentration of 100 mg/kg, by repeated doses, the reproductive toxicity effects of EAH in rats were assessed. In vitro anti-inflammatory activity was positive using the human red blood cell membrane stabilization method. In both in vivo tests used to assess the anti-inflammatory activity, EAH (at three doses) significantly inhibited edema when compared to the control group. At a dose of 50 mg/kg, EAH exhibited a greater effect than indomethacin, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug with known activity. In vivo toxicological studies have shown that EAH does not present toxic effects when administered orally in a single dose, up to 1000 mg/kg. Finally, EAH promoted a gonadotoxic effect and increased the embryonic mortality rate after implantation. It is suggested that the anti-edematogenic effect of the acid hydrolysis extract from sisal juice is due to the high concentration of steroidal sapogenins. Therefore, this extract can be considered a potential new anti-inflammatory or even an important sapogenin source for the development of steroidal glucocorticoids. However, further studies are needed to elucidate the chemical composition of sisal juice. Regarding toxicology studies, EAH did not show cytotoxic and clastogenic potentials, but it presented a powerful reproductive toxic effect in rats.

Phytochemical Screening, Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory and Antibacterial Studies on the Stem Bark Extracts of Ximenia Americana Linn.

Medicinal plants have been used in traditional medicine practices since pre-historical times. Any part of the plant could be used as medicine. A survey of traditional medicine men and women in Damaturu, Nigeria indicated that Ximenia americana is a plant used in the treatment of inflammation, wounds and cancer. The fresh stem barks of the plant were collected and successively extracted with n-hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol and water. Phytochemical constituents of the extracts revealed the presence of cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, saponins, phenols, tannins, alkaloids, sterols and terpenoids. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical assay, whereas membrane stabilization method was used to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activities of the extracts. The antibacterial activity was studied against four (4) wound pathogens (Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Streptococcus pneumoniae), using disc diffusion technique. The results of the IC50 for antioxidant studies indicated that the methanol (22.4µg/ml) and ethyl acetate (28.4 µg/ml) extracts of X. americana exhibited higher antioxidant activities than the standard ascorbic acid (38,9µg/ml). The extracts were found effective in inhibiting the heat induced hemolysis in a concentration dependent manner. The n-hexane extract showed the highest protection level (84.41 – 87.98%, p<0.05), followed by water (46.73 – 82.38%, p<0.05) and ethyl acetate (71.3o – 77,39%, p<0.05) extracts. Diclofenac Sodium salt used as standard drug at 100μg/ml offered 90.66% protection a significant (p<0.05) protection against damaging effect of heat. The hypotonic solution induced study indicated that the extracts exhibited more protection from hemolysis (n-hexane = 75.22 – 85,23%, p<0.05; ethyl acetate = 4.09 – 71,40%, p<0,05; water = 59.98 – 67.08%, p<0.05, and methanol = 48.15 – 58.75%, p<0.05) than the standard Diclofenac sodium salt (57.52%, p<0.05). The results showed that all extracts from the plant offered a significant (p<0.05) protection against the damaging effect of hypotonic solution, Diclofenac sodium (100μg/ml), the standard drug offered a significant (p<0.05) protection (57.52%). X. americana samples showed that all extracts inhibited the growth of S. aureus, S. pneumoniae and E. coli. The antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-bacterial activities carried out in this study can be used as scientific explanation for the traditional claim about the wound healing property of the stem bark of X. americana.

Screening of Preliminary Phytochemicals, Molecular Identification, and Antimicrobial and Anti‐Inflammatory Activity of Justicia gendarussa

Justicia gendarussa is a well‐known medicinal plant from ancient times that has been using to treat a variety of ailments. The main objectives of the current study were to assess the phytochemicals, molecular identification of the plant, and determination of MIC, as well as antimicrobial and anti‐inflammatory activities of various types of plant extracts (aqueous, ethanolic, methanolic, diethyl‐ether, dichloromethane, and ethyl‐acetate extracts) of J. gendarussa (leaves) against 11 human pathogens, including bacteria and fungi. In the present study, J. gendarussa was identified as a medicinal plant based on ITS gene amplification by PCR. The screening of the presence of important phytochemicals that carry high significance from a therapeutic standpoint was also carried out. The antimicrobial activity was assessed by following the disc diffusion and broth dilution procedures. The highest antimicrobial activity was observed against S. aureus (16 mm), S. flexneri (15 mm), and C. albicans (15 mm) compared with gentamicin (10 μg/disc) and fluconazole (25 μg/disc). Besides this, methanolic extract showed the highest anti‐inflammatory activity (76% membrane protection). The MIC values (8–2048 μg/ml) of aqueous extract were observed against both types of bacteria and fungi, with the highest MIC value recorded at (2048 μg/ml) for S. flexneri. This study is the primary investigation in Bangladesh where molecular identification of this medicinal plant was carried out and the anti‐inflammatory activity of this plant was evaluated by the HRBC membrane stabilization method. In conclusion, our findings suggest that this plant may be useful in research and development for discovering a broad spectrum of modern herbal medicines.

Anti-inflammatory potential of green synthesized silver nanoparticles of triphala extract

The present study was to investigate the in vitro anti-inflammatory activity of the hydroalcoholic extract of triphala and its green synthesized silver nanoparticles using the human red blood cells membrane stabilization method and protein denaturation method and the results were compared with standard diclofenac sodium. The presence of flavonoids, phenolics, alkaloids, carbohydrates, and glycosides were found in phytochemical screening. The plant extract and the silver nanoparticles showed positive anti-inflammatory activity through HRBC membrane stabilization and inhibition of protein denaturation in a concentration-dependent manner. The study was concluded that the hydroalcoholic extract and SNPs of triphala exhibited potent anti-inflammatory agent due to the presence of important chemical constituents such as polyphenols and flavonoids and this anti-inflammatory properties help in the prevention of many chronic disorders.

Synthesis, Characterization and Evaluation of Some Novel 2-Mercaptobenzothiazole Derivatives: In Silico and Experimental Approach

Recently, QSAR technique and molecular docking have become widespread in designing new series of compounds, depending upon the different models developed, before actually synthesizing and testing them. Due to the diverse activity profile of substituted Benzothiazole, it has become a pharmacophore of interest. The main motive of the study was to design some novel 2- Mercaptobenzothiazole molecules with potential anti-inflammatory effect. Thus, in order to get a better insight into the structural features of 2- Mercaptobenzothiazole, a series of analogues were taken from the literature and 2D, 3D QSAR models were developed and molecular docking and ADME studies were also performed. For 2D QSAR study, stepwise forwarding variable selection method, coupled with Partial Least Square (SWF-PLS) regression-based method, was used to generate the best 2D model giving r2= 0.9425, q2=0.9018, F-value=90.0118, pred_r2=0.8976. In contrast, the forward stepwise variable selection k-nearest neighbour molecular field analysis approach was used to generate best 3D QSAR model (q2=0.8171 and pred_r2=0.7006). Docking studies were performed on 29 derivatives of 2-Mercaptobenzothiazoles. The ligands were prepared and docked against protein S. aureus TYrRS with a resolution of 3.2Å. The three derivatives K6, K18 and K20 were found to have the best docking scores (-48.44, -47.46, -48.52). Further, synthesis of these three derivatives was carried out. Spectral characterization was carried out by IR, 1H NMR and 13C NMR and all the structures were found to be in agreement with the data obtained. In vitro anti-inflammatory evaluation of these compounds was carried out by following the protein denaturation method and HRBC membrane stabilization method. Compound K20 displayed potential anti-inflammatory activity, which may be attributed to the electronegative group on the phenyl ring substituted on the pyrazole part of the pharmacophore.

In Vitro Metabolite Profiling and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Rhodomyrtus Tomentosa with Red Blood Cell Membrane Stabilization Methods.

Rhodomyrtus Tomentosa (Karamunting) is one of South Kalimantan's biodiversity. In previous research on asthma and coal dust exposure models, nebulization with an ethanol extract of R. tomentosa leaves has been shown to reduce inflammatory cells. This study aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory activity on the stabilization of red blood cell membranes and to identify the chemical compounds present in extracts of R. tomentosa leaves. Anti-inflammatory effect of R. tomentosa leaves was evaluated by in vitro red blood cell membrane stabilization methods. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory sodium diclofenac was used as the reference drug. The content of chemical compounds in the ethanol extract of R. tomentosa leaves was identified using Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (UPLC-MS). The results of inhibition of red blood cells membrane lysis showed the n-hexane fraction (concentration 25 ppm), ethyl acetate fraction (concentration 50 ppm), and a fraction of water (concentration 50 ppm) with an inhibition level of 54.5%, 81.8%, 63.6%, respectively. The ethyl acetate fraction showed the highest inhibition of hemolysis. This result is not significantly different from the standard anti-inflammatory sodium diclofenac (90.09%). Oleanonic acid and ursonic acid were two similar metabolites in subfractions ethyl acetate 1, 2, and 3, which may have anti-inflammatory properties. R. Tomentosa leaves can have potency as an anti-inflammatory by increasing the red blood cell membrane stability equal to lysosome cells, depending on the concentration.

Transition metal complexes of imidazole derived Schiff bases: Antioxidant/anti-inflammatory/antimicrobial/enzyme inhibition and cytotoxicity properties

A flexible class of Ni(II) and Zn(II) complexes were prepared with a novel Schiff base ligand containing imidazole moiety. The synthesized compounds were taken for structural characterizations such as elemental analysis, UV-Vis, FT-IR, 1H and 13C NMR, mass spectra, thermogravimetric investigation, magnetic susceptibility, and conductivity estimations. The coordination building of Ni(II) and Zn(II) complexes were found as octahedral and tetrahedral where Ni(II) and Zn(II) metal ions were composed by a nitrogen atom of the azomethine, imidazole ring, and oxygen atom of acetate derivative. All of the synthesized compounds were tried for their biochemical properties, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial activities, enzyme inhibition, and cytotoxicity. The antioxidant activity of designed compounds was screened by the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) technique and all the Schiff base ligand and some of its Ni(II)/Zn(II) complexes showed close antioxidant activities against the standards (BHA, BHT, and ascorbic acid). Anti-inflammatory activity was estimated by the in-vitro human red blood cell (HRBC) membrane stabilization method, the Zn(II) complexes exhibited more activity for inflammation compared with Diclofenac, which is used as a standard drug. The in-vitro antimicrobial movement of synthesized compounds have been examined in microorganisms like Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutans, Enterobacter cloacae, Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans by agar disk diffusion method. Nystatin and Ciprofloxacin were selected as reference drugs. Enzyme inhibitions of the Schiff bases and their metal complexes were investigated using α-amylase and the best inhibition value (Ki) was observed for the Ni(II)/Zn(II) complex of 4-[(5-methyl-3H-imidazole-4-ylmethylene)-amino]-2-nitro-phenol (MINPN/MINPZ) (0.022/0.020 mM) with Acarbose as standard compound. The cytotoxic behavior of synthesized compounds was evaluated against cancer cell lines: DLA cells (Trypan blue exclusion method) and HepG2 cells (MTT assay) and determined the cell viability of the respective human cell, H9c2 via MTT assay. Encouragingly, most of the compounds are generally non-toxic, to the human cells, H9c2.

Cyperus iria linn. Roots ethanol extract: its phytochemicals, cytotoxicity, and anti-inflammatory activity

ABSTRACT Inflammatory diseases are normally treated with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs which may cause adverse effects if used for prolonged periods. Thus, there is a need to search for alternative anti-inflammatory medicine. This study investigated the phytochemical characteristics, cytotoxic, and anti-inflammatory activities of C. iria Linn. roots ethanol extract. The extract was subjected to preliminary phytochemical screening using standard procedures. The anti-inflammatory activities were determined using the egg albumin denaturation assay and the human red blood cell membrane stabilization method while the cytotoxic activity was investigated using the brine shrimp lethality assay. Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presence of flavonoids, phenolic acids, terpenoids, and saponins in the extract. Anti-inflammatory assays revealed that the extract has comparable results with the positive control (250 µg/ml Celecoxib) while being non-toxic. These results suggest that the synergetic actions of identified phytochemicals may contribute to the anti-inflammatory effect on egg albumin and human red blood cells.

Microwave Assisted, H3PW12O40 Mediated Green Synthesis, Crystal Structure, in-Vitro Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Oxidant Investigation of Enaminoketones

A simple microwave assisted tungstophosphoric acid (H3PW12O40) catalyzed protocol was employed for the synthesis of versatile enaminoketones. The developed synthetic procedure is green, efficient and environmentally benign. Using this method, a series of enaminoketones were prepared from the condensation of dimedone and various amines. Further, the synthesized enaminoketones were evaluated for in-vitro anti-inflammatory activity by membrane stabilization method and anti-oxidant efficacy by radical scavenging method. The synthesized enaminoketones 3c, 3b and 3b, 3f showed reasonable anti-inflammatory as well as anti-oxidant activities respectively.

THE MUCUS OF Helix aspersa AS AN ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AND ANTIBACTERIAL TREATMENT TOWARDS MULTIDRUG-RESISTANT BACTERIA FROM INFECTED WOUNDS

The mucus of snails is known for its high content of bioactive substances, which can be effective in the treatment of infected wounds. The objective of this study is to evaluate the antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activity of three extracts of Helix aspersa mucus.
 The evaluation of the antibacterial activity of mucus extracts was carried out against three Gram-negative bacteria isolated from infected wounds using the well diffusion method, the microdilution for the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) determination, and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) determination. The anti-inflammatory activity was carried out using albumin denaturation inhibition and the human red blood cell membrane stabilization methods. The results obtained showed that snail mucus extracts possess an inhibitory effect on the growth and viability of Gram-negative bacteria. The inhibitory diameters ranged between 09.33±1.11 and 12.00±0.77 mm, the MIC was 25 % (v/v), and the MBC ranged between 25 and 50 % (v/v). The minimum bactericidal concentrations/minimum inhibitory concentrations (MBC/MIC) ratios indicate that snail mucus possesses a bacterial effect on Gram-negative bacteria. Furthermore, snail mucus possesses an anti-inflammatory effect through the inhibition of protein denaturation and membrane stabilization.
 The results obtained from this study encourage the use of Helix aspersa mucus in clinical practice as an antibacterial and anti-inflammatory agent in the treatment of infected wounds.

Phenolic Content and in Vitro Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory and antimicrobial Evaluation of Algerian Ruta graveolens L.

Plants constitute a valuable source of natural antioxidants such as polyphenols and are responsible for exhibiting many biologically significant functions. Ruta species including Ruta chalepensis L. and Ruta graveolens L. are widespread species in Algeria and are used as medicinal plants to treat various diseases; however, so far, most of the conducted studies focused on analyzing alkaloids and essential oils mostly on R. chalepensis. The aim of the present research is to investigate the phenolic profile of the aerial parts of Ruta graveolens L. from Algeria and assess its in vitro antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties. The total polyphenols and flavonoids were assessed using colorimetric methods, and the individual polyphenols were identified and quantified using HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS. The antioxidant activity was evaluated with DPPH and β-carotene tests, and the anti-inflammatory activity with inhibition of bovine serum albumin denaturation and HRBC membrane stabilization methods. The results showed that Ruta graveolens extract is rich in phenolic compounds with a total phenol and flavonoid contents of 41.63±0.394 mg GAE/gE and 13.97±0.33 mg EQ/gE, respectively. Nine phenolic compounds were determined, including three phenolic acids and six flavonoids. Rutin was the major phenolic compound in Ruta graveolens (464.95 μg/g), followed by syringic acid (179.74 μg/g), and naringenin (109.78 μg/g). R. graveolens phenolic extract also showed good antioxidant activity with values of 0.77 mM TE/g DW and 0.37 mM β-CE/g DW with DPPH and β-carotene tests, respectively. For the anti-inflammatory activity, the highest tested concentration (200 μg/mL) gave 50.61 % of inhibition of the denaturation of albumin and 44.12 % of membrane stabilization. With regards to antimicrobial results, Staphylococcus aureus was the most sensitive bacteria with an inhibition zone of 14.37 mm and MIC value of 0.625 mg/mL, followed by Listeria monocytogenes (11.75 mm and MIC=1.25 mg/mL), and Escherichia coli (10.25 mm and MIC=1.25 mg/mL).

Antibacterial and Anti-inflammatory Potentials of Theobroma cacao (Linn.) Fruit Exocarp Ethanolic Extract

Plants have been widely adopted as an alternative medicine for different diseases. Recent studies show that various parts of Theobroma cacao have been used to treat some diseases or disorders. For example, individuals in rural areas have been using the exocarp of T. cacao as an alternative medicine for furuncle. However, there was no scientific study that was conducted related to this. Several studies about cocoa beans have shown antimalarial, antioxidant, anti-cough, anti-influenza, anti-diabetic, and anti-hypertensive activities. However, there was no study about the fruit exocarp cacao. This study investigated the phytochemical composition, antibacterial potential, and anti-inflammatory activity of the fruit exocarp of Theobroma cacao. The different activities were done using the standard methods with some slight modifications. Antibacterial activity was done using the disc diffusion method and Human Red Blood Cell (HRBC) membrane stabilization method for anti-inflammatory activity. Results of the study have shown no antibacterial activity for the plant extract; however, the plant exhibits anti-inflammatory activity. The 500 ?g/ml concentration of cacao extract shows a lower percentage of hemolysis and a higher percentage of protection of the Human Red Blood Cell membrane. The observed anti- inflammatory activity shows to be dose-dependent of the extract in that the higher the concentration used, the lower the number of hemolysis and the higher the number of protections that occurs. Phytochemical screening of the exocarp of T. cacao has shown the highest content of flavonoids, tannins, and steroids. Further studies on the antioxidant activity may be conducted, for this activity is the most studied one attributed to flavonoids. Keywords : alternative medicines, disc diffusion method, furuncle, HRBC membrane stabilization method, phytochemical composition

Design, Synthesis and Bioevaluation of Highly Functionalized 1,2,3-Triazole-Guanidine Conjugates as Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Agents

In search of new biologically potent molecules a small focused library of new guanidine-1,2,3-triazole hybrid derivatives were synthesized via Organocatalytic enolate- mediated azide-carbonyl [3 + 2] cycloaddition yielding a highly functionalized triazole core structure. The synthesis of all the derivatives were confirmed by spectral analysis 1H NMR, 13C NMR and MS. The new guanidine-1,2,3-triazole conjugates were found to exhibit promising anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity. The anti-inflammatory activity screened by membrane stabilization method summarizes the four potential conjugates 5c, 5f, 5h and 5g to be potent in comparison with standard drug Diclofenac sodium (DFS). The conjugates were also assessed for antioxidant potential by DPPH method. Among all the synthesized compounds, the compounds 5d, 5f, 5g and 5h exhibited potent antioxidant activity. Molecular docking study was performed to gain insight into the putative binding mode and binding strength of these compounds with the target enzyme Cyclo-oxygenase (COX-2) enzyme. The in vitro and in silico studies together with simpler designing and synthesis strategy via Organocatalytic enolate- mediated azide-carbonyl [3 + 2] cycloaddition followed by a two-component reaction with guanidine in basic conditions rationalize guanidine-1,2,3-triazole hybrid derivatives as easily assessable novel therapeutic agents.

Green Synthesis and Characterization of ZnO Nanoparticles Using Pelargonium odoratissimum (L.) Aqueous Leaf Extract and Their Antioxidant, Antibacterial and Anti-inflammatory Activities.

Nanoparticles (NPs) exhibit distinct features compared to traditional physico-chemical synthesis and they have many applications in a wide range of fields of life sciences such as surface coating agents, catalysts, food packaging, corrosion protection, environmental remediation, electronics, biomedical and antimicrobial. Green-synthesized metal NPs, mainly from plant sources, have gained a lot of attention due to their intrinsic characteristics like eco-friendliness, rapidity and cost-effectiveness. In this study, zinc oxide (ZnO) NPs have been synthesized employing an aqueous leaf extract of Pelargonium odoratissimum (L.) as a reducing agent; subsequently, the biosynthesized ZnO NPs were characterized by ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), dynamic light scattering (DLS), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and selected area electron diffraction (SAED). Moreover, aqueous plant leaf extract was subjected to both qualitative and quantitative analysis. Antioxidant activity of ZnO NPs was assessed by DPPH assay, with varying concentrations of ZnO NPs, which revealed scavenging activity with IC50 = 28.11 μg mL−1. Furthermore, the anti-bacterial efficacy of the green synthesized ZnO NPs against four foodborne pathogenic bacterial strains was examined using the disk diffusion assay, and Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 8095), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC10662) and Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) were found to be the most sensitive against biosynthesized ZnO NPs, whereas the least sensitivity was shown by Bacillus cereus (ATCC 13753). The anti-inflammatory effect was also evaluated for both ZnO NPs and the aqueous leaf extract of P. odoratissimum through the human red blood cells (HRBC) membrane stabilization method (MSM) in vitro models which includes hypotonicity-induced hemolysis. A maximum membrane stabilization of ZnO NPs was found to be 95.6% at a dose of 1000 μg mL−1 compared with the standard indomethacin. The results demonstrated that leaf extract of P. odoratissimum is suitable for synthesizing ZnO NPs, with antioxidant, antibacterial as well as superior anti-inflammatory activity by improving the membrane stability of lysosome cells, which have physiological properties similar to erythrocyte membrane cells and have no hemolytic activity. Overall, this study provides biosynthesized ZnO NPs that can be used as a safe alternative to synthetic substances as well as a potential candidate for antioxidants, antibacterial and anti-inflammatory uses in the biomedical and pharmaceutical industries.

Assessment of in vitro anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antidiabetic activities of Solanum khasianum Clarke

Solanum khasianum, is a traditional medicinal plant of Solanaceae family. The plant represents a source of varied phytochemicals and was reported to be used in the treatment of several diseases. Therefore, our study was carried out to reveal anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antidiabetic activities in different plant parts of S. khasianum. The leaf, fruit and root methanolic extracts of S. khasianum were investigated for its in vitro anti-inflammatory activity by Human Red Blood Cell (HRBC) membrane stabilization method; while DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging, H2O2 radical scavenging and reducing power assays were utilized to determine antioxidant activity. Additionally, the antidiabetic activity was determined by α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition assay. Our results showed that the root methanolic extract of S. khasianum exhibited a high anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antidiabetic activities in a dose-dependent manner. The S. khasianum root extract revealed a significant anti-inflammatory activity (83.97 ± 0.36%), potent antioxidant effect by DPPH radical scavenging assay (81.88 ± 0.58%), H2O2 radical scavenging assay (80.17 ± 0.40%) and reducing power assay (0.351 ± 0.62); and in addition, showed promising antidiabetic potential by inhibiting α-amylase (84.29 ± 0.89%) and α-glucosidase (85.02 ± 0.95%). These results further substantiated the claim and use of S. khasianum in traditional medicine for the treatment of inflammation, oxidative stress and diabetes mellitus.

In vitro Anti-inflammatory Activity and Acute Oral Toxicity Study of Gold Nanoparticles Generated from Stem Extract of Tinospora cordifolia

Introduction: Synthesis of gold nanoparticles (GNPs) from various biological systems have been reported, but amongst them biosynthesis of GNPs from plants is considered as the most suitable method. The aim of this study was to synthesize GNPs using chloroauric acid and hydroalcoholic stem extract (HA) of Tinospora cordifolia and to evaluate the in vitro anti-inflammatory potential of HA and the synthesised GNP followed by assessing the acute oral toxicity of the prepared herbal GNP. Materials and Methods: Anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by using the in vitro human red blood cell membrane stabilization method and gene expression of cytokine TNF-α by isolated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells using RT-PCR. The acute toxicity test was conducted using wistar albino rats. Results: The membrane stabilizing effect demonstrated a concentration dependent anti-inflammatory activity of both HA and GNP. GNP synthesized from hydroalcoholic stem extract of T. cordifolia inhibited production of proinflammatory cytokine TNF-α by inhibiting genes expression of the cytokine. GNP was found to be nontoxic at a single dose of 2000 mg/kg with no signs of mortality during the 14 days observation period. Conclusion: The results of the said evaluation proved that formation of GNP enhanced the anti-inflammatory activity of T. cordifolia. The acute oral administration of GNP was found to be safe and not toxic. Hence, the GNP can be utilized for treatment of diseases associated with imbalanced cytokine production as in anti-inflammatory pharmaceutical formulations.

Anti-Inflammatory Activity of the Peel Extract of Ambon Bananas (Musa Paradisiaca L.) Examined With the Human Red Blood Cell Membrane Stabilization Method

Inflammation is the body’s reaction to the presence of infection, irritation or foreign substances as part of the body’s defense mechanisms. Public interest in treatment with natural medicines is increasing. One of the medicinal plants that can be used for anti-inflammatory treatment is the peel of the Ambon banana (Musa paradisiaca L.). This study employed the red blood cell membrane stabilization method which is widely used in research as a biochemical parameter for in vitro testing of anti-inflammatory activity. This was an experimental study that aimed to determine the anti-inflammatory activity of the peel extract of the Ambon banana (Musa paradisiaca L.) using the red blood cell membrane stabilization method. The percentage level of hemolysis that occurred when the extract was added indicated that the tested extract had anti-inflammatory properties. The stability of the red blood cell membrane of the peel extract with a concentration of 125 ppm was 1.09%, and was 12.40% with a concentration of 250 ppm, 17.36% with a concentration of 500 ppm, and 42.79% with a concentration of 1000 ppm. Based on these results, it can be concluded that the peel of the Ambon banana (Musa paradisiaca L.) has potential as an anti-inflammatory agent.
 Keywords: anti-inflammatory, banana peel, red blood cell membrane

Evaluation of In-Vitro Anti-inflammatory activity of Convolvulus arvensis indigenous to Eastern Ghats of Andhra Pradesh: Preliminary Evidence Based Report

Since immemorial herbal plants were widely used as medicine for the treatment of inflammatory disorders. Much focus has been attributed for the importance of medicinal plants by WHO. Present study aims at investigating the anti-inflammatory activity of aqueous and methanol extract of Convolvulus arevensis which is indigenous to Eastern Ghats of Andhra Pradesh. Materials and methods: Leaves of C.arvensis was subjected to aqueous and methanol extraction by soxhlet and assessed for in-vitro anti-inflammatory activity by albumin denaturation inhibition and membrane stabilization method. Results: Percentage yield for aqueous extract of C.arvensis (ACAE)was found to be (89%) and for methanol extract(MCAE) it was found to be (92%).Significant dose dependent in-vitro anti-inflammatory activity (50-150µg) was observed(p<0.05) for both ACAE and MCAE. Percentage of albumin denaturation for MCAE 150µg was found to be 77.65% (IC50 =38.40µg; R2 = 0.9610) and for that of ACAE it was found to be 69.073%. (IC50 =42.28µg; R2 =0.9880) for albumin denaturation. Percentage of protection for MCAE 150µg was found to be 71.77% (IC50 =38.40µg; R2 = 0.9610) and for that of ACAE it was found to be 71.93%. (IC50 =32.52µg; R2 = 0.9975).

In-vitro COMPARATIVE STUDY OF BIOACTIVITIES (ANTIOXIDANT, ANTIMICROBIAL AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITIES) OF CRUDE EXTRACTS OF THREE Paulownia Ssp. LEAVES CULTIVATED IN SETIF – ALGERIA

Paulownia culture is a new experience in Algeria which deserves to be considered. This research work focuses on the biological activities of leaves of three species cultivated in south of Setif departments. Antioxidant activity was tested by DPPH, the antimicrobial activity with three Gram-positive bacteria, three Gram-negative bacteria and one yeast and the Human Red Blood Cell (HRBC) membrane stabilization method was used for the anti-inflammatory activity. Statistic treatment was realised with one-way ANOVA and two-way ANOVA to determine followed by Newman-Keuls Multiple Comparison. The obtained results indicated an excellent value with a very significant difference against the used standards at a very low concentration.

Bioguided isolation and characterization of bioactives from Polygonum alpinum all rhizomes

Polygonum alpinum All (Polygonaceae) rhizomes was loaded in soxhlet for extraction with methanol and water as solvent. The extracts obtained were assayed for anti-inflammatory potency via carrageenan and formaldehyde prompted infection among experimental animals. The methanolic extract method presented potent anti-inflammatory activity in comparison to aqueous extract in both experimental models. Column chromatography was used for the isolation and characterization of active constituents in methanolic extract. Four active compounds, Octacosan-1-ol (1), Tridecane-1,9-diol (2), 4-hydroxybutyl acetate (3) and Octanoic acid (4) were isolated. Two dimensional NMR procedures were used for the characterization of isolated compounds. In-vitro anti-inflammatory potency of isolated compounds was assayed via Human RBC membrane stabilization and Protein denaturation methods.