Membership Structure Research Articles

Can L2 learners acquire native-like typicality representation in categorization?

Abstract The typicality effect delineates a graded membership structure during categorization, whereby a typical item is easier to be judged as a member of a category than is an atypical item. The current study brought experimental evidence of the typicality representation of advanced Thai learners of Chinese, in order to compare the organization of the mental lexicon in the learners’ second language and first language. Three types of instances (i.e., typical in both Chinese and Thai (C1), typical in Chinese but not in Thai (C2), and typical in Thai but not in Chinese (C3)) in five categories (i.e., BIRD, VEGETABLE, FRUIT, FURNITURE, APPLIANCE) were presented in instance-category order. The response time of typicality judgement showed a similarity between natives and L2 learners, but that the response time of second language learners to C1 was not significantly longer than that to C2. These results suggested that high proficiency could modify the construction of a qualitatively native-like typicality representation, and that language-specific typicality was still beyond conceptualization in second language.

A multispecialty ethnographic study of clinical competency committees (CCCs)

Purpose Clinical competency committees (CCCs) assess residents’ performance on their specialty specific milestones, however there is no ‘one-size fits all’ blueprint for accomplishing this. Thus, CCCs have had to develop their own procedures. The goal of this study was to examine these efforts to assist new programs embarking on this venture and established programs looking to improve their CCC practices and processes. Methods We purposefully sampled CCCs across multiple specialties and institutions. Data from three sources were triangulated: (1) online demographic survey, (2) ethnographic observations of CCC meetings and (3) post-observation semi-structured interviews with the program director and/or CCC chairperson. Template analysis was used to build the coding structure. Results Sixteen observations were completed with 15 different CCCs at 9 institutions. Three main thematic categories that impact the operations of CCCs emerged: (1) Membership structure and members roles, (2) Roles of the CCC in residency and 3) CCC processes, including trainee presentation to the committee and decision-making. While effective practices were observed, substantial variation existed in all three thematic areas. Conclusions While CCCs used some known effective practices, substantial variation in structure and processes was notable across CCCs. Future work should explore the impact of this variation on educational outcomes.

Injection and Sexual Behavior Profiles among People Who Inject Drugs in Miami, Florida

Background The dynamics of injection drug use and higher-risk sexual practices compound the risk of HIV and HCV acquisition. Published literature on people who inject drugs (PWID) has examined risk of infection assuming homogeneity of cohort behavior. Categorizing subgroups by injection and sexual risk can inform a more equitable approach to how syringe services programs (SSPs) adapt harm reduction resources and implementation of evidence-based interventions. We explored injection and sexual risk profiles among PWID to determine significant predictors of class membership. Methods Data were collected from 1,272 participants at an SSP in Miami-Dade County. Latent Class Analysis (LCA) examined how 10 injection/sexual behavior indicators cluster together to create profiles. Model fit statistics and multivariable multinomial latent class regression identified the optimal class structure and significant predictors of class membership. We assessed SSP visits, naloxone access, HIV/HCV testing and prevalence, and incidence of self-reported wounds. Results Three distinct profiles of injection/sexual risk were determined: Low Injection/High Sexual (LIHS) (9.4%); High Injection/Moderate Sexual (HIMS) (18.9%); and Low Injection/Low Sexual (LILS) (71.7%). Participants reporting gay/bisexual orientation and methamphetamine injection more likely belonged to the LIHS class. LIHS class members had higher prevalence of HIV, while those of HIMS reported increased hepatitis C prevalence. Compared to members of LILS, those of HIMS more likely experienced unstable housing, gay/bisexual orientation, heroin or speedball injection, and identifying as women. HIMS cohort members had more SSP visits, naloxone accessed, and higher wound incidence than those of LILS. Conclusions Understanding PWID subgroups amplifies the importance of implementing evidencebased interventions such as PrEP for those engaging in highest risk behavior, with focused interventions of antiretroviral management and access to condoms for members of the LIHS class and HCV screening with wound care for those belonging to HIMS.

UPAYA PENCEGAHAN POTENSI TERJADINYA TINDAK PIDANA KORUPSI PADA PROSES PENERIMAAN CALON ANGGOTA POLRI MELALUI WHISTLEBLOWING SYSTEM (Studi Pada Biro Sumber Daya Manusia Polda Sumatera Barat)

Professional recruitment of members of the National Police is a must as regulated in Perkap Number 10 of 2016 concerning the Admission of Candidates for Members of the Indonesian National Police. The National Police presents a whistleblowing system application in order to prevent the occurrence of criminal acts that occur in the process of accepting prospective members of the Police. Through the National Police Chief's Decree Number: Kep/274/11/2019 concerning Team Membership Structure and the Use of the Whistleblowing System Application for the Admission of Police Candidates, this is an internal effort made by the National Police in preventing the practice of irregularities both ethically by the Police and acts that are included in Corruption.

Estimation of panel group structure models with structural breaks in group memberships and coefficients

This paper considers linear panel data models with a grouped pattern of heterogeneity when the latent group membership structure and/or the values of slope coefficients change at a break point. We propose a least squares approach to jointly estimate the break point, group membership structure, and coefficients. The proposed estimators are consistent, and the asymptotic distribution of the coefficient estimators is identical to that under known break point and group structure even when the cross-sectional sample size is much larger than the length of time series. Monte Carlo simulations and an empirical example illustrate the use of the approach and associated inference.

Pembangunan Sistem Informasi E-Voting Pada Universitas XYZ

An organization is a group of people who have a common goal, where everyone has the same goals so that they are combined and are expected to achieve goals together. The organization itself has a membership structure that functions to divide the tasks of each individual and each organization has a leader who functions to regulate the running of the organization. At XYZ University, there are various organizations that all students can participate in. The head of the organization is chosen from the election activities held every year to continue the baton of management. There are several obstacles experienced when conducting election activities, namely, election activities are carried out offline, due to pandemic conditions so that election activities cannot be carried out, there are many invalid ballots, and also the vote-counting process which takes quite a long time. In addition to obstacles during the election, election activities also cost quite a lot to print ballots and so on to launch elections. Therefore, this research was conducted by building an e-voting information system. The e-voting system itself has several advantages compared to elections conducted offline. It is hoped that the e-voting system can reduce errors made in offline elections. The system development uses the Personal Extreme Programming (PXP) method using the Laravel framework. It is hoped that the system built can assist the voting process in election activities at the XYZ University.

Gender inequality in the membership structure of the Ecological Society of Japan

Gender inequality in the membership structure of the Ecological Society of Japan

Availability and Accessibility of Primary Care for the Remote, Rural, and Poor Population of Indonesia.

Background: Adopting Universal Health Coverage for implementation of a national health insurance system [Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional (JKN)/Badan Penyelenggara Jaminan Sosial or the Indonesian National Social Health Insurance Scheme (BPJS)] targets the 255 million population of Indonesia. The availability, accessibility, and acceptance of healthcare services are the most important challenges during implementation. Referral behavior and the utilization of primary care structures for underserved (rural/remote regions) populations are key guiding elements. In this study, we provided the first assessment of BPJS implementation and its resulting implications for healthcare delivery based on the entire insurance dataset for the initial period of implementation, specifically focusing on poor and remote populations.Methods: Demographic, economic, and healthcare infrastructure information was obtained from public resources. Data about the JKN membership structure, performance information, and reimbursement were provided by the BPJS national head office. For analysis, an ANOVA was used to compare reimbursement indexes for primary healthcare (PHC) and advanced healthcare (AHC). The usage of primary care resources was analyzed by comparing clustered provinces and utilization indices differentiating poor [Penerima Bantuan Iur (PBI) membership] and non-poor populations (non-PBI). Factorial and canonical discrimination analyses were applied to identify the determinants of PHC structures.Results: Remote regions cover 27.8% of districts/municipalities. The distribution of the poor population and PBI members were highly correlated (r2 > 0.8; p < 0.001). Three clusters of provinces [remote high-poor (N = 13), remote low-poor (N = 15), non-remote (N = 5)] were identified. A discrimination analysis enabled the >82% correct cluster classification of infrastructure and human resources of health (HRH)-related factors. Standardized HRH (nurses and general practitioners [GP]) availability showed significant differences between clusters (p < 0.01), whereas the availability of hospital beds was weakly correlated. The usage of PHC was ~2-fold of AHC, while non-PBI members utilized AHC 4- to 5-fold more frequently than PBI members. Referral indices (r2 = 0.94; p < 0.001) for PBI, non-PBI, and AHC utilization rates (r2 = 0.53; p < 0.001) were highly correlated.Conclusion: Human resources of health availability were intensively related to the extent of the remote population but not the numbers of the poor population. The access points of PHC were mainly used by the poor population and in remote regions, whereas other population groups (non-PBI and non-Remote) preferred direct access to AHC. Guiding referral and the utilization of primary care will be key success factors for the effective and efficient usage of available healthcare infrastructures and the achievement of universal health coverage in Indonesia. The short-term development of JKN was recommended, with a focus on guiding referral behavior, especially in remote regions and for non-PBI members.

APA Announces Two New Membership Categories

Back to table of contents Previous article Next article APA & MeetingsFull AccessAPA Announces Two New Membership CategoriesSearch for more papers by this authorPublished Online:25 May 2021https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.pn.2021.6.36Beginning in January 2022, APA is instituting two new membership categories approved by the Board of Trustees and Assembly in 2018. The membership categories are “semi-retired” and “retired,” and qualified members can opt into these categories for the 2022 membership renewal year at my.psychiatry.org and select the “Retired Opt in” tab.A semi-retired member is defined as a general or life member who is near retirement age and works less than 15 hours a week in all administrative or clinical roles. A retired member is defined as a general member who has reached retirement age and is fully retired from all administrative or clinical roles. These categories will replace the “Rule of 95” starting with the 2022 renewal year. Those in the life category prior to 2022 can remain there or can move into one of the new categories. Once moved into a new category, it is not possible to move back into the life category.The Rule of 95 allowed members whose age and years of APA membership equaled or exceeded 95 to become life members and pay dues on a graduated basis. The new categories provide more flexibility for a more diverse and changing workforce and simplifies the membership structure. Life status will no longer be tied to the Rule of 95 but will be achieved by either being a member for 30 or more years or paying lump-sum dues. ■More information is available here. ISSUES NewArchived

Analysis of the Impact of RCEP on China’s Mining Market

&lt;p&gt;RCEP (Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership), a modern, comprehensive, high-level and mutually beneficial agreement was signed&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;, which&lt;/span&gt; marks the official establishment of the free trade zone with the largest participating population, the most diverse membership structure and the greatest development potential in the world. Benefit&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;ed&lt;/span&gt; from RCEP&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;, the&lt;/span&gt; regional trade liberalization &lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;can be achieved and the&lt;/span&gt; rising global inflation expectations &lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;can be reached&lt;/span&gt;. The mining industry, especially the metal industry, may usher in a new period of development opportunities. However, potential risks still need to be paid attention to. For example, the implementation of RCEP is &lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;far less than expectations; &lt;/span&gt;the situation of Sino-US trade has further deteriorated&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;;&lt;/span&gt; and the implementation of economic stimulus policies in Europe and the United States falls &lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;out&lt;/span&gt; of expectations.&lt;/p&gt;

Interval-Valued Complex Neutrosophic Soft Set and its Applications in Decision-Making

In this paper, the notion of the interval valued complex neutrosophic soft set (IV-CNSS) isdefined as a combination of interval valued complex neutrosophic set and soft set. Then, we introduce the IV-CNSS’s operations such as union, intersection and complement. To explore the study further, we present some basic operational rules, and investigate their properties. A new algorithm is developed by transforming the interval complex neutrosophic soft values from complex space to the real space using a practical formula which gives a decision-making with a simple computational process without the need to carry out directed operations by complex numbers. This algorithm is then applied to evaluate two kinds of a certain product from a manufacturer and choose the most suitable one. IV-CNSS provides an interval-based membership structure to handle the uncertain data. This feature allows decision makers to record their hesitancy in assigning membership values which in turn best catch the obscurity and the complexity of such data.

Institutional overlap and access to medicines in MERCOSUR and UNASUR (2008–2018). Cooperation before the collapse?

ABSTRACT The proliferation of international and regional organisations in the last decades led to increasing overlap of memberships and mandates in social policy areas. Whereas the literature has explored the benefits and perils of institutional overlap though neglecting the social policy dimension of such processes, studies on regionalism have focused on single cases of regional organisations. This paper breaks new ground by examining the effects of the overlap in membership, health mandates and institutional mechanisms between the Common Market of the South (MERCOSUR) and the Union of South American Nations (UNASUR) between 2008 and 2018. It focuses on two cases of access to medicines: the creation of the medicine price bank and the price negotiation of high-cost medicines. Our argument is that the overlap was positive, leading to an incipient trend towards cooperation. This was facilitated by the membership structure, the expertise already accumulated in the region and the relations and networks among those involved in health regional cooperation. Overall, the article deepens our understanding of the conditions under which regional organisations, even in the context of institutional overlap, can contribute to adequately respond to transnational challenges, which, as global health, are not only persistent, but also profoundly affect our societies.

Breaking State-Centric Shackles in the WHO: Taiwan as a Catalyst for a New Global Health Order

After World War II, states recognizing that “the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health is one of the fundamental rights of every human being” and “the health of all peoples is fundamental to the attainment of peace and security”, decided to establish the World Health Organization (WHO), with the aim of promoting and protecting health for all. Mindful of the fact that disease neither recognizes nor respects borders, the revised International Health Regulations (IHR) in 2005 reiterates the goal of the universal application “for the protection of all people of the world from the international spread of disease.” The WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC), similarly, stands as an “evidence-based treaty that reaffirms the right of all people to the highest standard of health.” Such statements indicate an aspiration that the WHO’s normative work not just be about “a collection of nation states”, given the inherently global nature of public health affairs.Such aspiration embedded in global health governance introduces a paradox vis-à-vis the WHO’s state-centric institutional design, as evidenced and amplified by the COVID-19 crisis. The exclusion of Taiwan—which alerted the WHO of potential human-to-human transmission at the early stage and successfully guarded its people against the pandemic—is heatedly debated. Taiwan’s WHO participation presents a sharp contrast between its goal of health for all peoples, on one hand, and its outdated state-centric design and power politics, on the other. While scholars proposed the concept of “global health law” to reflect the erosion of sovereignty and encroachment of state powers due to globalization, the WHO continues to rest its institutional design on the assumption of states being the dominant actors of international (health) law, envisaging international health governance rather than global health governance. This state-centric view inevitably goes hand in hand with power struggles that undermine global health.Against this background, this paper aims to demonstrate how and why state-centric international health governance neither delivers its goal to “promote and protect the health of all peoples” nor accommodates the complexity of international politics, and to explore new venues allowing a pluralist membership structure that better serves the WHO’s promise. We proceed as follows. Part II analyzes challenges and constraints facing Taiwan’s participation in the WHO as a full member and as an observer under the existing institutional framework. Part III proposes an amendment to the WHO Constitution and maps a new contour of global health governance through the lens of the trans-governmental network. Part IV concludes.

APA Announces Two New Membership Categories

Back to table of contents Previous article Next article APA & MeetingsFull AccessAPA Announces Two New Membership CategoriesSearch for more papers by this authorPublished Online:12 Jan 2021https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.pn.2021.1.3Beginning in 2022, APA is instituting two new membership categories approved by the Board of Trustees and Assembly in 2018. The membership categories are “semi-retired” and “retired,” and qualified members can opt into these categories beginning in spring 2021 for the 2022 membership renewal year.A semi-retired member is defined as a general or life member who is near retirement age and works less than 15 hours a week in all administrative or clinical roles. A retired member is defined as a general member who has reached retirement age and is fully retired from all administrative or clinical roles. These categories will replace the Rule of 95 starting with the 2022 renewal year. Those in the life category prior to 2022 can remain there or can move into one of the new categories.The Rule of 95 allowed members whose age and years of APA membership equaled or exceeded 95 to become life members and pay dues on a graduated basis. The new categories provide more flexibility for a more diverse and changing workforce and simplifies the membership structure. Life status will no longer be tied to the Rule of 95 but will be achieved by either being a member for 30 or more years or paying lump sum dues.More information on these changes and the dues structure for the two new membership categories. ■ ISSUES NewArchived

The impacts of ignoring individual mobility across clusters in estimating a piecewise growth model.

A three-level piecewise growth model (3L-PGM) can be used to break up nonlinear growth into multiple components, providing the opportunity to examine potential sources of variation in individual and contextual growth within different segments of the model. The conventional 3L-PGM assumes that the data are strictly hierarchical in nature, where measurement occasions (level 1) are nested within individuals (level 2) who are members of a single cluster (level 3). However, in longitudinal research, it is sometimes difficult for data structures to remain purely clustered during a study, such as when some students change classrooms or schools over time. One resulting data structure in this situation is known as a multiple membership structure, where some lower-level units are members of more than one higher-level unit. The new multiple membership PGM (MM-PGM) extends the 3L-PGM to handle multiple membership data structures frequently found in the social sciences. This study sought to examine the consequences of ignoring individual mobility across clusters when estimating a 3L-PGM in comparison to estimating a MM-PGM. MM-PGM estimates were less biased (especially in the cluster-level coefficient estimates), although we found substantial bias in cluster-level variance components across some conditions for both models.

Tracing scientisation in the EU Commission’s expert group system

This study traces the sweeping claim of a “scientisation” of EU governance, that is a growing authority of research-based knowledge within modern policymaking, by zooming in on the EU Commission’s expert group system, and its “high level groups” in particular. With new quantitative and qualitative data that cover the period between 2005 and 2017, the study assesses whether alleged scientisation pressures are translated into actual patterns of participation and into modes of committee governance, and how this has changed over time. The study does not find signs of a substantial scientisation of the membership structure and this contrasts with the numbers of the official expert group register. Nonetheless, the considerable authority of epistemic claims seems to leave its mark on the management of the expert group system, i.e. the groups’ mandate framings, the selection of chairpersons and committee member labelling practices.

The Potential of Muhammadiyah as a Driving Force for Community Empowerment in Wonokoyo Village

Muhammadiyah movement is known as the movement of enlightenment. The enlightenment movement has a role to return the people to the right guidelines of life namely the Al Qur'an and the Sunnah. Muhammadiyah is also known as a large movement and spread throughout Indonesia, therefore to facilitate the delivery of religious knowledge to the community some branches or branches take care and observe the condition of this movement in each region. The purpose of this research is to recognize and understand how the development of the enlightenment movement in the environment around us in carrying out their duties and their contribution to society through programs that have been made to return people to the right direction and still hold fast to the Qur'an and sunnah or how Muhammadiyah's role in empowering the surrounding community. The method used is descriptive qualitative through observation and interviews with figures in the membership structure of Muhammadiyah who are in branches. The results showed that several excellent programs have been carried out by Muhammadiyah branches that deal directly with the Muhammadiyah community in the area itself, and through this program, many positive things have been created to enlighten the people.&#x0D;

EKSISTENSI TRADISI BURDAH PADA MASYARAKAT DI KELURAHAN KELAYU UTARA LOMBOK TIMUR

Talking about traditions, of course every country has its own traditions and every region in a country has different traditions. And of course the tradition is maintained and preserved properly so that it does not become extinct and can be recognized by the next generation. As in one of the villages in Selong District, East Lombok Regency, namely in North Kelayu Village, it still maintains and preserves the old tradition, namely the Burdah tradition. This research aims to; 1) knowing how the existence of the burdah tradition is maintained in the North Kelayu Village, 2) knowing the existence of the values contained in the burdah tradition in North Kelayu Village. This research is a type of qualitative research and uses a descriptive approach. Data collection techniques used are observation and interviews. While the data analysis procedures used are data reduction, triangulation, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. The results of this study indicate; 1) the existence of the burdah tradition in the North Kelayu Village is maintained with various efforts, including: first, doing routine exercises every 2 times a week, namely on Thursday nights and Sunday nights. Second, teach Burdah to future generations, such as youth and children. Third, Have a good membership structure, starting from the chairman, secretary, and treasurer. Fourth, have programs other than burdah readings, such as procedures for managing corpses, starting from how to bathe corpses to reading talkin. Fifth, every community has an understanding that the burdah tradition is a legacy from one of the Malay figures, namely TGH. Umar, so that it is still guarded and preserved. 2) the values contained in burdah, namely: First, social values, which is about a togetherness. Second, the value of worship, because reading burdah means we are praying to Allah swt. and pray to the Prophet Muhammad. which is an extraordinary worship. Third, cultural values, because the burdah was inherited by the first generation to be maintained and preserved by subsequent generations. From the results of this study, it can be concluded that the existence of burdah tradition is maintained by making various efforts. Then the values contained in the burdah tradition are social values, worship values, and cultural values.

Dysbiosis is not present in horses with fecal water syndrome when compared to controls in spring and autumn.

BackgroundFecal water syndrome (FWS) is long‐standing and common in horses, particularly in central Europe. No large epidemiological data sets exist, and the cause remains elusive. Dysbiosis could play a role in pathogenesis.ObjectivesTo evaluate whether dysbiosis is present in horses with FWS when compared to stable‐matched control horses in spring and autumn.AnimalsFecal samples were collected from horses with FWS (n = 16; 9 mares, 7 geldings) and controls (n = 15; 8 mares, 7 geldings).MethodsThe bacterial microbiome of samples collected in spring and autumn of 2016 was analyzed using high‐throughput sequencing. Differences in relative abundance of bacterial taxa, alpha diversity, and beta diversity indices were assessed between horses with FWS and controls based on season.ResultsDifferences in microbial community composition based on time point and health status were not observed on any taxonomic level. Limited differences were seen on linear discriminant analysis effect size analysis. No difference in alpha diversity indices was observed including richness, diversity based on health status, or time point. No effect of health status on microbial community membership structure was observed.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceLimited differences were found in the bacterial microbiota of horses with and without FWS, regardless of season. Further research is needed to elucidate the role of microbiota in the development of FWS.

Estimation of Panel Group Structure Models with Structural Breaks in Group Memberships and Coefficients

This paper considers linear panel data models with a grouped pattern of heterogeneity when the latent group membership structure and/or the values of slope coefficients change at a break point. We propose a least squares approach to jointly estimate the break point, group membership structure, and coefficients. The proposed estimators are consistent, and the asymptotic distribution of the coefficient estimators is identical to that under known break point and group structure even when the cross-sectional sample size is much larger than the length of time series. Monte Carlo simulations and an empirical example illustrate the use of the approach and associated inference.