Members Of Various Groups Research Articles

Optimizing Administrative Buildings by applying the Universal Design approach: Two case studies at Aswan city, Egypt.

The advancement of nations is measured on the significance it attaches to all different society members of various groups and abilities, and the availability of the capacities and services which provide everyone a successful social and economic life to fulfill their role in society. Societal exclusion is a common issue that captures the interest of governments and societies at this time. So some state governments attempt to integrate social groups of different physical, mobile, auditory and visual capacities into all fields without discrimination. One of the most important steps to prevent discrimination is providing the right for everyone to independently, easily, and optimally use the various facilities. Universal design aims at creating an environment everyone could use regardless of their age, size, disability or physical capacity. Therefore, the adoption of universal design as a design approach or upgrading old buildings is the best way to achieve social integration for all groups, as the application of universal design leads to create safe, accessible, and usable environments to all social groups.

Development of Perceived Discrimination Questionnaire: A Measure for Different Social Categories Students

INTRODUCTIONPsychologist have long noted that repeated exposure discrimination is psychologically harmful for the target and may contribute well established health disparities between black and white individuals (Mays, Cochram & Branes, 2007). Perception of discrimination increasingly recognized as important psychological realities for ethnic group members (Dion & Kawakame, 1996). Croker & Mojor (1989) point out that negative experiences often unclear for the people belong devalued group. Negative experiences with others could be result of one's lack of merit, inferior qualifications, poor performance or other short comings. It could be result of prejudice and discrimination on one's ethnic identity. Verkuyten (1998) drew on social identity theory distinguish between group self esteem and personal self esteem, suggest the negative effect of perceived discrimination on ethnic self esteem. Individual with low self esteem reported higher level of perceived discrimination. Phinney, Modden & Santos (1998) reported that self esteem has been linked ethnic discrimination.Pasco & Richman (2009) defined that discrimination is a behavioral manifestation of negative attitude, judgment or unfair towards the members of a group. People hold negative attitude towards members of various groups and cannot express these view directly. Law, social pressure, fear of revenge and all related serve deter people putting their prejudice view into open practice. Therefore, obvious form of discrimination is revealed as negative action towards the object of racial ethnic or religious prejudice (Swimm & Stangor, 1998). Discrimination is a prejudicial treatment of an individual based on his/her membership in a certain group or category. It involves group initial reaction or interaction, influencing the individual's actual behavior towards groups, restricting members of one group from opportunities that are available another group, leading exclusion of the individual or entities based on logical or irrational decision making.Dovideo & Heble (2005) states that discrimination behavior manifests at least two level: individual discrimination and institutional discrimination. Individual discrimination defined as to deny individuals or group of people equality of treatment which they wish (Allport 1954/79). It expressed between individual on the basis of their salient group identities. A person discriminates against another or the ground of his/her membership. Allport suggests five gradations of negative out group behaviors: verbal discrimination, avoidance, discrimination, physical attack and extermination. Institutional discrimination described manifested form of unfair treatment of minority group in society's individual attitude (Antronovskey 1960, Lewin & Lewin, 1982). This kind of discrimination is rooted in rules, procedure and action of social institutions (Sidanious and Pratto, 1999).Researches on perceived discrimination have been investigated by the experience of discrimination from the target group. Target of discrimination is associated with reduced well being and long term of negative consequences for physical and mental health (Major, Quinton & Mc Coy, 2002). Wirth & Williams (2009) suggested that attributing negative social treatment discrimination is distressing because discrimination is due an internal characteristics of the target (discrimination is due 'race'), which cannot be changed and might therefore lead future instances of discrimination. Jost, Banaji & Nosek (2004) argued that disadvantage group may be likely hold belief that legitimize the current social structure and that structure can hurt their group and their personally. The avoidance support the idea that people tend rationalize the status quo, this mean that, the extent that they see the system as legitimate members of high status groups would be more likely favor the ingroup, but members of low status groups would be more likely favor the out group. …

Income Inequality and the Veteran Experience

Previous researchers have evaluated how the dramatic rise in income inequality has affected the members of various groups of workers, such as those defined by gender, union status, and educational attainment. Yet apparently no researchers have yet explored how this increase may have affected people grouped by previous military service. This chapter addresses this gap by assessing trends in wage inequality between male veterans and nonveterans, and among veterans between 1979 and 2010. The findings suggest that similar to other groups, veterans have experienced decreased between-group inequality and increased within-group inequality and that these changes may stem not just from period but also from cohort effects.

100 Words: Becoming an Advocate One Essay at a Time

This article highlights how implementing a particular writing experience fosters the development of relationships between students and teachers.Being an advocate for young adolescents is as critical now as when This We Believe was first published. Being an advocate means actively keeping students' best interests in mind, building strong and positive relationships, and then creating supportive and caring learning environments for all students. Much attention over the last decade has emphasized the need for rigorous and relevant curriculum for adolescents (Caskey, 2002; Darling-Hammond 8c Friedlaender, 2008; National Middle School Association [NMSA], 2003; Partnership for 21st Century Skills, 2011). However, relationships, the third R in this group, remains one of the most critical components when advocating for adolescents (BeatyO'Ferrall, Green, 8c Hanna, 2010; Mo 8c Singh, 2008).Despite the focus on implementing rigorous content standards, building relationships with students cannot be overlooked or set aside in planning and developing instruction (Klem 8c Connell, 2004). Teachers need to understand students in a more personal way than just as learners of content in order to develop meaningful relationships with students. This means deeply understanding the typical and enduring needs of adolescents, and the specific needs of students. In essence, advocating for students means understanding them as individuals, how they see the world, how to help them develop strong and positive self-concepts, and then using these understandings to improve learning experiences in the classroom (Ladd, Birch, 8c Buhs, 1999; Pajares 8c Schunk, 2001; Parker, 2010).However, understanding what it means to be a young adolescent becomes increasingly more difficult as social, societal, political, and environmental factors change in our world. The challenges facing adolescents today are not the same challenges that most educators faced when they were adolescents. The ubiquitous access to technology and social media is but one example. Understanding students as individuals within the classroom may help with planning and instruction, but it also may help teachers better understand students' families and communities (Eccles, 8c Harold, 1996). Thus, educators need to be continually aware of the unique and localized needs of adolescents in their classrooms. In doing so they may more effectively create safe and supportive learning environments, better support students as individuals, and attend to the unique cultural differences (Jackson & Davis, 2000).Reflection in 100 wordsGaining a deeper understanding of my students as individuals, as members of various groups, and their cultural ties seemed overwhelming at first. Yet, with the use of a simple and short essay, I was able to quickly understand how they viewed the world around them and their role within it. I decided to ask my advisory class, students I saw for two 30-minute periods each day, to respond to the following prompt: Describe in 100 words, what is it like to be your age? This prompt was given only once within the first couple of months of school after several weeks of working closely with these students and developing their trust and respect, though it could be repeated throughout the school year. I told them that I wanted to better understand what life was like for them so that I could learn to be a better teacher.When the time came to assign the essay, I informed the class that their responses would not be shared with anyone they might know-parents, classmates, or other adults at school. As such, in order to continue to respect this anonymity, students are not referred to by name in any of the responses below. I shared my belief that sometimes adults do not understand what teenagers experience in life and school, and that by better understanding their perspectives, I could then make better decisions on how to meet their needs as their teacher. Needless to say, their initial responses and reactions included many rolling eyes and groans, yet students quickly began writing. …

Droga do wykluczenia – neoliberalny dyskurs wobec prywatyzacji warszawskich szkół i stołówek

The article deals with social influence of neoliberal discourse on privatization of schools and school canteens in Warsaw. In the light of social analysis of discourse, the term means social activities situated in the area designated by ‘understanding, communicating and interpersonal interactions, where the above mentioned phenomena are being a part of a wider context constituted by social and cultural structures and processes’. In Teun A. van Dijk’s understanding of the term, a discursive social activity takes place, when ‘the language users take part in communication not only as entities, but also as members of various groups, institutions and cultures’, whereas through their statements they create, they confirm or question the social and political structures and institutions. The city council and district councils are places where the speech not only mirrors relations of social ascendancy (the councilors are always first to speak before the inhabitants), but also this ascendancy is being ‘performed’ by ‘constituting’ their recipient at the moment of enunciation (for example the figure of ‘homo sovieticus’ often mentioned by the councilors). Councils are places, where the enunciated social structure mentions and preserves the ascendant’s position. The aim of the article was to show how some of the macro-scaled problems (neo-liberalism, crisis of the representative’s democracy) reveal its violent nature in the micro-scale (Warsaw councilors’ policy towards schools and school canteens).

Review of Dora Hanninen,A Theory of Music Analysis: On Segmentation and Associative Organization(University of Rochester Press, 2012)

[1] The innovative perspective set forth in Dora Hanninen's A Theory of Music Analysis: Segmentation and Associative Organization can be glimpsed in its very title. The title proper states the scope of the project at hand: this theory is not a theory of any particular technique, composer, or body of music, but of the practice of analysis-which here seems to encompass any committed, particularized thinking about any piece of music-construed broadly. This immediately evokes one of the most conspicuous of the book's virtues: in order to accommodate the theory's generality, the specific analytical tools proposed are almost infinitely flexible. The subtitle, On Segmentation and Associative Organization, states implicitly what the book will soon make explicit in great detail, that the act of forming and relating segments is basic to in this most general sense, independent of any particular repertoire, analytical technique, or governing theory. The title further suggests a motivation for the book: the process of forming and relating segments, despite the fact that it is basic to music analysis, is complex, and worth addressing directly. The result is a challenging but rewarding reimagination of analytical practice with insights and implications for almost every music analyst. A brief analytical demonstration will present some of the issues involved.Example 1. Milton Babbitt's Composition for Four Instruments, measures 1-9. Score in C. Accidentals affect only those notes which they immediately precedeExample 2. Trichordal array for the first two aggregates of Composition for Four Instruments. Dotted lines reflect partitioning, solid lines reflect aggregate boundariesExample 3. Segmentation of the second aggregate of Composition for Four Instruments into temporally discrete (013) trichordsExample 4. Segmentation of the second aggregate of Composition for Four Instruments into dynamically discrete (027) trichordsExample 5. Hanninen's Schematic representation of the general theory of music analysis (Example 1-1, page 6)[2] Example 1 presents 24 notes. It also presents the opening of a piece of music called Composition for Four Instruments, by Milton Babbitt.(1) Surely, an understanding of those 24 notes as part of the larger whole is dependent, at the very least, on understanding them as more than just 24 isolated events, but as members of various groups that relate to each other in various ways and that themselves, eventually, compound into even larger groups. But an attempt at isolating the segments in this passage leads to numerous, conflicting possibilities for how this process might unfold. Example 2 presents the passage's trichordal array. This perspective highlights registrally distinct (014) trichords, their combination into hexachords, and the division of the whole passage into two aggregates. However, if we instead proceed from the presumption that silences define segment boundaries, we get a somewhat different perspective. The first trichord, as in the trichordal array analysis, is set apart from the rest of the passage by the rest that follows it. But continuing to follow the pattern of notes and rests, one would also be led to understand segment boundaries between G and D and D and F in measures 5 and 6, isolating D and F at the end of the first aggregate. The second aggregate presents a similar conflict between segmentations: rests separate the first aggregate from the second aggregate and the first pair of trichords of the second aggregate from its second pair, but two further rests appear in measure 8, isolating D in measure 8 and G in measure 9. There is an underlying relation to the trichordal array-rests follow the last-stated note of every trichord in the array-but, generally, tracking sounds and silences leads to a very different segmentation than that indicated by Example 2. From the perspective of articulation, the long slur over the first six measures divides the passage into two, the first six measures separated from the last three. …

Eukaryotic protein kinases in cyanobacteria

This review presents the data on the role of eukaryotic-like serine/threonine protein kinases in the members of various groups of cyanobacteria. Information is provided for the two most studied model species (Anabaena and Synechocystis), differing in their morphology and ecophysiological features, and covers the entire period of study of this group of enzymes in cyanobacteria.

Communication, community, crisis: Mapping uses and gratifications in the contemporary media environment

The article analyzes how community members who were evacuated from their homes use various media, and especially the internet, to keep in touch, receive and disseminate information and express their opinions. Of particular interest are the differences between members of various groups, who differ in their decision whether to relocate in Israel with the rest of the original community or not, in media usage patterns and sense of community. The findings demonstrate that evacuees use diversity and multiplicity of media, where various media are used for different purposes according to need. Small media, with a rather limited and local reach (such as pamphlets, SMS, niche websites and small-scale meetings) are predominantly used for most of the needs, overshadowing mass media usage. Correlations were found amongst various media usages, and between the usage of various media and users’ sense of community. The study demonstrates how contemporary media users use a variety of media depending on their circumstances and needs, and how media usage assists in establishing and maintaining a sense of community after the forced transition from the communities of origin.

Wall ultrastructure in three species of the dispersed spore Emphanisporites from the Early Devonian

Emphanisporites is a widely dispersed and well recognized spore genus that ranges from the Late Silurian throughout most of the Devonian. In this contribution, we present basic ultrastructural details for three species in the genus; E. rotatus, E. annulatus, and E. schultzii (with one specimen possibly grading into E. erraticus). Under the TEM, spores are variable – even within species – with respect to presence of laminae, orientation of laminae, presence of localized spongy layers, presence and prominence of equatorial thickenings, and overall exospore thickness, which ranges from 1.5 to 5.0 μm. There are also common elements of the spore ultrastructure, including: spongy zones at the base of sutures, and ornamentation integral to exospores (as opposed to perispore or para-exospore). Two features that are present in some of the specimens may offer insights into the vexing question of the affinities of the parent plants of these spores. Some specimens have both a single homogeneous lamina at the exospore surface, and a structure we are calling a “pseudosuture”, which is a zone of weakness, similar to a proximal suture, that occurs at the spore equator. Such a feature is known among extant plant spores only among the hornworts. When considering all the ultrastructural evidence together, and comparing it to that known for all extant plant spores, a case can be made for production by both hornworts and lycopsids. Thus, we conclude that the emphanoid condition (possessing proximate radially disposed muri) likely arose in response to some as yet unknown selective factor, and that members of various groups adopted the form by convergence.

Developing a Citywide Youth Violence Prevention Plan

Researchers suggest that violence prevention requires community-wide efforts and partnerships that demonstrate commitment to youth development. Missing from this research, however, are studies considering how these partnerships are formed and how members of various groups involved in these partnerships perceive youth violence prevention. This study sought to fill this void. A series of seven focus group interviews were conducted with 85 stakeholders involved in developing a youth violence prevention plan in one community. Results suggest that the stakeholders were optimistic about developing violence prevention strategies and forging partnerships between various groups. Participants pointed to specific themes that provide a framework for understanding youth violence prevention planning efforts. Implications are provided.

Mediated Deviance and Social Otherness: Interrogating Influential Representations by Kylo‐Patrick R. Hart, Ed

Mediated Deviance and Social Otherness: Interrogating Influential Representations Kylo-Patrick R. Hart, Ed. Newcastle, UK: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2007. This volume focuses on representations of deviance from mainstream society in a diversity of media, including popular books, films, television programs, musical forms, Internet sites, news accounts, and advertising. It aims to offer a critical understanding of the various ways in which media representations influence and shape widely shared notions of deviance and otherness that often have negative effects on real people. Most of the essays concern case studies of such representations in US media and culture from the 1890s to the present, with emphasis on the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries. Needless to say, these representations have, to a varying degree, also influenced other societies within the American cultural orbit. The contributors to the volume look more particularly at how members of various groups (e.g., men, women, adolescents, senior citizens, African Americans, Asian Americans, Native Americans, Latinos, gay men, lesbians, etc.) and/or various phenomenon as experienced by individuals in a society (e.g., poverty, HIV/AIDs infection, etc.) are differentially portrayed in the media offerings concerned. They also consider how these representations in turn influence the ways in which recipients of those media contents perceive, and respond to, members of the groups or the lived realities of the phenomena in question. As the editor explains well in his brief introduction, the cumulative media messages about members of various groups and phenomena experienced by individuals in a society contribute substantially to the construction of the historical and in question. The resulting constructions do not necessarily correspond to social reality in an objective sense, but they do influence the way in which individuals perceive their world and behave within it, whether these definitions are objectively valid or not. Research in the mediarepresentation tradition generally seeks to answer the following related questions: What kinds of media images are presented of specific groups, and what do they reveal about their position in a culture? Who constructs these media images, and whose interests do they ultimately serve? What are the potential consequences of the typical strategies used to represent these groups? What kinds of stereotypes are conveyed in such representations, and how can they be undermined or ultimately eliminated? (1-3). Understandably, not all of these questions are answered in each and every case described in this volume. The book consists of six parts, focusing on age and generation differences (the greaser in juvenile delinquency films of the 1950s and the gangsta in ghetto action films of the 1990s; Lizzie Borden's archetypical wicked stepmother); crime and criminals (life in male prisons as depicted in the TV series Oz; Mike Leigh's 2004 film Vera Drake on backstreet abortionists in 1950s London; journalistic coverage of maternal infanticide); disease and disability (social and ideological implications of representations of AIDS in Kids, a popular teenage film, in African films, and in American film melodramas such as Philadelphia (1993) and Safe (1995); people with disabilities in Otto Preminger's 1970 film Tell Me That You Love Me, Junie Moon); gender, race, and class (masculinity and outlaw country music; early 1900s sexual advice manuals, differentially targeted to white and African-American audiences; pop-rap music and female empowerment; interracial sex and and self-cannibalism; the media discourse on the OJ. Simpson case); sexual orientation (homosexuality and fascism in Italian cinema films; lesbians and women-centered experiences in Showtime's television series The L Word; gay male youth, their coming-out narratives, and vulnerabilities when entering gay Internet chat rooms); and a residual category of forms of mediated deviance and otherness (Krafft-Ebing's literary invention of masochism; turn of the twentieth-century electric-bulb sign spectaculars and cultured upper class fears that these encourage debauchery; entirely detached depictions of cruel, and frequently senseless, sexual behavior as experienced by the female protagonists in the controversial French novel Baisse-Moi). …

Introduction: Multiculturalism Discourses in Canada

CONTEXT AND FOCUS The management of ethnocultural diversity is a major governance function in most countries in the world today, and Canada is no exception. In most of these countries various approaches to diversity management have been highly scrutinized and debated in the media and in the academic literature. One of the approaches that has received extensive attention has been multiculturalism. In Canada multiculturalism, both in terms of public philosophy and public policy, has been the subject of much debate during the past four decades. The extensiveness and intensity of the debates have increased in recent years in light of at least four major developments--the inclusion of the provision related to multiculturalism in the Constitution Act of 1982, Canada's Multiculturalism Act of 1988, Quebec's adoption of the interculturalism model for managing diversity, and the concerns for security in light of the events of September 11, 2001 and subsequent events such as the 2002 Bali bombings, the 2004 Madrid train bombings, the 2005 London bombings, the 2005 civil riots in France, and the 2006 arrests of seventeen alleged terrorists in Ontario, Canada. It can be argued that September 11, 2001 was a formative event that demarcated a new period in diversity management, now commonly referred to as thepost 9/11 era. In this new era, multiculturalism discourses now clearly have a component that can be referred to as and/or discourse. The term post-multiculturalism was first used in Britain a few years ago in the context of the need for alternative philosophies and models to multiculturalism that would foster social cohesion and promote assimilation and a common identity. (1) The central premise of the anti- and/or discourse is that multiculturalism is not working and that modified or radically different public philosophies or public policies and programs are needed that move beyond multiculturalism as it is presently known and constituted. (2) A central argument contained in the anti- and/or literature is that multiculturalism is not working because it is segregating, rather than integrating, diverse racial, ethnic, and religious groups. In other words, the policy and practice of multiculturalism contributes to social and political fragmentation that makes social and political cohesion difficult, if not impossible. It is this fragmentation discourse of the anti- and/or post-muhiculturalism literature that this special issue addresses. The two central questions are: What is the nature of anti- and/or discourse in academic and media texts regarding the effects that Canadian multiculturalism public philosophy and public policy have on fragmentation and cohesion? What implications does this discourse have for the current Canadian public philosophy and public policy on multiculturalism and, ultimately, for the Canadian polity? OBJECTIVES AND OVERVIEW OF THE ARTICLES The objective of each of the articles in this issue is to examine a central aspect of the discourse on multiculturalism and, where possible, on the aspect of the discourse that relates to anti and/or in which social and political fragmentation is a theme. Lloyd Wong provides an overview and analysis of the literature produced by leading sociologists in Canada and Europe (e.g., John Porter, Reginald Bibby, Michel Wieviorka, Bruno Latour, and Tahir Abbas) in which multiculturalism is depicted as fostering societal fragmentation. After providing an overview of the positions of these sociologists on the fragmentary effects of multiculturalism, Wong explains two important conceptual distinctions in the extant literature. The first distinction is between fragmented pluralism, which entails a separation and segregation of members of various groups, and interactive pluralism, which entails interaction and conversation between members of various groups. …

Constitutional Accommodation of Ethnocultural Diversity in Thepost-Colonial African State

The issue of minorities or the question of the accommodation of ethnic diversity is a longstanding dilemmas that has continued to trouble the post-colonial African state. Despite more than four decades of nation-building, most African states lack national cohesion and suffer from problems of ethnic conflicts. This article submits that this is largely attributable to the nature of Africa’s post-colonial nation-building process. The first and main aim of this article is accordingly to investigate the nature of post-colonial nation-building. To this end, the paper interrogates the nature of constitutional and policy approaches of the post-colonial African state to this dilemma and explicates why and how these approaches have failed. As the investigation reveals, one of the characteristics of the post-colonial nation-building and constitutional discourse and practice in Africa was the refusal to take due account of Africa’s ethno-cultural diversity and develop relevant institutions and policies for the accommodation of the interests and identity of the different communities that together constitute the modern African state. Second, against the premise of the imperative of the politics of recognition, using materials from liberal multiculturalism and international human rights, the article argues for and sketches out an alternative constitutional framework that facilitates the accommodation of the interests and identity of members of various groups in the process of national integration. This anaysis reveals that South Africa represents a good example of a country with such a constitutional framework, from which other African countries can identify important insights for building a democratic constitutional order that adequately accommodates their diversity.

Radiation and modern life Fulfilling Marie Curie's dream

The 20th century has often been associated with the advent of nuclear phenomena: the use of the atomic bomb to finally end World War II, the development of nuclear power for the generation of electricity, and the use of nuclear medicine to help with investigation and treatment of various diseases, including cancer. Perhaps no single scientific theme has evoked such passion, manifested as division into pro- and antinuclear camps. There have been many articles and introductory books that have attempted to present a positive image of nuclear technology. Alan Waltar’s excellently written book Radiation and modern life: fulfilling Marie Curie’s dream has brought this subject to a unique level that many students, members of various groups, and lay people can read and appreciate. Just after reading the first few chapters, one can see the passion that Waltar has for the subject matter. The book begins with a tribute to Marie Curie by her granddaughter Helene Langevin-Joliot, who provides a short but very effective historical account of the Curies, from their quest to discover and isolate radium to the premature death of Marie Curie in 1934. Next is a short prologue regarding the inception and inauguration of “The Legacy of Marie Curie: One Hundred Years of Science Innovation” held at Texas A&M University in 2000. This museum-quality exhibition eventually traveled to ten sites in the US. The success of this unique showing led to the determination of Alan Waltar to write this book. In the first chapter, instead of providing the usual detailed introductory descriptions of the chemistry and physics of radioactivity and radiation, he successfully uses short anecdotes about fresh-food preservation, spacecraft power, airport lights, historical dating, efficient engines, and cancer detection, all using various forms of radiation technology, to cleverly pique the interest of the reader. This is masterfully done. The book then takes on a life if its own. There are virtually no mathematical equations, just very effective explanations and illustrations of basic nuclear properties and the application of radiation in a wide variety of areas in science and technology as well as the major impact it has in the public domain. A very good explanation of the origin of naturally occurring radiation in the environment with a good synopsis of radiation effects at low and high doses is given in the second chapter. The basic concepts of radiation interactions are provided in the third chapter, in which fundamental processes are clarified in uncomplicated terms. Radiation in agriculture, medicine, and nuclear power is well explained in the next three chapters. Each of these areas is treated with detailed examples of the positive benefits of radiation, such as higher crop production, control of insect pests, improved medical diagnostic and therapeutic techniques, and the production of nuclear electricity. Sections on radiation applications in industry, transportation, and space exploration are equally well written and thought out. Topics include process controls, materials composition, cars and trucks, space missions, manned voyages, and the radiation-related health effects of space travel. Additional sections on applied radiation include topics related to terrorism, crime and public safety, arts and sciences, and environmental protection. Excellent descriptions of work in antiterrorism efforts, archaeological investigation activities, soil erosion, and air pollution studies are given. In an additional chapter, the impact of radiation on the economy is also very well described. Alan Waltar infuses his own personal beliefs about the critical importance of applied radiation technology into a final chapter offering a glimpse into the future. He has done a commendable job in citing many examples in all of the above areas, many of which I am sure the public at large has little understanding of in terms of radiation’s benefits and impact on society. A detailed glossary of nuclear and radiation terms, references for each chapter, and a good index make this a very useful book for the novice as well as those wishing to have a better understanding of radiation and modern life. There is also a unique appendix that covers the uses of specific isotopes in medicine and environmental protection as well as in various other applications. In particular, this is an excellent book to be given to first- and second-year college and university students in liberal arts, sciences, and engineering. This manuscript is a welcome addition to the continuing education of students, nonstudents, and members of various citizen groups, both pro- and antinuclear, who often have been exposed to only a one-sided media view of radiation.

The extra-intestinal complications of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis: a study of 700 patients.

The records of a series of 700 patients with inflammatory bowel disease, 498 with Crohn's disease and 202 with ulcerative colitis, have been analyzed to determine the relative incidence and characteristic features of their extra-intestinal manifestations. The group with Crohn's disease included 62 with colitis, 223 with ileocolitis, and 213 with regional enteritis. A consideration of the clinical patterns and an understanding of their pathophysiology suggested a subdivision into two main groups: one "colitis related" and one related to the pathophysiology of the small nonspecific third group. Group A, colitis related, comprises joint, skin, mouth, and eye disease. The complications might be immunologically determined, were closely associated with active inflammation, and often responded to medical or surgical treatment of the underlying bowel disease. They occurred in 36% of the entire series of patients: joints were involved in 23%, skin in 15%, and mouth and eye each in 4%. Pyoderma gangrenosum was observed most often in ulcerative colitis and erythema nodosum most often in granulomatous colitis. The incidence of Group A complications was higher in disease involving the colon (42%) than in disease restricted exclusively to the small bowel (23%). There were interrelationships among the various members of Group A, with multiple manifestations occurring in a third of affected patients. Group B, related to small bowel pathophysiology, includes malabsorption, gallstones, kidney stones, and non-calculous hydronephrosis and hydroureter. Disorders in this group were generally related to the severity of the disease in the small bowel and tended to persist even in the absence of active inflammation. In contrast to Group A, this group occurred most frequently in small bowel disease, and least in colonic disease. Malabsorption was virtually confined to the patients with small bowel disease (10% incidence), while gallstones and renal stones were also both more frequent in Crohn's disease (11% and 9% respectively), the latter usually in association with small bowel resection or ileostomy. Group C, found in a small percentage of patients, consists of nonspecific complications, including osteoporosis (3%), liver disease (5%), peptic ulcer (10%), and amyloidosis (1%).

Factors Affecting the Aggregation of the Adult Cabbage Root Fly (Erioischia brassicae (Bouche)) at Hedges

Members of various groups of insects, including weak fliers such as Cecidomyiidae and stronger flying Staphylinidae, accumulate on the leeward side of artificial and natural windbreaks (e.g. Lewis 1965, 1969, 1970; Lewis & Stephenson 1966). Many factors affect this accumulation, including the height and permeability of windbreaks and the wind speed, but it has been suggested (Lewis & Dibley 1970) that insects accumulate because they are carried on the wind and are caught in the turbulent circulating air mass to the leeward of the windbreaks. Hawkes (1 972a) showed that adult Erioischia brassicae accumulated at hedges and this behaviour was associated with feeding from hedgerow flowers. There was a diurnal population movement of flies between hedges and a brassica crop and this appeared to be incompatible with accumulation at windbreaks as a result of the insects being carried on the wind. This paper describes experiments to observe whether wind causes aggregation of E. brassicae at natural hedges and at a lath barrier representing an artificial windbreak.

CHROMOSOMES OF HUMAN THYROID TUMORS.

Cytogenetic studies of one malignant and five benign human thyroid tumors grown in tissue culture are presented. In a follicular adenocarcinoma, a hyperdiploid stemline with supernumerary chromosomes in all groups was found. Abnormal chromosomes were not seen. In four of the adenomas studied, most of the cells had a normal chromosome complement. A history of prior x-irradiation to the face and neck was obtained from a fifty-four-year-old patient with a histologically benign microfollicular adenoma. Almost all of the cells had 46 chromosomes, but only a few had a normal karyo-type. The majority had a pseudodiploid chromosome complement due to either loss or acquisition of members of various groups, or the presence of abnormal chromosomes of varying size and configuration.

A scheme of separation of common inorganic cations and identification by filter paper strip chromatography

The filter paper strip Chromatographic separation of the individual members of various groups of the qualitative analysis chart has been described. Use has been made of the ascending method, using 60% aqueous ethanol as solvent. The migrated ions are detected after their separation by the use of organic reagents.