Members Of Tribe Research Articles

Components of stigma and its impact on maternal and child health service and outcomes: perspective of Akha hill tribe women in Thailand

BackgroundMaternal and child health (MCH) is crucial to the well-being of mothers and children. Stigma regarding access to MCH services is a major challenge, especially for hill tribe people in Thailand. The study aimed to understand the components of stigma and its impact on MCH service and outcomes including experiences and expectations to address the stigma in perspective of Akha hill tribe women in Thailand.MethodsA phenomenological qualitative approach was used to gather information from Akha women who had attended MCH service one year prior and had an experience with stigma. A validated question guide was used in the study. The interview was conducted in private and confidential rooms in the Akha hill tribe villages between June and September 2021. A thematic analysis was used to extract the major and minor themes and develop the findings.ResultsA total of 61 Akha postdelivery participants were recruited to provide information; the average age was 28.9 years, 32.8% had no Thai ID card, and 93.4% were married. Language, traditional clothing, poverty, and name were identified as drivers of stigma, while health care providers’ background, gender differences between clients and health care providers, and knowledge gaps facilitated the stigma. Being a member of a hill tribe acted as the stigma marker. Stigma manifestation was presented in the forms of verbal or physical abuse, refusal to provide treatment, and intentional disclosure of personal information to the public. Accepting the situation with no better option, defending oneself to receive better care and services, and using a private care service were experiences in addressing the stigma. Gender matching, active MCH service, mobile emergency clinics, and appropriate, permanent medical equipment in health care facilities located in their villages were the expectations.ConclusionAkha women face a variety of stigmas in access to MCH services, with substantial impacts on health outcomes, especially the rate of services in women and child health. Creating laws to prevent the occurrence of any forms of stigma and implementing gender matching in MCH services should be considered.

Δέν ειν’ ο περσινός καιρός . . . : Έλλη-νες κλεφταρματολοί καί Αλβανοί στασιαστές (1829–1831) [It’s not last year . . . : Greek militiamen-bandits and Albanian rebels (1829–1831)] by Basil K. Gounaris (Βασίλης Κ. Γούναρης)

Reviewed by: Δέν ειν’ ο περσινός καιρός . . . : Έλλη-νες κλεφταρματολοί καί Αλβανοί στασιαστές (1829–1831) [It’s not last year . . . : Greek militiamen-bandits and Albanian rebels (1829–1831)] by Basil K. Gounaris (Βασίλης Κ. Γούναρης) John Athanasios Mazis (bio) Basil K. Gounaris (Βασίλης Κ. Γούναρης), Δέν ειν’ ο περσινός καιρός... : Έλλη-νες κλεφταρματολοί καί Αλβανοί στασιαστές (1829–1831) [It’s not last year... : Greek militiamen-bandits and Albanian rebels (1829–1831)]. Athens: National Institute of Research / Institute of Historical Research, 2019. Pp. 240. Paper €10.80. In 2021 Greece commemorated the 200th anniversary of the beginning of its War of Independence. While the year 1821 is well documented as the start of the war, less well documented is the date that Greece’s independence was finally established. Was it 1827 with the Treaty of London, when the three Great Powers of Great Britain, France, and Russia agreed to mediate and create an autonomous Greece subject to the sultan? Or maybe it was 1829, when Greek rebels fought their last battle against Ottoman troops and the sultan, after losing the Russo-Turkish War of 1828–1829, was finally forced to agree to the terms of the London Protocol and signed the Treaty of Adrianople? Another London Protocol, this one in 1830, established Greece as an independent state, sans any allegiance to the sultan. The London Conference of 1832, and the Treaty of Constantinople which followed in the same year, applied the final touches by slightly changing the borders of the new state. The number of treaties mentioned above illustrates how thorny the Greek issue had become. But while the sophisticated “wise men” of Europe bargained and debated in London, attempting to solve the problem of Greece, less sophisticated individuals (at least by European standards) who were nonetheless wise men on their own [End Page 473] turf were attempting to negotiate life as it would be lived once Greece became independent and an international border cut across lands and peoples who were used to living and operating sans frontières. The complicated events and developments at the local level, away from the capital cities of Europe, constitute the subject of this work by Gounaris. On the one side we have Greek President Ioannis Kapodistrias, and on the other the Ottoman military commander and grand vizier Reşid Mehmed Pasha, better known as Kütahı. Both men, as Gounaris notes, were sophisticated and well acquainted with international diplomacy at the highest levels. On the other hand, the individuals who were the movers and shakers in the borderlands were neither sophisticated in international diplomacy nor were they firm in their allegiance. As Gounaris explains, the crux of the matter had to do with the pre-1832 designated borders for the new Greek state. As they were envisioned, they cut through mountainous areas which for years had been used by armed bands wishing to come and go from north to south without interference from the authorities (58–61). Now, in the post-independence era, an endless cast of characters attempted to safeguard their interests. There were Albanians from both the north and the south of Albania, members of different tribes and sub-tribes, both Christian and Muslim. Alongside them were Ottoman Turks—Muslims, but with little sympathy for the Albanians who were their coreligionists and had often been their comrades in arms. The story also features Greek Christians, many who had fought against the Ottomans and Albanians in the recent wars but also others who had fought alongside them and against their fellow Greeks. To complicate matters even more, a number of Greeks and Albanians were known to change sides and make private agreements (kapakia) with each other with no regard for religious and ethnic considerations. Many of these Albanian beys and Greek kapetans were looking after their personal safety and enrichment, often by attempting to receive salaries and positions from the Ottomans or the government of the newly established Greek state. Meanwhile, Kütahı and Kapodistrias attempted to solve these complicated and dangerous problems by any means at their disposal. At times they tried to placate the various interests while in other instances they tried to bring certain individuals under control. At the same time, both leaders, well-versed in international diplomacy, kept an eye on Western Europe and the deliberations there, not wanting their actions to draw the ire...

Deadly Aim: The Civil War Story of Michigan’s Anishinaabe Sharpshooters by Sally Walker

Reviewed by: Deadly Aim: The Civil War Story of Michigan’s Anishinaabe Sharpshooters by Sally Walker Matthew Pacer Sally Walker. Deadly Aim: The Civil War Story of Michigan’s Anishinaabe Sharpshooters. New York: Henry Holt and Co., 2019. Pp. 304. Appendices. Bibliography. Glossary. Illustrations. Index. Notes. Cloth: $19.99. Deadly Aim is another entry in Civil War literature, but it is one that also contains a pre- and post-conflict history. The interested reader or Civil War scholar will learn much about the reasons, the history, and the context that compelled Anishinaabe men to volunteer for war. While the book’s targeted audience is the younger reader, anyone interested in Michigan’s contribution to the Civil War will enjoy it. The early chapters discuss the formation of the Company K, an infantry regiment consisting primarily of members of Indigenous tribes of Michigan, including excellent and detailed descriptions of army life such as training, drills, and endless marching. The reader learns about the multiple struggles these men endured—not just the physical and psychological struggles associated with conflict, but also their continual battles with racism during and after the war. Their hardships and perseverance are important themes woven throughout the narrative. Another theme is the significance of Anishinaabe culture, particularly its warriors, called ogitchedaw. These roots are what the men drew from to help them excel as sharpshooters and soldiers. Throughout the book, Sally Walker includes many image callouts that provide context for the reader. These are both the greatest strength of the book and its primary weakness. The callouts not only provide context and history but also help the reader grow attached to the men’s stories. I wanted more such callouts [End Page 133] as I progressed through the book; however, they could also distract reader from the narrative. One would likely want to continue reading the main narrative—but would also want to follow the stories or blurbs contained in the callouts. Walker has crafted a wonderful and engaging story about the sharpshooters. She concludes with a profoundly satisfying final chapter and epilogue in which the reader learns the fate of numerous young men that the book follows. Though some of these conclusions are sad, they do provide closure for the men’s stories. After the epilogue comes an illuminating author’s note in which Walker provides just a hint of her research journey—including her consultations with groups such as the Eyaawing Museum and the Ziibiwing Center, sites she visited, and interesting vignettes she learned during the research. After that, Appendix A lists each Michigan Sharpshooter’s name and enlistment age. I suggest reading this first because knowing their ages will help the reader understand the struggles the soldiers faced and the horrors they witnessed. The remaining appendices provide additional information on several treaties, a timeline of Company K, a fully translated letter home from one of the soldiers, and a fascinating story about an eagle. Matthew Pacer Library of Michigan Copyright © 2022 Historical Society of Michigan

Epidemiology of prediabetes mellitus among hill tribe adults in Thailand.

Prediabetes is a major silent health problem that leads to the development of diabetes within a few years, particularly among those who have a low socioeconomic status. Hill tribe people are vulnerable to prediabetes due to their unique cultural cooking methods and their hard work on farms, as well as their low economic status and educational levels. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of prediabetes among hill tribe people in Thailand and identify the related factors. This cross-sectional study included participants who belong to one of the six main hill tribes: Akah, Lahu, Hmong, Yao, Karen, and Lisu. The study was conducted in 30 hill tribe villages in Chiang Rai Province, Thailand. A validated questionnaire was administered, and 5-mL blood specimens were collected. Data were collected between November 2019 and March 2020. Logistic regression was used to determine the associations between independent variables and prediabetes. A total of 1,406 participants were recruited for the study; 67.8% were women, 77.2% were between 40 and 59 years old, and 82.9% were married. The majority worked in the agricultural sector (57.2%), had an annual income ≤ 50,000 baht (67.5%), and had never attended school (69.3%). The prevalence of prediabetes was 11.2%. After controlling for age and sex, five factors were found to be associated with prediabetes. Members of the Akha and Lisu tribes had 2.03 (95% CI = 1.03-3.99) and 2.20 (95% CI = 1.10-4.42) times higher odds of having prediabetes than Karen tribe members, respectively. Those with hypertension (HT) had 1.47 (95% CI = 1.03-2.08) times higher odds of having prediabetes than those with normal blood pressure. Those with a normal total cholesterol level had 2.43 (95% CI = 1.65-3.58) times higher odds of having prediabetes than those with a high total cholesterol level. Those with a high triglyceride level had 1.64 (95% CI = 1.16-2.32) times higher odds of having prediabetes than those with a normal triglyceride level. Those with a high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) level had 1.96 (95% CI = 1.30-2.96) times higher odds of having prediabetes than those with a normal LDL-C level. Appropriate dietary guidelines and exercise should be promoted among hill tribe people between 30 and 59 years old to reduce the probability of developing prediabetes.

Câhiliye Dönemi’nde Siyasetin Edebiyata Etkisi

Since there is no state structure in the Jahiliyyah Period, political situation is highly uncertain and mysterious. However, the political situation reached its peak with the Umayyad dynasty while still being present during the Jahiliyyah Period. It is a known fact that the civilizations of The Jahiliyyah Period are quite different from the other civilizations in the past times. Due to geographic hardships, it is impossible to survive in the Arabian Peninsula with a nuclear family. Thus, the people of the age were forced to live with groups of people who are gathered by kindred ship. These group created the concept of tribe as a social structure. A tribe is a small state in the desert who has a socio-politic structure more than just kindred ship. Tribe members live in the tribe they are born into and obey to its rules. In addition, the tribe members join battles, get their revenge, and internalize the honour and reputation of their tribe as their own. Each tribe has a leader, and the tribes are governed by their leaders. The term “tribe” also states the political organization inside the tribe. The spirit that leads the members of a tribe to take action against the hazards and act together is called Asabiyyah. The motto of Asabiyyah is “help your brother, tyrant or oppressed”. The people of the period were forced to comply with the rules and the politics that are created by the formation of tribes. Tribe life affected the literary works of the period. The poets of the period wrote many political praise poems to help their tribe dominate the politics, and many political satiric poems to criticize their enemies. In this article, political poems written in the Jahiliyyah period will be exemplified.

A Critique of Philosophical Shamanism

A Critique of Philosophical Shamanism

خاندان بنو لہب کے محدثین کا تذکرہ: سندِ حدیث میں موجود نسبت اللھبی کے حوالہ سے A Study of the Muhadditheen of the Banu Lahab Family: Regarding the Al-Lahabi Chain in Sanad al-Hadith

In the sciences of Hadith, "Ilm Asma-ul-Rijal" is not less than the rampart for a fort. There are different ways of identifying the narrators of Hadith (Muhadditheen) through this Ilm Asma-ul-Rijal, which include their names, surnames, titles, lineage, attributes, authorship, status and shortcomings. In the topic under discussion, the possible aspects of the title "Al-Lahabi" mentioned in the Isnaad of the hadith have been studied. In this regard, an attempt has been made to know from the titles of the narrators, in the chain of narrators, and their relation with Al-Lahabi lineage whether they belong to the same family of Abu Lahab whose ancestor Abu Lahab’s enmity towards Islam was manifest and whether this family rendered its services to Islam? And among those who have been blessed with this service, only the authentic narrators have been mentioned with reference to the service of Hadith. The main purpose of this research is to determine the place and position of the descendants of Abu Lahab in the Ilm-e-Hadith by mentioning their knowledge and services. These gentlemen are not mentioned in the sources due to their services not being compiled and described. o, they could not get the pride of place which they deserved like the members of any other tribe. Therefore, in this paper, their introduction and their traditions are described so that their narrations can be assessed in the light of the valid rules and regulations of the narration of Hadith instead of prejudice and blind replication. I hope this study will subsequently open the doors for researchers on many aspects such as the social, religious, and political services of this family.

Investigation of the Bleeding Tendency in Sudanese Female Carriers of Hemophilia B.

Background Hemophilia (HB) is an X-linked, recessive bleeding disorder characterized by the deficiency or absence of the coagulation factor IX. Usually, females are carriers of the trait, while males are affected. FIX deficiency leads to uncontrollable bleeding events, and the severity is dependent on the levels of the clotting factor. The objective of this research was to measure the prevalence of bleeding tendency in Sudanese carriers of HB. Materials and Methods In this cross-sectional study, 88 Sudanese carriers of HB participated. The activated partial thromboplastin time test (APTT) and FIX test were performed for each carrier. The frequencies of DNA polymorphism and FIX-linked restriction fragments BamHI, HhaI, and MnII were also assessed. The study was conducted in Khartoum, Sudan, during the period from 2015 to 2017. Results The study showed that 55 (62.5%) HB carriers were from the Laban village in the White Nile State, and all of them were members of the Shinkheb tribe. The mean age of the study population was 26.3 years. Among the carriers, 57 (64.7%) had abnormal coagulation profiles. The mean value of the APTT level among carriers was significantly increased (P value: 0.000), while the mean concentration of the FIX levels among the carriers was significantly decreased (P value: 0.000). The study also showed a negative correlation between PTT and F assay with P value of 0.000 and R value of 0.578. Conclusion The APTT is high in most carriers and the FIX assay level is low in most carriers. Most carriers had no symptoms and were not bleeding. The Shinkheb tribe is the most ethnic tribe carrying HB (62.5%). HhaII is more informative for carrier detection than others, but it is of significant value if both (MnII and HhaII) were performed in parallel. In Sudanese, BamHI was informative but MnII and HhaII were best in the mutation detection and for prenatal diagnosis.

Social Support and Diabetes Management Among Older American Indians.

ObjectiveGreater understanding how relationships that can facilitate or impede type 2 diabetes (T2D) management and control among older American Indian people is an overlooked, yet urgently needed strategy. Thus, we examined social support among older American Indian people in relation to their T2D management.MethodsDuring the fall 2015, we conducted qualitative interviews with 28 participants aged ≥ 60 years who were members of a federally-recognized tribe. Drawing upon the buffering and direct effects theoretical models of how social support affects health, we examined transcribed audio recordings of the interviews with a systematic text analysis approach. We used a low-inference qualitative descriptive design to provide a situated understanding of participants' life experiences using their naturalistic expressions.ResultsThe mean age of our participants was 73.0 ± 6.4 years with a mean HbA1c of 7.3 ± 1.5. Main social support sources were family, clinicians/formal services, community/culture, and spiritual/God. All four common social support types were represented, namely emotional, instrumental, informational, and appraisal support with most being instrumental in nature. A prominent gender difference was seen with respect to men receiving more instrumental support family/friends support than women.DiscussionValue orientations among American Indian people often reflect extended social systems and interdependence. A deeper understanding is needed of how social relationships can be better leveraged to aid in effective T2D management among older American Indian people. The development and implementation of evidence-based social network interventions with an assets-based orientation that build upon the cultural value of reciprocity hold promise to improve T2D outcomes of older American Indian people.

Tribal Mobilisation Forces in Iraq: Subtleties of Formation and Consequential Power Dynamics

ABSTRACT This paper aims to investigate the Iraqi state’s utilization of tribalism to mobilize and deploy forces against its opponents. The paper argues that state elites exploit tribal divisions for short-term gain, ignoring their detrimental effects on national unity. The case study laid out in this paper, that of Salahedin Brigade, a tribal mobilization unit that was established in Shirqat by members of the al-Jabbour tribe in 2015, shows how tribalism is nurtured when central power is held by an uneasy few, who prefer to govern through the tactics of divide and conquer rather than confront the basic contradictions in their society.

Ethnolinguistic Vitality of Manide Tribe: Basis for Proposing Educational Material Plan

This study determined the vitality of the language of Manide and the practices they observe to preserve it. This study utilized the descriptive research method. A semi-structured interview was conducted using the Indicators of Ethnolinguistic Vitality Review and Score Sheet as a survey checklist for 20 elders, adults, and youth Manide respondents. The data gathered were transcribed and thematically analyzed through manual Vivo coding. Results revealed that although more tribe members comprised of youth, adults and elders are inclined to use their language in day-to-day conversation, there are factors that caused them to shift to Tagalog; thus, based on Indicators of Ethnolinguistic Vitality (IEV), there is a probable shift in process in their language. Further, maintaining the use of language and shifting only when the needs arise, Documenting songs in Manide with translations in Tagalog, Creating Manide pieces for performances during events, and Teaching the Tradition to the young generation are four the disclosed practices they observe to maintain their language. Although these posited practices were found to help maintain the viability of the Manide language, there is still a need to create tangible support to preserve it against the identified threats. Consequently, out of the analysis of the current language status, an Educational material plan has been crafted with the concepts: Language exposure, Literary piece creation, Generational transmission of tradition, and Education continuum as its main components. These generated language preservation concepts are believed to be an initial step to protecting the Manide language of the tribe.

Characterization and phylogenetic analysis of the complete chloroplast genome of Cyanthillium cinereum (L.) H. Rob

Cyanthillium cinereum is a member of the tribe Vernonieae from the family Compositae. The tribe was traditionally placed in the subfamily Cichorioideae, but is recently proposed to be placed in its own subfamily Vernonioideae. The complete chloroplast genome (cp genome) of the genus Cyanthillium is sequenced for the first time. The cp genome of C. cinereum is 152,750 bp in length. It contained a large single copy (LSC) region (83,871 bp), and small single copy (SSC) region (18,487 bp), and two inverted repeats (IRs, 25,196 bp). Phylogenetic analysis of 20 species was conducted. C. cinereum and Gymnanthemum amygdalinum which are members of tribe Vernonieae nested outside of the monophyletic clade formed by members of subfamily Cichorioideae. The findings would be useful to understand the phylogeny of the genus Cyanthillium and the subfamily Vernonioideae.

THE CHANGING STRUCTURE OF THE TRIBE IN THE PROCESS OF URBANIZATION

The study dealts with the changes faced by the tribes in the urbanization process. The city stands out as a place where modern life manifests. The tribe, on the other hand, is known to be an organizational form in which traditionalism and the sense of community is dominant. While the urban individual has an individual vision of the world, the individual in the tribal culture adopts a more collectivist attitude. In this sense, when compared to tribal relations, urban relations are a more superficial and not intimate. Basically, the tribe and the city refer to very different structures. The city stucture and texture are unique to itself and the forms of social relations it dress itself are therefore different from rural forms. Tribal structures are also very different from urban practices thereby causes conflict and difficulties for the individual. At this point, some adaptation problems arise because the tribe members strive to maintain a collectivist relationship. In addition, while there is no authority other than law in the city, a tribal individual needs to obey the tribal leader. As seen, the cities do not conform to the lifestyles of the tribesmen, forcing them to change. But not limited to this alone, this paradox ultimately results in the heterogeneity of the cities, leading to question the current issue of traditional tribal organizations in modern cities. Thus, the last word is that despite the rural areas that tribal background remains strong, the urban tribe has changed with the urbanization process.

Tribal mobilisation during the Syrian civil war: the case of al-Baqqer brigade

ABSTRACT As a result of the debilitating situation that the Syrian state reached during the Syrian Civil War, the government relies heavily on paramilitary groups to confront security challenges. Existing studies imply that all the paramilitary groups in Syria were formed in a largely top-down process. Focusing on the rise of al-Baqqer Brigade in Syria and relying on a series of in-depth interviews with members of the al-Baggara tribe who make up most of this militia, this paper challenges that assumption. The paper shows that the emergence of tribal militias is principally a grassroots phenomenon stemming from competition over local resources. It argues that the Syrian state has seized this opportunity and outsourced some of its security and counterinsurgency tasks to the group.

KEARIFAN LOKAL MASYARAKAT NELAYAN DI KAMPUNG TALISAYAN KECAMATAN TALISAYAN KABUPATEN BERAU

The purposes of this research are to study the characteristics of fishing communities, to learn the values of local wisdom contained in fishing communities. The sample method that used in this research is purposive sampling which was taken from 20 respondents. This research used the descriptive qualitative analysis method. In simply, the fishing communities in Talisayan village have slightly different characteristics, such as they put the male family members first before women in their meal time. All the tribe members do the tradition Buang Naas to throw away all dangers and bad luck. They have to keep their attitude, especially from speaking harsh words. They also cannot go to the sea on Friday or they believe they could get in danger. There are also some other rules and prohibitions that they follow such as prohibition to catch endangered species fish, littering the sea, cutting down mangrove trees, use bomb to catch the fish which can causing damage to the ecosystem underwater, etc. Techniques and technologies used by the fishing community in Talisayanare they use natural signs to predict the condition of the sea andthey still usethe traditional fishing gear. In terms of practices and traditions that are still being carried out is the management of local institutions in the form of fishermen's social gathering and for those fishermen who violates the rules by using bombs or explosivesto catch fish will be reported to police officers. Talisayan fishing areas are moved according to natural conditions.

Drivers, facilitators, and sources of stigma among Akha and Lahu hill tribe people who used methamphetamine in Thailand: a qualitative approach

BackgroundThe stigma related to drug use has several impacts, including effects on users’ physical and mental health. Methamphetamine is a major drug that is used among hill tribes living in the border areas of Thailand and Myanmar. This study aimed to understand the drivers, facilitators, sources and outcomes of the stigma surrounding drug use, including the expectations among Akha and Lau hill tribe people who use methamphetamine in Thailand.MethodsQualitative data were used to elicit information from key informants and members of the hill tribes who used methamphetamine. The questionnaire was developed from a literature review and tested for validity before use. In-depth interviews were used to confidentially gather information from the participants in private rooms in villages. Each interview lasted 45 min, and a thematic analysis was conducted to examine the findings.ResultsA total of 46 participants were recruited to provide information; 95.7% were male, and 50.0% were aged 15–34 years. The majority were married (47.8%), 76.1% were Christian, and 45.7% graduated high school. Six drivers of stigma were detected: being poor, illiterate, unemployed, working aged, female, and married. Culture and tribe acted as facilitators of the stigma attached to methamphetamine use. Four sources of stigma were found: self, family members, peers, and community members. Three outcomes of stigma were determined: poor physical health, mental health, and relationships with others. There were four levels of expectations: no expectations, expectations for themselves, expectations for their family members, and expectations for their community members.ConclusionsMany personal traits, people living nearby, and socioeconomic factors, including culture and tribes, act as drivers, facilitators, and sources of stigma among hill tribe people who use methamphetamine. A program to reduce methamphetamine use among hill tribes should be implemented, which could eventually minimize stigma.

Native Villages of La Salle's Illinois Country

Native Villages of La Salle's Illinois Country

Barriers to Achieving Reproductive Justice for an Indigenous Gulf Coast Tribe.

Reproductive justice is increasingly being utilized as a framework for exploring women's reproductive health experiences. However, this topic has not yet been explored among Indigenous state-recognized tribes who do not utilize the Indian Health Service, and little research explores what other factors impact women's ability to reach their reproductive goals. A qualitative descriptive research methodology was used to explore experiences of reproductive justice among members of an Indigenous state-recognized tribe in the Gulf Coast. Data were collected through qualitative semi-structured life-history interviews with female tribal members. Several key themes emerged illustrating barriers related to women achieving their reproductive desires. These included: (a) High Prevalence of Hysterectomy or Sterilization; (b) Experiences with Infertility Common; and (c) High Frequency of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome or Endometriosis. Findings of this study reveal that Indigenous women face multiple barriers to achieving reproductive justice. This study is unique in exploring the family planning desires and goals, and the barriers experienced in achieving these reproductive desires, for women in a Gulf Coast, non-federally recognized Indigenous tribe. These results contextualize national trends and suggest that Indigenous women in this study experience reproductive injustices that harm their ability to achieve their reproductive desires.

INTRODUCTION TO THE COMPOSITAE – 3

INTRODUCTION TO THE COMPOSITAE – 3

Diversity of medicinal plants used for skincare by Bulungan tribe in North Kalimantan, Indonesia and its melanin biosynthesis inhibition

Abstract. Kartina, Batubara I, Kuspradini H, Kusuma IW, Wahyuni WT, Egra S, Matsunaga T. 2022. Diversity of medicinal plants used for skincare by Bulungan tribe in North Kalimantan, Indonesia and its melanin biosynthesis inhibition. Biodiversitas 23: 1246-1253. Indigenous people of the Bulungan tribe in North Kalimantan, Indonesia have been utilizing plants for health purposes, including for skincare such as preventing skin from being dark due to melanin production. This study aimed to evaluate the diversity of medicinal plants utilized by the Bulungan tribe for skincare and determine the melanin biosynthesis inhibition activity. Plants having medicinal uses were investigated through literature studies and interviews with the members of Bulungan tribe in Tanjung Palas Tengah Village. Melanin biosynthesis inhibition was determined by identifying the tyrosinase inhibition potential using commercial tyrosinase enzyme, while intracellular and extracellular melanin biosynthesis production activity was determined using B16 melanoma cells. The results showed at least 19 plant species that have medicinal uses, including for skincare, with some of them having the potential for melanogenesis, both in suppressing and producing melanin. We found a plant sample with melanin suppression potential on B16 melanoma cell, namely Jatropha curcas, at 6.2 µg/ml concentration, which could decrease extracellular melanin content by 18%. Tyrosinase activity with L-tyrosine showed that Cinnamomum burmannii (root) (IC50: 3.4 ?g/mL) showed an insignificant difference with kojic acid, which served as positive control by showing an inhibitory level of (IC50: 0.14 ?g/mL). Based on the data obtained, a pharmacological study is recommended to investigate melanin biosynthesis as a skin whitening agent. We believe that this study can become basic data to discover several active compounds in future studies.