Minority Members Research Articles

Low Intake of Fruits and Vegetables and High Intake of Processed Meats and Juices Are Associated with Risk of MGUS in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) Database

Introduction Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) is a plasma cell disorder with a prevalence of about 3% in adults over age 50. The annual average risk of progression to multiple myeloma (MM) is approximately 1%. MGUS has also been reported to be associated with excess risk of cardiac, renal, neurologic, and immune-related conditions. Although inflammatory or insulinemic diets or diets low in plant-based foods have been associated with risk of MM, there is limited information on dietary factors and risk of MGUS from one Icelandic cohort study which focused on Caucasians (Thordardottir et al. 2018). Given that food intake can vary greatly across ethnic/racial groups, we were motivated to conduct a large population-based study including Caucasians, African-Americans, Hispanics, Asians, Pacific Islanders, and other ethnic/racial groups. Methods Using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), we conducted a case-control study including 373 individuals with MGUS (cases) and 1,406 frequency-matched controls. Diet was characterized by 24-hour dietary recall (DR) and food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). MGUS status was determined by screening. Unconditional multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to model the association between MGUS and daily intake of macronutrients, 18 micronutrients, and nine USDA food groups from the DR, and analogous food groups from the FFQ, with odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for MGUS as the measures of association. Results Descriptive characteristics of the study sample are shown in Table 1. Over 40% of the participants were members of racial or ethnic minorities. Among the micronutrients, only sodium intake achieved significance (Figure 1); individuals with insufficient daily sodium intake were 54% more likely to have MGUS than those with sufficient intake (OR=1.54; 95% CI=1.07-2.21), which could be indicative of individuals with kidney disease or hypertension (both associated with MGUS) or heart failure following low-sodium diets. Excessive sodium intake was not significantly associated with MGUS in this study. Daily gram intake of "Fruits, excluding juices, and vegetables" was higher in non-MGUS, with the highest quartile associated with 33% lower odds of MGUS (Q4 OR=0.67; 95% CI=0.48-0.94; p for trend=0.02). Daily gram intake of "Sugars, sweets, and beverages" was significantly associated with an increased odds of MGUS (Q4 OR=1.45; 95% CI= 1.01-2.08; p for trend=0.02). Monthly frequency of intake of "Meat, poultry, seafood, stews" (Q4 OR=1.61; 95% CI=1.03-2.50, p for trend<0.05) was associated with MGUS, with most of the effect coming from processed meat (data not shown). Frequency of intake of "Fruit juice" (Q3 OR=1.91; 95% CI=1.24-2.96; Q4 OR=1.81; 95% CI= 1.17-2.81; p for trend<0.01) was also associated with MGUS. There was a suggestion of an inverse association between monthly intake of "Bread, cereal, rice, starchy entrees, cakes" and MGUS. Compared to Q1, Q2 was significantly associated with reduced risk of MGUS (Q2 OR=0.62; 95% CI=0.41-0.96); Q3 and Q4 supported this trend but were not significant. Most of the category effect was due to dry cereals and yeast breads (data not shown). No other micronutrient or food group, measured by DR or FFQ, was found to be associated with MGUS. Conclusions Our study shows that certain dietary characteristics, including low intake of sodium, fruits and vegetables, and cereals and yeast breads, and high intake of sugars, sweets, and beverages, juices, and processed meat, are associated with MGUS. The identification of novel dietary risk factors for MGUS in a diverse population are of direct public health relevance. The findings of this study also provide rationale for exploration of mechanistic links between diet and the microbiome, immune system, metabolism, and epigenetics, such as the ongoing plant-based diet pilot study at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (NCT04920084) and intermittent fasting study at Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center (NCT05312255). Figure 1View largeDownload PPTFigure 1View largeDownload PPT Close modal

A Place of One’s Own: Pilgrimage and the Reinterpretation of Culture in Russia’s Ural Region

&#x0D; This article engages with the negotiation of Russian history and culture, focussing on the concept of tradition. Instead of contesting the concept of tradition as it is used by the state authorities, members of the Muslim minority in Russia tend to indicate tradition to claim their own culture, distinct from a new national culture stressing Orthodox Christianity and Slavic origins. By undertaking a pilgrimage to sacred sites in the south of Perm Krai, Muslim believers from the Russian Urals reconnect with the land and help to restore a lived Muslim culture that has suffered from Soviet repression and which is mostly ignored by the more recent nation-building strategies.&#x0D;

Ethnic minority and their knowledge about their human health rights: evidence from a national survey in Peru

PurposeThis study aims to evaluate the association between ethnic minority membership and their knowledge about their human health rights in Peru.Design/methodology/approachA secondary analysis of the National Health User Satisfaction Survey 2015–2016 was conducted using an analytical cross-sectional design. Participants who spoke Quechua, Aymara, Awajun, Bora or a language other than Spanish aged 15 year were considered as a racial minority. The question “Do you know that by law you have health rights?” was applied to incorporate knowledge on health rights. Generalized linear models of the Poisson distribution were used to calculate crude prevalence ratio and adjusted prevalence ratio. A total of 3,721 responses were included in the analysis.FindingsThe average age was 38.3 year, and 26.6% were males. The prevalence of belonging to an ethnic minority was 7.7%, and 27.6% of the participants did not know about their health rights. An association was found in the adjusted regression analysis between belonging to an ethnic minority and a greater probability of not knowing human health rights.Originality/valueThe value of the works lies in one in four participants who did not know he had health rights by law. Belonging to an ethnic minority was associated with not knowing about having human health rights.

The Fascist view of the ‘allogeni’ in the border regions

ABSTRACT The Fascist policy towards linguistic minorities has sometimes been compared to that practised in the colonies, using the categories of racism and internal colonialism. According to some interpretations, Fascism considered members of minorities as something foreign, potentially hostile, if not actually inferior, starting from a clear dividing line between who could be considered Italian and who not. It has also been argued that the ‘allogeni’ were the first targets of radical measures to exclude them from Italian citizenship, the forerunners of the later racist laws implemented against colonial subjects and Jews. This article has three aims: to verify whether severe discriminatory actions really were taken against members of linguistic minorities with regard to citizenship rights; to understand whether these persons were perceived as completely alien to the nation on the basis of clear, shared demarcation lines between those who could consider themselves Italian and those who could not; and, finally, to determine whether the view of such minorities was always radically negative and disdainful to the extent that it could justifiably be called racism. The analysis of forms of representation focuses in particular on the German-speaking population of South Tyrol, using various sources (newspapers, institutional correspondence, political speeches, literary accounts). The answer to the first question posed is negative; as regards the other two, in the first place there is a considerable degree of uncertainty on the part of the Fascists in defining the members of the German-speaking minority, who were sometimes presented as being completely outside the perimeter of Italianità, i.e. Italianness, while more often as being on the margins but undoubtedly capable of integration thanks to their unshakably Italian core. This seems to reveal a certain difficulty in defining who could be considered Italian and who could not when clearly drawing the boundaries of Italianness. Secondly, judgements were made about the South Tyroleans that were in no way characterized by a lack of appreciation or by contempt. The descriptions of the South Tyrolean peasant are, to say the least, flattering: full of exaggerated praise for his many virtues, from his religiosity to his obedience to institutions, from his strong ties to the land to his conservatism. The views regarding the Slovenian and Croatian-speaking populations of Venezia Giulia and Istria were very different, expressing and amplifying the most scornful stereotypes of anti-Slavism developed during the national struggles of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.

Investigating a key structural determinant of health, racism, and related social determinants of health in Massachusetts during the COVID-19 pandemic.

A disproportionate burden of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic is being shouldered by members of racial and ethnic minorities and socially disadvantaged communities. Structural and social determinants of health have been recognized as key contributors to the inequalities observed. Racism, a major structural determinant of health that patterns related social determinants of health, in the USA, warrants further investigation. In this perspective piece we provide an overview of the historical context of racism, followed by preliminary findings from the ongoing COVIDStory study-a cross-sectional study addressing perceptions of COVID-19 and COVID-19 research-that highlights the experiences of non-Hispanic Black and Hispanic identifying adult participants, residing in Worcester Massachusetts, during the COVID-19 pandemic. We then discuss these findings in the context of current and past research considering racism and relevant social determinants of health. Our study results suggest that racism and its residuals (residential segregation, economic insecurity, discrimination, bias, and vigilance) are modern challenges for non-Hispanic Black and Hispanic participants, and these findings are supported by the existing literature. It is our hope that this perspective piece provides additional evidence for action on structural and social determinants affecting the health of minoritized people, especially those living in Massachusetts.

Perceptions of Radiation Therapy amongst Black Female Breast Cancer Survivors in Urban Communities

<h3>Purpose/Objective(s)</h3> Perceptions of cancer care are impacted by many factors and differ among individuals. Patients generally want consistent support, effective communication, accessible treatments, and information to manage physical, emotional, and psychosocial needs. Black/African American cancer survivors have expressed concerns about providers ignoring the social and financial implications of cancer care and neglecting to address the generations of mistrust between minority communities and the healthcare system. There is limited information about these perceptions as they relate specifically to radiation therapy which we aim to address with this study. <h3>Materials/Methods</h3> Female breast cancer survivors identifying as Black/African American within the metropolitan Milwaukee area were eligible to participate in a semi-structured interview guided by a demographic questionnaire, a life narrative account, and a residential history. Participants were purposively sampled by neighborhood racial and ethnic composition (majority Black, minority Black, and racially diverse communities) to ensure a diversity of experiences. Interviews were transcribed and analyzed using a codebook developed and refined based on a conceptual model. Individuals worked in assigned pairs to open code each transcript. Data coded as "clinical presentation" or "treatment/healthcare" were pulled and reviewed for discussion of radiation therapy. Within these codes, further thematic analysis was performed to breakdown perceptions of this treatment modality. <h3>Results</h3> Fifty Black women were interviewed, 25 from majority, 7 from diverse, and 18 from minority communities. In discussing radiation therapy, six key themes emerged: emotional reactions, logistics of daily treatment, social barriers, side effects, general positive experiences, and general negative experiences. Emotional reactions included feelings of fear, anger, and being overwhelmed. Social barriers related to family obligations, transportation, distance from a treatment center, and racism. Commonly discussed side effects included fatigue, dermatitis, impacts on reconstruction, and long-term cardiotoxicity. Women living in majority Black communities were more likely to discuss side effects and general positive experiences while other themes were more equally explored by majority, minority, and diverse community members alike. <h3>Conclusion</h3> Black women have diverse and varied perspectives of radiation therapy during breast cancer treatment. Anticipated themes surrounding logistics, side effects, and overall emotions of treatment were observed. Unique to their experiences, Black women have faced racism and an increased burden of social barriers during their treatment. Further studies exploring the perspectives of Black female cancer survivors are needed to optimize quality of care and outcomes.

Testing the theory of cultural inertia: How majority members’ perceptions of culture change relate to prejudice

This paper presents two studies which address an underdeveloped area within acculturation research: majority members’ perceptions of cultural change. Specifically, drawing on the theory of cultural inertia, we explored how majority members react to perceptions of recent majority culture and minority cultures change. A path model was hypothesised whereby British and English majority members’ perceptions that their British (Study 1, N = 266) and English (Study 2, N = 292) cultures are changing due to the presence of minority cultures was positively associated with symbolic threat, and through this with greater prejudice towards minorities living in the UK/England. However, participants’ perceptions that minority cultures are changing due to influence from the majority culture were negatively associated with symbolic threat, and through this with less prejudice towards minorities. These findings were supported across different operationalizations of prejudice (i.e., social distance and positive/negative affect) and even when controlling for another recently introduced concept of meta-perceptions – that is, majority members’ perceptions of whether minority members prefer majority members to maintain their culture and/or adopt to the minority cultures. Findings call for a greater focus on studying the intergroup consequences of majority members’ perceptions of cultural change.

Special Report: Women’s Reproductive Mental Health—A Clinical Framework

Special Report: Women’s Reproductive Mental Health—A Clinical Framework

Aging out: Place and sexuality

This paper explores LGBT retirees as agents of change who are renegotiating the terms of healthy aging in place and expanding our understanding of lifestyle and retirement migration. For the first time in history, a generation of self-identified lesbians, gay men, bisexuals, and transgender individuals have entered retirement. However, their subjective experiences have largely been glossed over in popular discourses of successful aging and migration in heteronormative society. This article explores why and how older LGBT people are choosing housing options to age “out of place” in order to support their sexual lives and identities. Examining the everyday experiences of these seniors—members of a double minority, both aged and LGBT—allows us to disrupt the idea of what healthy “aging in place” means and when it might actually be unhealthy. Employing standpoint theory pushes the analysis of marginalized voices to the fore and allows us to ask about these seniors’ subjective realities. What results is a reimagining of the aging landscape. Interview data from LGBT seniors who have migrated to LGBT naturally occurring retirement communities or LGBT-focused housing complexes in France, Sweden, and Germany are used to stretch our notions of wellbeing and aging in place for these diverse retirees. One finding is that for these LGBT seniors, disrupting social norms by aging out of place is not escapist or amenity-seeking, but is key to honoring their sexuality and aging process in a safe and supportive environment.

Social Capital and Its Returns as an Explanation for Early Labor Market Success of Majority and Minority Members in the Netherlands

This paper tests whether social capital can explain differences in labor market success between ethnic majority and minority members. To overcome problems of reverse causality—labor market success is not only the result of social capital, but also leads to better networks—the focus is on adolescents who enter the labor market. Data from the ‘Children of Immigrants Longitudinal Survey’ are used (N = 2574) and matched to register data from Statistics Netherlands. Hypotheses are tested with structural equation models and a longitudinal approach. Two different mechanisms are tested: the capital deficit and the return deficit. Ethnic majority and minority members do not differ in social capital, thus refuting the capital deficit hypothesis. However, for majority members, the upper reachability of their social capital negatively affects chances of unemployment and positively affects chances of having a permanent contract. For minority members, no such effects were observed, indicating that the same level of social capital that benefits majorities, does not benefit minorities. More research into the return deficit minority members face is needed.

Expanding Agency. Women, Race and the Dissemination of Modern Architecture

Expanding Agency: Women, Race and the Dissemination of Modern Architecture is a five-year research project funded by a European Research Council Advanced Grant. It explores the role that women and members of ethnic minorities, primarily African Americans, played in transmitting modern architecture and design internationally between 1920 and 1970. Strands devoted to patronage, journalism, entrepreneurship, and institution building offer alternatives to accounts that focus primarily on architects. This approach expands our understanding of who had agency in this important story and more generally in shaping the built environment. Taking a global view that stresses comparisons across continents also helps build a more nuanced history of how architecture, landscape architecture, interior decoration, and the design of furnishing were transformed by new ideas that emanated from a multiplicity of sources. This in turn can help support a more diverse profession that, in the wake of #metoo and Black Lives Matter, is better prepared to engage with a broad public, including to address such social challenges as sustainability and the integration of migrants.

Do Pure Liberals Both Endorse Immigration and Reject Muslims? Examining the Inconsistency Hypothesis

Some people have consistently positive attitudes toward ethnic minority members in every respect. Sniderman and Hagendoorn (2007) characterize these individuals as “pure liberals.” Because of limited empirical evidence on the characteristics of this category of majority members, the consistency thesis, claiming that pure liberals have no negative reactions toward Muslims, remains contentious. Accordingly, we introduce a new idea – the inconsistency hypothesis – claiming that pure liberals’ commitment to greater ethnic diversity may not convert into unprejudiced reactions toward Muslim minority members. To test our inconsistency hypothesis, we fielded a survey in 2018 that also included a so-called list experiment among 716 Danish university students. The list experiment was designed to measure prejudice toward Muslims. Our analyses of the survey’s observational data revealed that pure liberals supported the general idea of greater diversity and remained positive toward ethnic minorities. However, and unlike previous research, the list experiment showed that around 34 percent of pure liberals in the survey were prejudiced toward Muslims. When we combine the observational and experimental evidence, it appears that many pure liberals had inconsistent attitudes: around a third of pure liberals combined support for the general idea of a multiethnic society with prejudice toward Muslims. Our inconsistency hypothesis contributes to literatures on liberal orientations and prejudice toward Muslims: Many liberals are not liberals, and prejudice is surprisingly powerful. The conclusion emphasizes the role of self-interest and distinct values as drivers of prejudice among the strongest advocates of a multiethnic society.

Higher religiosity and spirituality are associated with ethnic group membership among middle-aged and older adults living with HIV

Background: HIV is a chronic illness that impacts the lives of more than 1 million people in the United States. As persons living with HIV (PWH) are living longer, it is important to understand the influence that religiosity/spirituality has among middle-aged and older PWH. Objective: Compare the degree of religiosity/spirituality among middle-aged and older PWH and HIV-negative individuals, and to identify demographic, clinical, and psychosocial factors associated with religiosity/spirituality among PWH. Method: Baseline data on 122 PWH and 92 HIV-negative individuals (ages 36-65 years; 61.1% Non-Hispanic White) from a longitudinal study were analyzed for the current study. Recruitment occurred through HIV treatment clinics and community organizations in San Diego. Participants completed questionnaires on religiosity, spirituality, and psychosocial functioning. Independent samples t-tests, Pearson correlations, and multiple linear regression analyses were conducted to test the study objective. Results: No significant differences in religiosity/spirituality were found between PWH and HIV-negative individuals. Demographic and psychosocial variables were unrelated to religiously/spirituality among HIV-negative individuals. Among PWH, multiple linear regression models indicated higher daily spirituality was significantly associated with racial/ethnic minority membership (Hispanic/Latino, African American/Black, or Other), fewer years of estimated duration of HIV, greater social support, and higher grit. Greater engagement in private religious practices was significantly associated with racial/ethnic minority membership and higher social support. Conclusions: For PWH, being a racial/ethnic minority and having higher social support was associated with greater engagement in religious/spiritual practices. Future longitudinal studies should examine whether religion/spirituality impacts well-being across the lifespan among racial/ethnic minority groups of PWH.

(Some) refugees welcome: When is differentiating between refugees unlawful discrimination?

Europe’s extraordinary response to those fleeing the Russian invasion of Ukraine in February 2022 has prompted many criticisms of Europe’s treatment of other refugees, and indeed people of colour and members of ethnic minorities fleeing Ukraine. While stark, this differentiated response in not unusual: The global refugee regime treats different refugees differently, as a matter of course. Refugees often encounter racialized migration controls, and systems which privilege some refugees over others. The article seeks to clarify when these practices violate the international legal prohibitions on discrimination on grounds of race and nationality. To do so, it focuses on race discrimination in general international human rights law, clarifying the interaction between general human rights principles and instruments, and the specialist instrument in the field, the International Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Racial Discrimination. We identify how differences in treatment on grounds of nationality may engage the prohibition on race discrimination both directly (in particular when nationality equates to national origin) or indirectly. Concerning nationality discrimination, the article focuses in particular on the added value of Article 3 of the 1951 Convention on the Status of Refugees, which obliges states to ‘apply the provisions of this Convention to refugees without discrimination as to race, religion or country of origin.’ We examine Article 3 both within the overall scheme of the Refugee Convention and as a source to guide interpretation of international human rights norms.

Ill Effects and Complications Associated to Removable Dentures With Improper Use and Poor Oral Hygiene: A Systematic Review.

The importance of oral care and its relationship with an individual’s well-being has been identified over the past few decades. As there is a drastic increase in the aging population, so did the use of removable dentures more than ever before. The use of dentures among the elderly provides functional advantages and esthetic benefits. However, improper use and poor oral hygiene with removable dentures come with complications, including denture stomatitis, ulcerations, pneumonia, and many more. The study aims to determine the complications associated with inappropriate use and poor oral care and bring forth evidence-based dentist-recommended guidelines for denture maintenance.Articles were systematically screened in PubMed/Medline (Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online), PubMed Central (PMC), and Cochrane Library using keywords. Medical Subject Heading (MeSH) was also utilized to identify relevant articles. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied, duplicate articles were discarded, and then the articles were reviewed by title and abstract screening. The remaining articles went through a detailed full-text review. A quality appraisal check was conducted for each unique type of research publication, after which a total of 22 articles were finalized.In this study, we have seen pathological biofilm formation on dentures, life-threatening pneumonia, denture stomatitis, and accidental ingestion/aspiration of dentures amongst the elderly population. The study also identified members with low literacy rates, minorities, and low-income families seem to be at higher risk of poor oral care and denture hygiene. We identified that most of these complications could be prevented with proper guidance and education. In the future, a further detailed study is important as no clear consensus exists in terms of best practices of denture cleaning methods. In addition, measures should be initiated to encourage regular dentist appointments and increase accessibility among members of low socioeconomic status and minorities.

Effects of Minority Stress on Group Identification and Collective Action among Sexual Minorities: A Longitudinal Test of the Rejection-Identification Model

Minority stress remains pervasive in various aspects of life among sexual minorities. Driven by the awareness of social injustice, some sexual minority individuals may undertake collective action to counteract discrimination, but this does not apply to all members of sexual minorities. The present study used a prospective, longitudinal research design to examine how different dimensions of minority stress (i.e., perceived discrimination and internalized stigma) interact to affect group identification and collective action. A total of 628 sexual minority individuals in Hong Kong were involved in the study. The results showed that prior discriminatory experiences were positively associated with collective action at follow-up through increased levels of group identification and commitment to social justice. The moderating effect of internalized stigma was found in which perceived discrimination was not significantly related to group identification and collective action among those with high levels of internalized stigma. The study extends the literature on the rejection-identification model by understanding collective action as a form of group-level coping in the face of discrimination. It highlights the importance of fostering group identification, strengthening collective action, and mitigating internalized stigma among sexual minorities in psychological practice.

Race, Gender, Sexual Orientation, and Willingness to Vaccinate for COVID-19

Around the world, and particularly in the United States, where COVID-19 vaccinations are widely available, questions about vaccine acceptance have become very important. Working with an online sample of 788 cisgender adults living in Southeastern United States, we studied predictors of variation in the willingness to vaccinate. Guided by the Health Belief Model, we assessed perceived threat, motivations for vaccination, hesitations about vaccination, personal health conditions, and demographic variables among participants who varied in race (“White” and “Black”), gender (cisgender men, women), and sexual identity (heterosexual, sexual minority). Consistent with the Health Belief Model, results showed that demographics (e.g., race, sex, political affiliation, etc.), perceived threat of COVID-19, motivations for vaccination, and hesitations about vaccination significantly predicted willingness to vaccinate. Over and above the predictions based on all of these variables, sexual identity was also a significant predictor; members of sexual minorities were more likely than their heterosexual peers to be willing to vaccinate. Overall, we found that taking sexual orientation into account can lead to improved prediction of the willingness to vaccinate. For this reason, public health officials should account for sexual identity in their models of vaccination uptake.

Venture Capital Financing in Europe: Gender and Ethnic Diversity in Founder Teams

Recent research has shown that an embarrassingly small proportion of entrepreneurs who obtain venture capital (VC) funding in the United States are females or members of ethnic minorities. Although access to venture funding by gender and ethnic origin has been well documented in the United States, much less information is available about the situation in Europe. The authors address the financing of gender and ethnically diverse startup teams in Europe and examine the relationship between founder team diversity, VC funding, and startup performance at venture-financed businesses. They use data on all recorded European venture deals over the period 2010 to 2020 for startups that have raised more than USD 1 million including all rounds and financiers, augmented by identifying founders by gender and ethnicity. For these startups, gender diversity on the founding team is not associated with raising VC funding in their first round of financing, while ethnic diversity plays an important role in both the amount of VC funding raised and venture performance in certain sectors and countries. A carefully designed investment strategy that builds on a preference for diverse founding teams in some sectors may therefore provide favorable returns.

Non-police Intervention Consideration by Ethnic Minorities: The Case of Arab Citizens of Israel

ABSTRACT This study examined the factors affecting consideration of other ways than turning to the police, or non-police intervention, following potential victimization by members of ethnic minority. Performance, procedural justice, and social disorganization theories served as the study’s theoretical framework. The data were obtained from the 2019 Personal and Community Security Index Survey conducted in Israel and analyzed using logistic regression model. The analytical sample included 692 Arab citizens of Israel. Greater satisfaction with the police and high trust in the police were negatively associated with the consideration of non-police intervention. In contrast, perception of the increase in locality violence compared to the previous year and prior victimization were positively associated with the consideration of non-police intervention. The results imply that the police should improve their performance in Israel’s Arab society and direct efforts to the establishment more trustful relationship with its members, especially in localities experiencing increased violence.

The Look of a Good Pitcher: Role Prototypicality Contributes to Wage Discrimination

Race or gender is a key component of determining role prototypicality in organizations. The current work examines the effect of role prototypes on one of the most critical social and organizational challenges: income inequality. We suggest racial minority members who occupy a less prototypical role would face more wage discrimination compared to racial minority members who occupy a more prototypical role. We analyzed the salaries of Major League Baseball (MLB) players from 1988 to 2019 and found that minority players are at disadvantage in salaries when they occupy a less prototypical role (i.e., pitcher), compared to other more prototypical roles. This effect was specific to minority players and was further moderated by status and centrality of the role. The current findings demonstrate how role prototypicality not only affects perception or evaluation of minority members but also influences how much money they make when they simply look less prototypical for their role.