Lives Of Members Research Articles

Cogs in the Classroom Factory: The Changing Identity of Academic Labor (review)

Reviewed by: Cogs in the Classroom Factory: The Changing Identity of Academic Labor Gary Rhoades Cogs in the Classroom Factory: The Changing Identity of Academic Labor edited by Deborah M. Herman and Julie M. Schmid. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group, Praeger Publishers, 2003. 232 pp. $66.95. ISBN 0-89789-814-1. In Cogs in the Classroom Factory, Deborah M. Herman and Julie Schmid examine, "The Changing Identity of Academic Labor (p. 1) Although the origins of this edited volume lie in the organizing efforts of a graduate student employee union at the University of Iowa, the chapters address other academic institutions and workforces, including part-time and contingent faculty, faculty in Pennsylvania's state system of higher education, and faculty in a Canadian polytechnic university. The book is aptly titled given the roots of the authors' experience with the Campaign to Organize Graduate Students (COGS). Moreover, the metaphor of "classroom factories" points to the changing conditions of academic work with regard to instruction, and the sense that universities are becoming more corporate-like in their production processes. The book's chapters are consistently readable, accessible, and of good quality. The volume should be of much value to readers of varied interest. The most natural audience is those interested in academic labor, and in unions. More than that, and regardless of one's perspective on unions, the volume offers insight into important features of academic workplaces, graduate student activism, and restructuring. The book's first section addresses "A Widening Divide" between full-time, tenure track faculty and others. Although there are studies of part-time and contingent faculty in the U.S. (Finkelstein et al., 1998; Leslie and Gappa, 1993), and of their working conditions (Rhoades, 1998), what is largely lacking is an in-depth exploration of the meaning of these changes from the employees' perspective. Three chapters probe the social psychology of conflicting faculty identities, and connect them to issues of faculty organization in the changing political economy of the academy. Wesley Schumar and Jonathan T. Church offer an insider's view that captures the divide into a dual labor market. Their case reveals how the tenured class, which claims academic freedom, is complicit in the silencing of non-tenured faculty's voice and rights. Mike Burke and Joanne Naiman take us beyond the borders of the U.S. to trace conflicting identities and two-tier contracts in a Canadian polytechnic, in which the union participates in creating highly differentiated faculty working conditions. They detail how the union promotes "competitive" and "entrepreneurial" models of faculty work that undermine a collective model of union members. Finally, Joe Berry offers a brief, compelling view of part-time faculty member's lives by [End Page 477] attending in wonderful detail to the artifacts of the office he occupies. He walks us back through the life of the office as an archaeological site revealing transformations in faculty work; at the same time he offers a forward looking, concrete example of an alternative model for organizing contingent faculty. The next five chapters give us an invaluable view of the inner workings of graduate employee unions. Susan Roth Breitzer offers a story of the struggle to develop a labor consciousness among graduate employees at the University of Iowa. Retracing decisions about which union to affiliate with, as well as detailing strategies in COGS and the reaction of some students to their activities affords us great insight into factors that have shaped graduate employee organizing. Similarly, Richard Sullivan details the graduate employee union in the University of California System, at Santa Barbara. His insider's view captures the tensions between the graduate student local and the national union (the United Autoworkers) over the control and identity of the unit, and between different graduate employee units in the UC System. James Thompson discusses the challenges of and tensions between graduate employees at the University of Florida, who see themselves as an organizing union, and the parent union, which is more of a business union. Eric Dirnbach and Susan Chimonas discuss tactics and identity of graduate employees at NYU, adopting a purely bifurcated a view of identity (between student and professional versus worker). By contrast, in discussing the...

Should I Stay or Should I Go Now: Wives' Participation in the Decision to Move for Their Spouses' Jobs

In the United States, there is a national job market for employment, especially professional or managerial employment. When looking for a job or being considered for advancement within a company, individuals are competing with other job seekers nationwide, not just those in the area or within the company. Also, as more and more companies expand and become national--even global--possibilities within a are geographically widespread. More and more people are asked or expected to relocate to other areas of the country in order to take a job, keep a job, or advance in a job. Hodson and Sullivan (2002) pointed out that more than half of all in the United States are believed to be work-related and that promotions, new job responsibilities and even just job retention are attached to geographic moves (p. 79).This study examined families with heterosexual, married spouses in the professional middle class and upper middle class whose employers have come to regard employee corporate relocation as commonplace and normative. In many cases, for professional middle-class jobs, employers subsidize by paying for move expenses and transaction costs associated with home sales and purchases (Worldwide Employee Relocation Council, 2005). Commonly, professional middle-class and upper-middle-class employees are relocated or asked to relocate repeatedly, sometimes as often as every two or three and, on average, every five to seven years (Eby & Russell, 2000, p. 44).Hodson et al. (2002) contend that frequent transfer is a technique firms use to train managers and initiate them into the company (p. 313). Employers are so interested in maintaining a mobile workforce that they have formed committees, councils, and lobbying organizations that serve to research barriers to relocation; devise strategies to encourage relocation; reduce the attendant costs; and follow legislation that can impact relocation. These initiatives include the Worldwide Employee Relocation Council (ERC); national organizations like the Canadian Relocation Council; statewide organizations, such as the Kentucky Relocation Council; and regional, city-wide, or community-wide organizations like the Chicago Relocation Council.According to the Worldwide ERC, one trade association for individuals and businesses with an interest in workforce mobility, there are approximately 500,000 corporate-paid employee relocations within the U.S. each year. There is no available data on how many of those 500,000 involve children, but estimates say that about 80 percent of relocated employees are married (Eby & Russell, 2000). Using a conservative estimate of an average of two people being moved in each case, we can calculate that this phenomenon affects at least one million people each year including moved employees, spouses, and their dependent children.When families are moved to a new community to facilitate a job change for one member of the family, the other members of the family are affected in a variety of ways. There may be some benefits from the move, but there are also costs. An employee's family members must give up their previous home, including the physical dwelling and the surrounding community with its offerings or lack of offerings of arts, activities, stores, scenery, etc. Also, they give up a sense of familiarity, and they give up the close proximity to individuals and organizations with whom they were connected and from whom they drew varying levels of resources such as companionship or support. In some cases, this effect is large. In other cases it is small. And the effect often differs for different members of a family. The cost may be high or low depending on the degree to which the community and its accompaniments factored into the family member's life and the degree to which it was currently meeting the family member's needs. A feminist approach to examining the topic reveals the ways in which these costs are highly gendered. …

Three patterns of voluntary consent in the case of adult-to-adult living related liver transplantation in Japan

To elucidate the psychosocial aspects of the donors' decisions to engage in adult-to-adult living related liver transplantation, we interviewed a total of five institutional ethics committee members who had experience with reassessing informed consent prior to surgery. Qualitative analysis revealed several nuances of voluntary consent consisting of three patterns: “unconditional consent” is consent from the bottom of one's heart to save a family member's life; “pressured consent” describes a donor who feels implicit pressure to donate despite fear; and “ulterior-motivated consent” defines a donor who has a hidden motive. This study diverges from previous work in that it employs a qualitative approach to deconstructing the psychosocial intricacies of the informed consent process in adult-to-adult LRLT. This initial study raises several questions on the meaning of voluntary informed consent in adult-to-adult living related liver transplantation.

Speciesism as a precondition to justice

Over and above fairness, the concept of justice presupposes that in any community no one member's wellbeing or life plan is inexorably dependent on the consumption or exploitation of other members. Renunciation of such use of others constitutes moral sociability, without which moral considerability is useless and possibly meaningless. To know if a creature is morally sociable, we must know it in its community; we must know its ecological profile, its species. Justice can be blind to species no more than to circumstance. Speciesism, the recognition of rights on the basis of group membership rather than solely on the basis of moral considerations at the level of the individual creature, embodies this assertion but is often described as a variant of Nazi racism. I consider this description and find it unwarranted, most obviously because Nazi racism extolled the stronger and the abuser and condemned the weaker and the abused, be they species or individuals, humans or animals. To the contrary, I present an argument for speciesism as a precondition to justice.

“破壊的カルト”での生活が脱会後のメンバーの心理的問題に及ぼす影響

The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of the member's life in destructive cults on the psychological problems after departing from the groups. A factor analysis was performed with the data of questionnaires toward 157 participants, and seven factors were extracted. They were (1) avoidance behavior to avoid out-groups, (2) restriction of freedom, (3) satisfaction, (4) behavior of submission, (5) compliance with rules, (6) punishment and reward, and (7) mysterious experience. Analyses of variance showed that restriction of freedom and punishment and reward are more likely to develop personal distress, whereas mysterious experiences are more likely to develop personal distress and interpersonal distress.

Private Matters Become Public: Western European Communist Exiles and Emigrants in Stalinist Russia in the 1930s

This article looks at the experiences of foreigners in the Soviet Union of the 1930s, focusing on the divide between the public and the private. For Party members it was assumed that nothing could remain private or personal. In sessions of “criticism and self-criticism”, even intimate questions had to be put into the public domain, since a Party member's private life had to be exemplary. From a gender perspective, it is interesting to note that the leading justification for the public handling of private affairs in Party forums was the equality postulated between women and men, or more precisely between female and male Party members. In that sense, these discussions can be interpreted as potential tools in the hands of women to stigmatize “noncommunist” male behaviour, that is behaviour that degraded women. But the official attention given to private matters also served other means. For the Party leadership, these discussions proved instrumental in disciplining Party members, and in a particularly effective way, inasmuch as the persons concerned participated in the process. Despite the assumed gender equality, however, Soviet notions of private and public were not only constantly changing but also highly gendered. During the Terror, women and men became victims in different ways, thereby also highlighting their different social positions and functions.

Healing through social and spiritual affiliation.

Two very different approaches can be employed to promote recovery from psychiatric disorders. One approach is grounded in an understanding of individual psychopathology, and it is clearly central to contemporary care. The second approach to recovery, which is based on group psychology and the support derived from participation in a group, can also be valuable in promoting recovery. In examining this second approach, I consider Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) and other movements that operate through social and ideologically grounded support. The term “spiritual recovery movement” (1) can be applied to them. On the basis of studies that I and my colleagues have conducted, I describe a psychological model to clarify the operation of such groups. Charismatic groups Social and spiritual recovery can be considered from the perspective of naturally occurring, highly cohesive, and religiously oriented cultic groups, two of which I have studied. One was the Divine Light Mission, headed by a guru who began preaching at the age of six in his native India. Members’ responses to a research questionnaire indicated a reduction in their symptoms of psychological distress after they joined the group, and the extent of the reduction was significantly correlated with the intensity of the social cohesiveness a member felt toward the group (2). Further clarification of the psychology of cultic groups emerged from our studies of the Unification Church, the “Moonies.” Using two scales I found that the stronger an individual’s affiliative feelings toward the group, the greater his or her psychological wellbeing (3). A study of long-term members who were matched to their future spouses by the Reverend Moon

Transmission of Emotions in the Daily Interactions of Single-Mother Families

Key Words: emotional transmission, family process, one-parent families, parent-adolescent relationships. This study examines the paths of emotional transmission in one-parent, mother-headed families. One hundred adolescents and their single mothers provided self-reports of their immediate experience at random times when signaled by alarm watches over I week. Time sequence analyses indicated that mothers' immediate anxiety and anger were related to subsequent anxiety and anger in adolescents, but adolescents' negative emotions were not related to subsequent negative emotions in their mothers. The transmission of anxiety to adolescents was most evident in families in which mothers had more stress and employed psychological control in their parenting. It was least evident in families in which mothers spent more time alone. These ,findings suggest daily processes whereby distress is propagated in some families and contained in others. Families are emotional systems in which strong feelings experienced by one family member may be dealt with and subdued or may be propagated by being transmitted to other family members. Knowledge of the paths of emotional transmission in families is important for understanding how stress and distress in one member's life enters the family system and affects the well-being of other members (Larson & Almeida, 1999). Longitudinal studies have documented that depression or other forms of maladjustment in one family member, particularly a parent, leads to maladjustment in others (Conger, Patterson, & Ge, 1995; Downey & Coyne, 1990; Easterbrooks & Emde, 1988; Grych & Fincham, 1990; McLoyd, 1989; Patterson & Dishion, 1988). However, we have little direct information about the daily processes whereby this maladjustment is conveyed among family members, nor do we know what occurs in some families that prevents it from being conveyed. Repeated daily occurrence of emotional transmission may be the immediate mechanism responsible for creating and sustaining these long-term effects. Diary and time-sampling research suggests that in two-parent families emotions tend to flow from the father and husband to other family members (Bolger, DeLongis, Kessler, & Wethington, 1989), a path of transmission that may reflect the adult male's position of power (Larson & Richards, 1994a). For one-parent, mother-headed familieswith no father in the home-two contrasting hypotheses could be proposed. Some have argued that relationships between single mothers and their children, particularly adolescent children, are more peer-like, that the parent is less dominant than parents in two-parent families (Demo, 1992; Glenwick & Mowrey, 1986; Weiss, 1979). This might suggest symmetry in paths of transmission-that single parents and adolescents are equally likely to transmit emotions to each other. An alternate hypothesis is suggested by a theoretical perspective that sees the well-being of children in one-parent families to be especially sensitive to the stress and well-being of the parent (Amato, 1993; Simons & Associates, 1996). This perspective leads to the prediction that emotions in the lives of single parents may have more effect on children's, even adolescents', emotions than the reverse. To examine these competing predictions, this study employs data from the immediate daily lives of single mothers and their adolescent children. We evaluate whether emotions are transmitted bidirectionally between parent and adolescent or unidirectionally from mother to adolescent. In addition, we examine the sources of emotions that are transmitted and evaluate moderators of this transmission. BACKGROUND Emotional Transmission in Two-Parent Families Prior research on daily emotional transmission in families has dealt almost entirely with couples and two-parent families. Nonetheless, it is a useful starting point for thinking about the emotional dynamics of one-parent families. …

Mother-tongue literacy in the Cambodian Community of Philadelphia

In the present article mother-tongue literacy in the Cambodian Community in the United States will be dealt with. A report will be given on a longitudinal ethnographic study of literacy in two language-minority communities in the United States to describe the literacy practices and the attitudes toward Ll literacy in the Cambodian Community. On the basis ofearlier studies it is assumed that individuals develop and use their language and literacy skills in response to the environmental pressure acting on them in the particular contexts of their daily lives. The present article explores to what degree there are monoliterate or biliterate contexts that require or encourage Ll literacy use in the daily lives ofmembers ofthe Cambodian Community in the United States. The occurrence of mother-tongue literacy events in a range of Community contexts is documented. The experiences of individuals with and attitudes toward Ll literacy are also recorded. In this way the influences that appear to be affecting Ll literacy maintenance in this Community are assessed.

Always running: la vida loca: gang days in L.A.

There has never been a more clear and compelling account of a gang member's life than Always Running, Luis J. Rodriguez's eloquent, impassioned, frighteningly vivid chronicle of his youth in Los Angeles in the late 60s and early 70s. Growing up in Watts and East L.A., Rodriguez joined his first gang at age 11 and was drawn into la vida loca - the crazy life. Gangs were how we wove something out of the threads of nothing, he remembers. By age 18, he was a veteran of gang warfare, police killings, drug overdoses, and suicides that had claimed 25 of his friends and had driven him and so many others to despair. In part, Rodriguez survived the violence and desperation of his youth by writing down his experiences. They were only woven into this astonishing book years later, when his son, Ramiro, joined a gang in Chicago where they now live. Always Running is packed with episode after episode of high drama, but within this honest and powerful depiction of social devastation, there is a father's impassioned message of understanding and hope to his son, and to thousands like him. Rodriguez's inspiring story should be read by anyone who cares about the future of children in America.

UNDERSTANDING ALCOHOLICS ANONYMOUS: Results from a Survey in England and Wales

A recent national survey indicates what is involved in "being a member" of Alcoholics Anonymous (A.A.) and provides data which should help medical practitioners to make better-informed judgments about whether to recommend A.A. to particular alcoholic patients. The survey shows that to be successful in A.A. entails more than just attending the meetings. Involvement in other activities—reading the literature, office-holding, twelfth-stepping, sponsorship, and attending formal functions—is routine for the great majority of current members. Members also make new friends in A.A. who replace rather than augment the circle of old ones and who form the basis for a new set of relationships outside the fellowship. These enable the A.A. programme to be carried beyond the meeting into the member's everyday life and facilitate a continuity of concern which the caring professions cannot provide.

The Twenty-first Missouri: From Home Guard to Union Regiment (review)

180CIVIL WAR HISTORY "aprii" (p. 62); "periously" (p. 65)—and the mistaken assumption that the United States Consul General to Havana 1861-1863 was "initially dubious" about capturing the Confederate Commissioners, Mason and Slidell, in November, 1861 (which he was enthusiastic about from the beginning), and that he was relieved as a result of a dispute with Spain over the Blanche seizure (by a Northern warship), when, in fact, he resigned in order to rejoin the Union Navy in 1863. Frederick C. Drake Brock University The Twenty-first Missouri: From Home Guard to Union Regiment. By Leslie Anders. (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1975. Pp. x, 209.) "Flush out the Johnnies," "Buel Stevens, onetime top kick of Company I," and "the Johnnies skedaddled," are typical examples of the quaint, colorful prose sprinkled throughout this chronicle of a Union Civil War regiment from Missouri. Sound in research on the personnel of the unit itself, and somewhat weaker on the events in which the regiment participated, the volume should appeal mightily to buffs and be of some value as a reference tool for genealogists. The work follows the entire history of the regiment's existence from a gleam in its founder's eye through the member's post-war lives. The unit became the first whole Union regiment engaged at Shiloh, and then went on to experience a wide sampling of the war in the West. Its campaigns included skirmishes and scouting in Kentucky and Tennessee, Sherman's Meridian expedition, Tupelo, the Price raid into Missouri, Nashville, and the assault upon Fort Blakely, near Mobile. Anders makes an interesting and fresh contribution to Reconstruction literature with his passages dealing with occupation duty and abrasive confrontations between black and white troopers. The last chapter inadequately considers Grand Army of the Republic activities which, although mentioned, are skimmed lightly—and not noted in the index. Greenwood Press should be commended for its "Contributions in Military History" series. It is nevertheless disappointing that it feels constrained by financial parsimony to use somewhat difficult-to-read type with unequalized margins, and allows little errors like "United Stated Senate" (p. 258) to go unedited. The book's scholarly value also would have been further enhanced by the inclusion of footnotes. Herman Hattaway University of Missouri-Kansas City ...

Sir Henry Creswicke Rawlinson, Bart

HENRY CRESWICKE RAWLINSON was descended from the family of Rawlinsons who,in the last century, settled down at Chadlington, in the county of Oxford; he was born April 11, 1810, and in 1862 he married Louisa Caroline Harcourt, daughter of Henry Seymour, of Knoyle, Wilts, and he died on March 5 last. At the early age of seventeen he went out as cadet to India, and in a very short time made himself an excellent Persian scholar; in 1833 he was sent to Persia, his fine command of the language of that country, no doubt, influencing his selection by “John Company.” For six years he served diligently, and filled many military posts in the great cities of Persia, and he succeeded in infusing something nearly akin to order in the forces of the “King of Kings.” In 1839 the relations between England and Persia became “strained,” and Rawlinson left the country for Afghanistan; in 1840 he was appointed Political Agent of the Indian Government in Kandahar, a post which he held until 1842. During these years he wielded the sword as often as the pen, and his courage and personal bravery in the field made him a terrible opponent of the wily Afghan. In 1844 he was sent to Bagdad as H.B.M.'s Consul for Turkish Arabia, and in 1851 he was made Consul-General, the importance of Bagdad being, thanks to Rawlinson's labours, fully recognised. In 1855 he was made Crown Director of the East India Company, and in 1856 he was promoted to the dignity of K.C.B.; two years later he was elected Member of the India Council, and in 1859 he was sent to Teheran as Minister Plenipotentiary. He represented in Parliament for a short time (1865-1868) the borough of Frome, but a Member's life offered no attractions to him.