Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Notes 1. For an extensive analysis of the history of this immigration and the situation of Turkish immigrants in Europe see Nermin Abadan‐Unat, Bitmeyen Göç: Konuk İşçilikten Ulus‐Ötesi Yurttaşlığa (İstanbul: İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları, 2002). 2. For most recent figures about Turkish immigrants in European countries see Ahmet İçduygu, “Turkey: The Demographic and Economic Dimension of Migration,” in Philippe Fargues (ed.), Mediterranean Migration 2005 Report (Robert Schuman Center, European University Institute, Florence, 2005), pp. 335–6 and Table 1. This report is available from http://www.carim.org. 3. For the text of the “Negotiating Framework for Turkey” adopted in Luxembourg on October 3, 2005 and its analysis, see İktisadi Kalkınma Vakfı E‐Bülteni October 7–14, 2005. This e‐bulletin can be found at http://www.ikv.org.tr. 4. For an assessement of the implementation of the Tampere Agenda see Communication from the Commission, First Annual Report on Migration and Integration, Com (2004) 508 final, July 16, 2004. 5. For the growing importance of “integration” issues at the EU level see Helene Ruth, “Building a Momentum for the Integration of Third‐Country Nationals in the European Union,” European Journal of Migration and Law, Vol.7 (2005), pp.163–80. See also Rita Süssmuth and Werner Weidenfeld (eds.), Managing Integration: The European Union’s Responsibilities towards Immigrants (Washington DC: Migration Policy Institute, 2005). 6. Handbook on Integration for Policy Makers and Practitioners (Brussels: European Commission, Directorate‐General for Justice, Freedom and Security, November 2004). 7. For the details of the programme see Communication from the Commission, The Hague Programme: Ten Priorities for the Next Five Years, COM (2005) 184 Final, May 10, 2005. 8. European Commission, Green Paper on an EU Approach to Managing Economic Migration, Com (2004) 811 Final, January 11, 2005, pp.3–4. 9. Daniel Cohn Benditt, a member of the European Parliament and the Green Party in Germany, noted during a conference organized by his party in Istanbul that Turks should not be too bothered by efforts to restrict the free movement of Turkish labor because by the time Turkey becomes a member of the European Union it is quite likely that there will be countries in the EU that will actively seek Turkish labor. Turkey in the EU: A Common Future? October 19–21, 2004, Istanbul. 10. Both Nermin Abadan‐Unat, Bitmeyen Göç: Konuk İşçilikten Ulus‐Ötesi Yurttaşlığa (İstanbul: İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları, 2002) and Ayhan Kaya and Ferhat Kentel, Euro Turks: A Bridge or a Breach between Turkey and the European Union? (Brussels: Centre for European Policy Studies, 2005) show that just as there are many unemployed and poorly‐integrated Turkish immigrants in Europe there are also Turkish immigrants who have done well in their host countries, including Turkish businessmen that actually employ locals and other immigrants in their businesses. 11. The Handbook on Integration highlights both the importance of the “two‐way” nature of integration as well as the importance of a host society environment conducive to integration. 12. See for example, Kathya Ziegler, “Integrating Integration?” European Journal of Migration and Law, Vol.7 (2005), p.120. 13. Stephen Castle and Mark J. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movement in the Modern World (Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave, 2003), pp.39–44. 14. See, for example, Jose Itzigsohn and Silvia Giorguli Saucedo, “Immigrant Incorporation and Sociocultural Transnationalism,” International Migration Review, Vol.36, No.3 (Fall 2002), pp.766–98.