Member Of Pair Research Articles

Testing the role of AGN on the star formation and metal enrichment of ‘twin galaxies’

ABSTRACT We explore the effect of AGN activity on the star formation history of galaxies by analysing the stellar population properties of 10 pairs of nearby twin galaxies – selected as being visually similar except for the presence of an AGN. The selection of such twin samples represents a method to study AGN feedback, as recently proposed by del Moral Castro et al. We use integral field unit (IFU) data from CALIFA, stacked within three fixed apertures. AGN galaxies in a twin pair suggest more evolved stellar populations than their non-AGN counterpart 90 per cent of the time, regardless of aperture size. A comparison with a large sample from SDSS confirms that most twins are representative of the general population, but in each twin the differences between twin members is significant. A set of targeted line strengths reveal the AGN member of a twin pair is older and more metal-rich than the non-AGN galaxy, suggesting AGN galaxies in our sample may either have an earlier formation time or follow a different star formation and chemical enrichment history. These results are discussed within two simple, contrasting hypotheses for the role played by AGN in galaxy evolution, which can be tested in the future at a greater detail with the use of larger data sets.

What is just and unjust in education? Role of inter-ethnic tensions in defining justice in education through the prism of media debates

By exploring carefully selected education-related debates that have taken place in and through news media in five European countries, the current study investigates the role of inter-ethnic tensions in organizing public imaging of justice in educational matters. It focuses in particular on analysing in what ways and on what levels of moral reasoning justice-related tensions in the realm of education are permeated with inter-ethnic conflict. The results show that among the various justice-related controversies in educational matters, tensions around the imagined ‘who’ of (in)justice, the alleged winners and losers of educational policies, and the perceived victims and victimizers are absolutely crucial, determining the preferred definition of (in)justice as well as the choice of principles that should govern the realization of justice. Current analysis also shows how claiming victimhood by members of majorities pairs with ‘shifting blame’ and turning minorities into the agents of majoritarian suffering.

On Common Root Nouns of the Lithuanian Language with the Suffixes -(i)acija and -imas

The article discusses common root nouns of the Lithuanian language with the ending of foreign origin -(i)acija and the suffix of Lithuanian origin -imas. The study, which was based on the analysis of 406 Lithuanian words, revealed that some of the words with -(i)acija form a derivational opposition with verbs; therefore, they should be considered derivatives and that quite often, the -(i)acija derivatives form pairs of derivative synonyms with the -imas(is) verb abstracts. The meanings of nouns, and especially the examples of usage found in the corpora, have shown that in many cases, common root derivatives with -(i)acija and -imas(is) are partial synonyms: they have semantic and valency differences that are neutralized only in certain word combinations; hence, it is impossible to talk about the possibilities of substitution without restrictions. Sometimes the members of pairs of derivative synonyms differ stylistically (for example, the -(i)acija derivatives are terms); often, the frequency of use of common root derivatives also differs. It is believed that in the sources of the lexicography of the current Lithuanian language, some used derivatives or their new meanings should appear (for example, komunikavimas ‘communication’, mutavimas ‘mutation’, vulgarizavimas ‘vulgarization’ and their base verbs).

Host parent responses to heterospecific parasite nestling alarm calls are independent of past and current experience with experimental brood parasitism

Communication between parents and dependent offspring is critical not only during provisioning, but also in antipredator contexts. In altricial birds, a top cause of reproductive failure is nest predation, and alarm calls both by parents and chicks can serve to alert others and increase the likelihood of offspring escaping predation. Understanding the factors that determine the strength of parental antipredator responses to different nestling alarm calls can provide insight into parent-offspring recognition. The prothonotary warbler (Protonotaria citrea), a host of the obligate brood parasite, the brown-headed cowbird (Molothrus ater), never rejects cowbird young and raises the parasite together with its own offspring. To determine whether warbler parents learn cowbird nestling alarm calls, we presented experimentally parasitized or non-parasitized parents with playbacks of conspecific warbler, parasitic cowbird, and a harmless heterospecific control, eastern bluebird (Sialis sialis), nestling alarm calls. We recorded the latency to respond and the number of chips given by members of the resident warbler pair. We found that parents were most likely to respond to warbler nestling alarm calls, least likely to respond to bluebird calls, with a statistically intermediate likelihood of responding to cowbird calls. Critically, current and past parasitism status did not affect the likelihood of response to any playback or the number of chips given, however, currently parasitized parents had greater response latencies to playbacks than non-parasitized parents. These results suggest that warbler parents do not learn cowbird alarm calls from breeding experiences and, in turn, that cowbirds may employ a generalized, bet-hedging alarm call.

Observations on the Breeding Behavior of the Blakiston's Fish Owl (Bubo blakistoni) On Hokkaidō, Japan

ABSTRACT Blakiston's Fish Owl (also known as Blakiston's Eagle-Owl; Bubo blakistoni) is an endangered species that inhabits northeast Asia. Blakiston's Fish Owls were rare (approximately 70 individuals) on Hokkaidō, Japan, at the start of my study, but rigorous protection and intervention programs have led to more than a doubling of the population (approximately 165 individuals) since 1970. Despite its elusive nature and rarity, I have studied this owl species by direct observation and banding for 46 yr throughout Hokkaidō. I here report on little known aspects of its intraspecific interactions and breeding behavior (specifically, pair formation). Identification of individual birds was facilitated by color-banding (a total of 447 owls from 1985–2019). Most pair formations began with an individual male or female flying into the territory of a single owl of the opposite sex, duetting with the resident owl, and then the pair flying together through the forest. However, pair formation occasionally occurred by displacement of a member of an established pair; in some cases, a replacement male took over parental duties. Under government permit, I cared for injured owls, which were housed in large outdoor aviaries; these captive owls sometimes attempted to form pair bonds with wild birds in the area. To test the feasibility of “matchmaking” to increase the number of territorial pairs on Hokkaidō, I attempted to induce pairing of releasable captive birds with wild birds, or to release them into territories with single adults; these tests resulted in successful pair-bonding of the target birds in two cases. I here describe these observations of intraspecific interactions and pair formation to aid future conservation efforts for this endangered species.

언어 간 어휘-개념적 차이가 한국인 영어학습자의 전치사 습득에 미치는 영향

The present study aims to explore the effect of cross-linguistic differences in lexico-semantic structure on the acquisition of prepositions by Korean learners of English. Experimental sentences were constructed using English preposition pairs whose members are lexically distinct but not differentiated in Korean (such as during and for). The sentences were presented in two conditions, which varied in terms of whether they contained a correct or incorrect member of a preposition pair. A total of sixty-five adult Korean EFL learners participated in the experiment. They were presented the sentences in a self-paced reading task and then judged their acceptability. A series of t-test were conducted to see if the learners were sensitive to the proper contexts of the prepositions. The results revealed that Korean learners have great difficulty distinguishing the separate contexts for these prepositions. However, the learners were found to gradually differentiate the contexts as their proficiency improved. Further analysis across levels suggested that some preposition pairs are more difficult to distinguish than others. Pedagogical implications are discussed.

De Saussure’o dėsnio išimtys Kuršaičio žodynuose

Exceptions to de Saussure’s Law in Kuršaitis’ Lithuanian dictionaries Analysis of the German-Lithuanian and Lithuanian-German dictionaries by Fridrikis Kuršaitis (in German known as Friedrich Kurschat) reveals that in a certain group of words of the -a declension, de Saussure’s Law fails to operate in the nominative singular, contrary to what is described (or prescribed) in modern manuals of Lithuanian accentuation. In his Lithuanian Grammar , Kuršaitis himself assigned these words to the accentuation class Ib (in modern terminology, it is a variant of accentuation class 2 applied to the -ė declension). The words in this group fall into several categories: those with the ending -ia or -ja , especially with the suffix -ija , such as lapìja ‘foliage’ or Prūsìja (‘Prussia’); feminine members of the substantiva mobilia pairs, such as garbanuõčia (‘curly-haired’); babble-words ( Lallwörter ) such as mãma (‘mama’); certain loanwords, such as lãva (‘lava’); as well as some other words. Similar phenomena can be observed not only in Lithuanian as it was spoken in Lithuania Minor and described by Kuršaitis, but also in modern Lithuanian dialects. This calls for a more thorough review of possible exceptions to de Saussure’s Law in Lithuanian.

Perceived Stress in Older Dementia Caregivers: Mediation by Loneliness and Depression.

Coupled with aging, chronic stress experienced by dementia caregivers often leads to deteriorating health. Comparing caregivers and non-caregivers, we tested whether depression and loneliness mediate the relationship between caregiver status and a measure of chronic stress, the Perceived Stress Scale. Seventy-six cognitively normal older adults (mean age 72.7) were identified as caregivers or non-caregivers based on the functional independence of a paired family member. Caregivers reported more perceived stress, depression, and loneliness than non-caregivers. Using multiple mediation analyses, we found that loneliness and depression mediated the relationship of caregiver status with perceived stress. The loneliness effect on perceived stress was both direct and via its relationship with depressive symptoms. The findings suggest loneliness as a likely point of intervention to reduce caregiver stress. Initiatives to enable caregivers to maintain or develop social relationships apart from caregiver responsibilities may mitigate stress and its negative impact on mental and physical health.

Biologia reprodutiva de Conopophaga roberti Hellmayr, 1905 (Aves: Conopophagidae)

Abstract The Hooded Gnateater Conopophaga roberti Hellmayr, 1905 is an insectivorous understory passeriform with discrete behavior, whose reproductive attributes are poorly-known. In the present study, we describe the reproductive biology of the species and the growth pattern of the nestlings, based on observations conducted in remnants of the Cerrado savanna in eastern Maranhão state, in Brazil. The nests were identified during active searches conducted between June, 2018 and March, 2021. A total of 22 nests were found over the course of three breeding seasons. The cup-shaped nests were supported by small branches and were constructed at a mean height of 40.6 ± 16.1 cm (N = 21) above the ground. The nests were 23.1 ± 3.9 cm in length and 14.1 ± 1.6 cm in width (N = 21). The eggs were beige in color, with irregular brown mottling only at the rounded end of the egg, which had a mean length of 21.3 ± 0.8 mm, width of 17.2 ± 0.8 mm, and mass of 3.1 ± 0.1 g (N = 23). Hatchlings are completely naked and weigh 3.1 ± 0.2 g (N = 7), and when they abandon the nest, they have yet to reach full adult size, with the total length being 65.4% of that of the adult, the wing, 65.4%, the head, 73.9%, the culmen, 74.2%, the body mass, 73.3%, and the tarsus, 89.0% that of the adult. The growth curves are sigmoidal and all the coefficients of determination are at least 0.96, with the body length having the highest value (R2 = 0.98). During the breeding season, the adult pair emitted alarm calls constantly when observers were in the vicinity of the nest. On a number of occasions, members of the breeding pair were observed moving away from the nest as it was approached by observers, while engaging in broken-wing display. The nest architecture, the color of the eggs, and the behaviors presented by this gnateater were similar to those described for other Conopophaga. With this work we contributed to improve the knowledge on the breeding behavior of this poorly know group of understory insectivorous birds.

Safety, efficacy, and tolerability of memantine for cognitive and adaptive outcome measures in adolescents and young adults with Down syndrome: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 2 trial

Down syndrome is a chromosomal disorder with considerable neurodevelopmental impact and neurodegenerative morbidity. In a pilot trial in young adults with Down syndrome, memantine (a drug approved for Alzheimer's disease) showed a significant effect on a secondary measure of episodic memory. We aimed to test whether memantine would improve episodic memory in adolescents and young adults with Down syndrome. We did a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 2 trial with a parallel design, stratified by age and sex. Participants (aged 15-32 years) with either trisomy 21 or complete unbalanced translocation of chromosome 21 and in general good health were recruited from the community at one site in Brazil and another in the USA. Participants were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive either memantine (20 mg/day orally) or placebo for 16 weeks. Computer-generated randomisation tables for both sites (allocating a placebo or drug label to each member of a unique pair of participants) were centrally produced by an independent statistician and were shared only with investigational pharmacists at participating sites until unblinding of the study. Participants and investigators were masked to treatment assignments. Neuropsychological assessments were done at baseline (T1) and week 16 (T2). The primary outcome measure was change from baseline to week 16 in the California Verbal Learning Test-second edition short-form (CVLT-II-sf) total free recall score, assessed in the per-protocol population (ie, participants who completed 16 weeks of treatment and had neuropsychological assessments at T1 and T2). Linear mixed effect models were fit to data from the per-protocol population. Safety and tolerability were monitored and analysed in all participants who started treatment. Steady-state concentrations in plasma of memantine were measured at the end of the trial. This study is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02304302. From May 13, 2015, to July 22, 2020, 185 participants with Down syndrome were assessed for eligibility and 160 (86%) were randomly assigned either memantine (n=81) or placebo (n=79). All participants received their allocated treatment. Linear mixed effect models were fit to data from 149 (81%) participants, 73 in the memantine group and 76 in the placebo group, after 11 people (eight in the memantine group and three in the placebo group) discontinued due to COVID-19 restrictions, illness of their caregiver, adverse events, or low compliance. The primary outcome measure did not differ between groups (CVLT-II-sf total free recall score, change from baseline 0·34 points [95% CI -0·98 to 1·67], p=0·61). Memantine was well tolerated, with infrequent mild-to-moderate adverse events, the most common being viral upper respiratory infection (nine [11%] participants in the memantine group and 12 [15%] in the placebo group) and transient dizziness (eight [10%] in the memantine group and six [8%] in the placebo group). No serious adverse events were observed. Amounts of memantine in plasma were substantially lower than those considered therapeutic for Alzheimer's disease. Memantine was well tolerated, but cognition-enhancing effects were not recorded with a 20 mg/day dose in adolescents and young adults with Down syndrome. Exploratory analyses point to a need for future work. Alana Foundation. For the Portuguese translation of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section.

Daily coffee intake in midlife and enhanced late life cognition in twins

AbstractBackgroundCoffee drinking has shown mixed results in its association with cognitive function in later life, likely due in part to influence from unmeasured genetic and environmental factors, leading to inconsistent findings between studies. Given that members of twin pairs share at least some of their genes and many early‐life experiences, twin studies have advantages in providing control for confounding factors, many unidentified, that affect late‐life cognition. We aimed to explore if coffee intake in midlife maintains cognitive function in late‐life.MethodA total of 7,438 members of the NAS‐NRC Twin Registry of Male World War II Veterans born from 1917–1927 were included in this study. Number of cups of coffee consumed daily was collected via mailed questionnaire in 1967. Cognitive status was measured every 3 years from 1990‐2002 using the modified Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status (TICS‐m) (range 0‐50). Daily coffee intake was categorized as tertiles (T):(T1)=1‐2 cups, (T2)=3‐4 cups, (T3)>5 cups, with reference=0 cups. Linear‐mixed‐effect regression models, controlling for age at time of initial TICS‐m, education, smoking and alcohol status and twin pair, were used to assess the association between daily intake of coffee in midlife and performance on the TICS‐m over a period of up to 12 years in later life.ResultParticipants’ mean age was 41.7 years (standard deviation (SD)=2.8) when information on coffee intake was collected and 66.9(SD=2.8) at the time of their first TICS‐m. A total of 6,665 males reported drinking coffee, and the mean number of cups was 3.6(SD=2.4) daily. Twins who consumed more than 2 cups of coffee obtained higher TICS‐m scores (T2:b=0.53; 95%CI=0.22,0.85) and (T3:b=0.50;95%CI=0.18,0.82) than non‐coffee drinkers. This equates to an average of 2.4‐2.6 TICS‐m points more for those in T2 and T3 compared to non‐coffee drinkers. However, the amount of coffee intake was not associated with the rate of cognitive decline (T1:p=0.84,T2:p=0.28,T3:p=0.09).ConclusionWe found that higher amounts of midlife coffee drinking are associated with better cognitive performance, but not reduced rate of cognitive decline in late‐life even after accounting for shared genetic and early‐life environmental factors. Future research should investigate potential mechanisms linking coffee and cognition.

Divorce rate varies with fluidity of passerine social environment

The frequency of divorce in pair-bonding species should vary not only with the fitness costs of separating from suboptimal mates, but also with the opportunities for finding alternatives of higher quality or compatibility. Such opportunities should be more commonplace in group-living species, especially the fission–fusion groups that typify many social vertebrates. Here we tested the hypothesis that greater fluidity of the social environment results in higher divorce rates by altering flock composition of captive zebra finches, Taeniopygia guttata, soon after birds paired. Twelve flocks (10 males and 10 females per flock) were established in breeding aviaries and observed until 80% of birds in each flock paired. After removing birds that did not pair, flock composition was manipulated to achieve either a more fluid environment (by exchanging half the pairs between flocks) or a less fluid one (all pairs remained in their original flock); flock size was then restored to 20 birds by adding four new, unmated individuals. Following manipulation of group composition, some birds divorced and remated and, as predicted, most such instances (9 of 10 divorces) occurred in the higher fluidity treatment. Remated pairs took longer to initiate clutches and produced fewer offspring than stable pairs, supporting the idea that divorce has short-term costs. In the premanipulation phase of the experiment, members of pairs that subsequently divorced engaged in high levels of courtship/pairing activity, but they appeared not to resolve nest site selection. These findings support the behavioural incompatibility hypothesis as a driver of divorce. Results suggest that incidence of divorce in natural populations could be significantly higher than typically reported, given that shifts in mate affiliation relatively soon after pairing are seldom investigated. Findings also indicate that caution should be exercised regarding use of frequency of affiliative behaviours to quantify pair bond formation and strength.

Long-Lived Solid-State Optical Memory for High-Rate Quantum Repeaters.

We argue that long optical storage times are required to establish entanglement at high rates over large distances using memory-based quantum repeaters. Triggered by this conclusion, we investigate the 795.325 nm^{3} H_{6}↔^{3}H_{4} transition of Tm:Y_{3}Ga_{5}O_{12} (Tm:YGG). Most importantly, we find that the optical coherence time can reach 1.1ms, and, using laser pulses, we demonstrate optical storage based on the atomic frequency comb protocol during up to 100 μs as well as a memory decay time T_{m} of 13.1 μs. Possibilities of how to narrow the gap between the measured value of T_{m} and its maximum of 275 μs are discussed. In addition, we demonstrate multiplexed storage, including with feed-forward selection, shifting and filtering of spectral modes, as well as quantum state storage using members of nonclassical photon pairs. Our results show the potential of Tm:YGG for creating multiplexed quantum memories with long optical storage times, and open the path to repeater-based quantum networks with high entanglement distribution rates.

Билингвальное творчество: языковое переключение или языковой сдвиг?

The writing of texts in more than one language by the same author referred to as a literary creation has a long history. It can be both the original composition and a self-translation by the author with a certain degree of revision of the initial text. The purpose of this article is to consider some cases of author’s bilingualism / polylingualism and analyze its varieties. The material for the research includes literary creations of a number of authors who lived in different historical periods (Joseph Flavius, Ulrich von Hutten, Oscar Wilde, Vladimir Nabokov, Joseph Brodsky, Yevgeny Yevtushenko, Sholom Aleichem, etc.). Usually, in cases where the author uses two / more languages, the opposition of a native language / the second (third, etc.) language is observed. There is also a particular issue of treating the possibility of having more than one native language. In general, in such cases we deal with colloquial / modern languages used by corresponding communities as means of communication. However, there are also situations where one member of a bilingual pair is a language of the culture (Latin and new languages at the Renaissance, Yiddish and Hebrew among a number of Jewish authors, etc.). In any case, the question may arise as to how balanced this kind of bilingual creativity is. Using the categories of sociolinguistics, this issue can be formulated as follows: has the writer retained the code-switching (if yes, then what is the relative importance of both languages in his creative activity) and has it not resulted in a language shift, that is, an almost complete transition to one of the members of the bilingual pair.

Territory and home range sizes of the Oriental White Stork <i>Ciconia boyciana</i>: Focusing on sexual differences between members of a breeding pair

Territory and home range sizes of the Oriental White Stork <i>Ciconia boyciana</i>: Focusing on sexual differences between members of a breeding pair

Urca Cooling in Neutron Star Crusts and Oceans: Effects of Nuclear Excitations.

The excited-state structure of atomic nuclei can modify nuclear processes in stellar environments. In this Letter, we study the influence of nuclear excitations on Urca cooling (repeated back-and-forth β decay and electron capture in a pair of nuclear isotopes) in the crust and ocean of neutron stars. We provide for the first time an expression for Urca process neutrino luminosity which accounts for a thermal Boltzmann distribution of excited states in both members of an Urca pair. We use our new formula with state-of-the-art nuclear structure inputs to compute neutrino luminosities of candidate Urca cooling pairs. Our nuclear inputs consist of the latest experimental data supplemented with calculations using the projected shell model. We show that, in contrast to previous results that only consider the ground states of both nuclei in the pair, our calculated neutrino luminosities for different Urca pairs vary sensitively with the environment temperature and can be radically different from those obtained in the one-transition approximation. We find that nuclear excitations can lead to an enhancement in total Urca neutrino luminosities in the accreted neutron star crust by about 5 times as compared with the previous Urca results, which is expected to cause significant observational effects.

Ancient rapid functional differentiation and fixation of the duplicated members in rice Dof genes after whole genome duplication.

Whole genome duplication (WGD) in plants is typically followed by genomic downsizing, where large portions of the new genome are lost. Whether this downsizing is accompanied by increased or decreased evolutionary rates of the remaining genes is poorly known, not least because homeolog pairings are often obscured by chromosomal rearrangement. Here, we use the newly published genome from a sedge, namely Kobresia littledalei, and CRISPR/Cas-9 editing to investigate how the Rho WGD event 70 million years ago (MYA) affected transcription factor evolutionary rates, fates, and function in rice (Oryza sativa) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor). We focus on the 30-member DNA-binding with one zinc finger (Dof) transcription factor family in both crops due to their agronomic importance. Using the known speciation dates of rice from Kobresia (97 MYA) and sorghum (50 MYA), we find that rates of amino acid substitution in the critical Dof domain region were over twofold higher during the 20-million-year period following the WGD than before or afterward. Through comparison of synteny blocks, we report that at least 11% of Dof genes were purged from 70 to 50 MYA, while only 6% have been lost in the most recent 50-million-year interval. CRISPR/Cas9 editing revealed widespread fitness-related defects in flowering and lack of redundancy of paired members, as well as significant differences in expression between gene pairs. Together these findings demonstrate the strength of Dof genes as a model for deep evolutionary study and offer one of the most detailed portraits yet of the Rho WGD impact on a gene lineage.

Radical Scavenging Could Answer the Challenge Posed by Electron-Electron Dipolar Interactions in the Cryptochrome Compass Model.

Many birds are endowed with a visual magnetic sense that may exploit magnetosensitive radical recombination processes in the protein cryptochrome. In this widely accepted but unproven model, geomagnetic sensitivity is suggested to arise from variations in the recombination rate of a pair of radicals, whose unpaired electron spins undergo coherent singlet–triplet interconversion in the geomagnetic field by coupling to nuclear spins via hyperfine interactions. However, simulations of this conventional radical pair mechanism (RPM) predicted only tiny magnetosensitivities for realistic conditions because the RPM’s directional sensitivity is strongly suppressed by the intrinsic electron–electron dipolar (EED) interactions, casting doubt on its viability as a magnetic sensor. We show how this RPM-suppression problem is overcome in a three-radical system in which a third “scavenger” radical reacts with one member of the primary pair. We use this finding to predict substantial magnetic field effects that exceed those of the RPM in the presence of EED interactions in animal cryptochromes.

To watch or not to watch: When reviewing body-worn camera footage improves police reports.

We assessed how police officers' review of body-worn camera (BWC) footage, either before or after writing an initial report, affects subsequent police reports. We had competing hypotheses regarding the effect of BWC footage review before writing a police report on the total amount of information reported (Hypothesis 1) but expected it to increase "on-camera" details while reducing "off-camera" details (Hypothesis 2) and increase the accuracy of reports (Hypothesis 3). We predicted that footage review after writing an initial report would result in more complete and more accurate revised reports (Hypothesis 4). We conducted a field experiment with 102 Dutch police officers taking part in a training exercise in which they responded, in pairs, to an emergency call about physical abuse. One of the pair members wore a BWC. After interacting with and arresting the suspect, the officers went into separate rooms to write individual police reports. One pair member first watched the BWC footage and then wrote the report (watch first condition); the other pair member first wrote the report, then watched the footage and could revise the original report (write first condition). Surprisingly, reports in the watch first condition did not differ significantly in amount, observability on footage, or accuracy from original or revised reports in the write first condition. However, police officers in the write first condition significantly improved both the amount and accuracy of their reports after footage review, though effect sizes were small (amount: d = .13, 95% CI [.08, .18]; accuracy: d = .20, [.05, .36]). We recommend that police officers watch BWC footage only after they have written down their memories of the incident. If they revise their report after watching the footage, they should clearly identify the revisions made alongside the source of those revisions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Chaotic Entanglement: Entropy and Geometry.

In chaotic entanglement, pairs of interacting classically-chaotic systems are induced into a state of mutual stabilization that can be maintained without external controls and that exhibits several properties consistent with quantum entanglement. In such a state, the chaotic behavior of each system is stabilized onto one of the system’s many unstable periodic orbits (generally located densely on the associated attractor), and the ensuing periodicity of each system is sustained by the symbolic dynamics of its partner system, and vice versa. Notably, chaotic entanglement is an entropy-reversing event: the entropy of each member of an entangled pair decreases to zero when each system collapses onto a given period orbit. In this paper, we discuss the role that entropy plays in chaotic entanglement. We also describe the geometry that arises when pairs of entangled chaotic systems organize into coherent structures that range in complexity from simple tripartite lattices to more involved patterns. We conclude with a discussion of future research directions.