Melting Wax Research Articles

Design study of a solar candle device for melting wax

A design study of a solar candle device has been carried-out to investigate the effect of melting-chamber thickness on the melting of wax in one shift. The melting-chamber with a uniform thickness of 70 mm gave the best results and had an efficiency of 42.5%.

Improvements to the solar wax smelter

SYNOPSIS A number of papers have established the feasibility of melting waxes for candle making using solar energy. In this paper, methods of upgrading the systems and alternative systems of better efficiency are proposed. The following aspects of optimal collection of energy are dealt with: (a) optimal orientation of collector, (b) azimuthal tracking and (c) the use of four mirrors to boost the energy incident on the collector. An improvement to the heat transfer to the wax is effected by incorporation of a freely convecting heat transfer liquid loop. The wax is now placed in a liquid bath to encourage immediate and rapid melting. Design factors which improve user convenience and safety are also mentioned and an estimation of the improvement in energy collection over previous models and practice is indicated.

Clay Hardens and Wax Melts: Magical Role-Reversal in Vergil's Eighth Eclogue

This is a common type of magical formula (often called a similia similibus formula), in which the magical practitioner seeks by means of a persuasive analogy to transfer a particular status or action from some material at hand (in this case clay and wax) to some other material or person.' The lines have caused some confusion because of the ellipsis in the second half of the formula. The intended action of the melting wax is easy to understand, because there is no ambiguity in Vergil's Theocritean model (Id. 2. 28-29):

Melting of wax by solar energy based on one shift

A solar device for melting wax has been modified to suit the convenience of candle manufacturers. This device melts the wax on a single-shift basis for making candles. Its design and performance have been described.

Comparative study on performance of two models of solar device for melting wax during the winter season

The paper describes the performance study of two similar solar devices of different capacities which melt paraffin wax to manufacture candles. These devices are based on a flat plate collector system having the same absorbing surface area (0.25 m 2) but different capacities of about 5.0 and 8.0 kg, respectively. It has been found that better results are obtained with the lesser capacity unit during the winter season at Jodhpur.

The Natural Retaining Mechanism of Compactly Packed Juice Sacs as a Peeled Citrus Segment

Ultrastructural observations reveal that the primary wax layer invaginates the inter-juice-sac spaces and creates double-membrane lamellae. During development and maturation, accumulated wax of adjacent juice sacs fuses and enables adhesion. Mechanical separation of adjacent juice sacs occurs often between the fused wax layer and the cuticle, and the ultratopography of the wax surface is an exact replica of the cuticle surface. Melting or dissolution of wax and of hydrocarbons leads to direct dispersion of juice sacs from a peeled segment. The tendency of juice sacs to disperse in liquid medium increases with the nonpolarity of the solvent. A polar solvent does not affect dispersion below the melting range of the wax hydrocarbons (45-75 C). Dispersion of melting wax increases with the melting rate of the hydrocarbons. Highly significant differences in withstanding dispersion of juice sacs from a peeled segment were found between the retaining abilities of various cultivars.

Sunflower oil processing from crude to salad oil

AbstractWorld‐wide use of sunflower oil is second only to soybean oil. Interest in domestic use as a premium salad oil is very recent. The high ratio of polyunsaturated‐to‐saturated fatty acids makes sunflower oil a premium salad oil. Sunflower oil, however, contains a small amount of high melting wax which must be removed to avoid settling problems. It is possible to produce a brilliant, dewaxed, deodorized sunflower oil with over a 100‐hr cold test at 0 C. This quality oil can be produced by conventional caustic refining, dewaxing, bleaching and deodorization. A quality finished oil may also be produced by dewaxing and steam refining. This paper reviews various methods for processing sunflower oil from the crude state through the finished, dewaxed, deodorized salad oil.

A Rapid Quantitative Method for Measuring Ozone Cracking and Its Use in Outdoor Dynamic Testing

Abstract A fairly rapid quantitative technique for measuring the cracking damage done to rubber by ozone has been described. The method consists of microscopic measurement of the length and width of selected ozone cracks. The product of the “average” length and width is termed the “severity of ozone cracking” and is abbreviated, SOC. The SOC value for a specimen is approximately 2 times the void area in arbitrary units. The use of the SOC technique in conjunction with an outdoor dynamic ozone test showed how various antiozonants perform in NR, SBR, and OE-SBR both with and without wax. Some effects of the amount and type of extending oil and of wax melting point are illustrated. Weather plays an important role in regard to ozone attack especially for wax containing compounds. During the warmer months higher melting waxes perform better in natural and OE-SBR while higher melting waxes perform slightly poorer in non-oil extended SBR. Good correlation was found between the outdoor flexing tests and service type outdoor tire tests carried out on an outdoor wheel. Some of the ramifications of this type of testing are pointed out.

The switch is on to Carlisle high melting waxes

the switch is on to Carlisle high melting waxes

Why The Sweets Melted: A Study in Shakespeare's Imagery

HE association of ideas in the most famous of all Shakespeare's image-clusters-that which links flattery with fawning dogs and melting sweets-presents a problem. It is natural enough that he should think of flattery as sweet and of flatterers as fawning dogs, but why should the sweets melt? Dr. Caroline Spurgeon wrote: explanation of this curious and repeated sequence of ideas is, I think, very simple. It was the habit in Elizabethen times to have dogs, which were chiefly of the spaniel and greyhound type, at table, licking the hands of the guests, fawning and begging for sweetmeats with which they were fed, and of which, if they were like dogs today, they ate too many, dropping them in a semi-melting condition all over the place (Shakespeare's Imagery, p. I97). Middleton Murry, who accepted this theory, fancied that Shakespeare might have seen such a sight in Sir Thomas Lucy's hall (Shakespeare, p. 37). More prosaically, Edward A. Armstrong suggested that the metaphor seems to have been suggested by melting wax or ice (Shakespeare's Imagination, p. I54). This, as will be shown, comes nearer the truth than Dr. Spurgeon's theory, but Armstrong produces no evidence to explain how such an association of ideas originated. If we analyze Shakespeare's numerous references to flattery, we find that it was linked in his mind not with one but with four groups of images, which for the sake of convenience will be referred to as Groups A, B, C, and D. In Group A flattery is associated with dream, sleep, sweet, and king or queen; the key-word dream is also associated with tears and weep. Group B comprises glass, face, hair, eyes, and knee. Group C, the largest and most complex, consists of sweet or candy (used as a verb); poison or venom; winter, ice, or hail; cold; melt or thaw; sun; brook or stream; drop; tears; and stone. The antithesis between sweet and poison is found several times apart from the other items in this cluster, and might almost be said to form a sub-group of its own. Group D is the familar combination of dog (especially spaniel or cur), fawning, sweet or candy, melt, and knee or kneel. Although these clusters are sufficiently distinct to be easily recognizable, it will be seen that certain elements in them, such as sweet, candy, melt, and knee, appear in two or even three of them. Shakespears's imageclusters were not static; they were formed by the gradual association of originally unrelated ideas, and sometimes disintegrated, their component parts linking up with other ideas to form new clusters. In addition to those included in these groups, Shakespeare associated flattery with a large number of other words. In many of these the connection is so obvious as to need no explanation. They include tongue and mouth; bend and

Icarus and Melting Wax

Icarus and Melting Wax

Icarus and Melting Wax

Icarus and Melting Wax